al-Jārūd was a small city in the Wadi Hamar area, about 40 km east of the Balikh River in present-day Syria, inhabited during the 9th century.[1][2] It is identified with Kharāb Sayyār, a ruin covering 42 hectares. The remains of its rectangular-shaped fortification with protruding half-round towers are the most prominent feature.[1][2][3][4] At its peak, during the mid-9th century, al-Jarud was a minor regional center situated along a east-west running traffic and trading route and was embedded in a well settled, agricultural landscape. At least 60 contemporary settlements have been identified within a 13 km radius.[1][2]
Remains of carved stucco wall decorations found at Kharab Sayyar, identified with al-Jarud.
The site and its surroundings have been explored and excavated as a joint mission of the Directorate-General of Antiquities & Museums (DGAM Syria) and the Goethe-University Frankfurt between 1997 and 2011 (Directors: Imad Mussa and Jan-Waalke Meyer). Meyer originally proposed that occupation at the site began during the Umayyad period, perhaps in the 730s or 740s,[3] but has since revised his chronology to exclude an Umayyad phase at al-Jarud.[2] Although there is evidence of multiple phases, only the peak phase of the settlement can be dated with relative certainty.[4] According to Stefan Heidemann, who studied the coin finds of Kharab Sayyar excavation, al-Jarud was only built "to any significant extent" in the middle of the 9th century.[2] At this point, the Abbasid capital was in Samarra, and the demand for agricultural produce was at its peak.[2] The latest dated numismatic evidence found at al-Jarud is a coin fragment dated to the reign of al-Mu'tadid, between the years 892 and 902, and it was probably abandoned not too long after that.[1] This timeframe of the main phase of the settlement – the last in most of the buildings – is mostly supported by the dating of the undecorated pottery by C. Falb[5] and that of the stucco decorations by A.Koppel.[6]
Layoutedit
The ruin of the mosque of Kharab Sayyar (al-Jarud) with remains of the market and adjacent buildings in the foreground. Image by B. Ciftci during the 2007 excavation.
Al-Jarud was surrounded by a rectangular city wall, measuring approximately 650 x 650 m and featured projecting half-towers.[4] A geophysical survey revealed a large number of the structures inside the walls, as well as some on the outside. Excavations in the northwestern part of the town revealed a mosque and a segment of a market with adjacent buildings. On the western stretch of the fortification, a gate and a stretch of the fortification have been uncovered.[4] Towards the centre of the town, a bathhouse was uncovered. In the northwestern part of the town, the remains of at least seven residential buildings as well as those of a small mosque have been excavated.[7] Two larger buildings, one situated in the southwest, the second on top of the third millennium tell, located in the south-eastern corner of the walled area, have been explored with smaller excavation. Additionally, numerous features of the water supply-system have been excavated.[4] Two rooms of the residential buildings as well as parts of the mosque in the northwest of the town were decorated with stucco that shares similarities with decorations found in Samarra.[6]
^ abcdHeidemann, Stefan (2009). "Settlement Patterns, Economic Development and Archaeological Coin Finds in Bilad al-Sham: the Case of the Diyar Mudar - The Process of Transformation from the 6th to the 10th Century A.D." (PDF). Orient-Archäologie. 24: 493–516. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
^ abcdefHeidemann, Stefan (2011). "The Agricultural Hinterland of Baghdad, al-Raqqa and Samarra': Settlement Patterns in the Diyar Muḍar". In Borrut, A.; Debié, M.; Papaconstantinou, A.; Pieri, D.; Sodini, J.-P. (eds.). Le Proche-Orient de Justinien aux Abbasides: Peuplement et Dynamiques Spatiales. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. ISBN978-2-503-53572-2. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
^ abDe Jong, Lidewijde (2012). "Resettling the Steppe: the archaeology of the Balikh Valley in the Early Islamic period". In Matthews, Roger; Curtis, John (eds.). Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 517–31. ISBN978-3-447-06685-3. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
^ abcdeWürz, Michael (2018). Organizing an urban way of life in the steppe: water, agriculture, townscape and economy in the early Islamic town of Kharab Sayyar (Thesis). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. ISBN9783954902743.
^Falb, Christian (2012). Die unverzierte frühislamische Keramik aus Kharab Sayyar, Nordostsyrien. Ausgrabungen Kharab Sayyar. Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN978-3-89500-853-5.
^ abKoppel, Angela (2020). Die Stuckarbeiten aus Kharab Sayyar: das Große Haus und die Moschee. Ausgrabungen Kharab Sayyar. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. ISBN978-3-95490-122-7.
^Würz, Michael (2014). Architektur und Struktur des nordöstlichen Stadtgebietes von Kharab Sayyar, Nordsyrien. Ausgrabungen in Kharab Sayyar. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag. ISBN978-3-95490-026-8.
jarud, jārūd, small, city, wadi, hamar, area, about, east, balikh, river, present, syria, inhabited, during, century, identified, with, kharāb, sayyār, ruin, covering, hectares, remains, rectangular, shaped, fortification, with, protruding, half, round, towers. al Jarud was a small city in the Wadi Hamar area about 40 km east of the Balikh River in present day Syria inhabited during the 9th century 1 2 It is identified with Kharab Sayyar a ruin covering 42 hectares The remains of its rectangular shaped fortification with protruding half round towers are the most prominent feature 1 2 3 4 At its peak during the mid 9th century al Jarud was a minor regional center situated along a east west running traffic and trading route and was embedded in a well settled agricultural landscape At least 60 contemporary settlements have been identified within a 13 km radius 1 2 Remains of carved stucco wall decorations found at Kharab Sayyar identified with al Jarud Contents 1 History 2 Layout 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory editThe site and its surroundings have been explored and excavated as a joint mission of the Directorate General of Antiquities amp Museums DGAM Syria and the Goethe University Frankfurt between 1997 and 2011 Directors Imad Mussa and Jan Waalke Meyer Meyer originally proposed that occupation at the site began during the Umayyad period perhaps in the 730s or 740s 3 but has since revised his chronology to exclude an Umayyad phase at al Jarud 2 Although there is evidence of multiple phases only the peak phase of the settlement can be dated with relative certainty 4 According to Stefan Heidemann who studied the coin finds of Kharab Sayyar excavation al Jarud was only built to any significant extent in the middle of the 9th century 2 At this point the Abbasid capital was in Samarra and the demand for agricultural produce was at its peak 2 The latest dated numismatic evidence found at al Jarud is a coin fragment dated to the reign of al Mu tadid between the years 892 and 902 and it was probably abandoned not too long after that 1 This timeframe of the main phase of the settlement the last in most of the buildings is mostly supported by the dating of the undecorated pottery by C Falb 5 and that of the stucco decorations by A Koppel 6 Layout edit nbsp The ruin of the mosque of Kharab Sayyar al Jarud with remains of the market and adjacent buildings in the foreground Image by B Ciftci during the 2007 excavation Al Jarud was surrounded by a rectangular city wall measuring approximately 650 x 650 m and featured projecting half towers 4 A geophysical survey revealed a large number of the structures inside the walls as well as some on the outside Excavations in the northwestern part of the town revealed a mosque and a segment of a market with adjacent buildings On the western stretch of the fortification a gate and a stretch of the fortification have been uncovered 4 Towards the centre of the town a bathhouse was uncovered In the northwestern part of the town the remains of at least seven residential buildings as well as those of a small mosque have been excavated 7 Two larger buildings one situated in the southwest the second on top of the third millennium tell located in the south eastern corner of the walled area have been explored with smaller excavation Additionally numerous features of the water supply system have been excavated 4 Two rooms of the residential buildings as well as parts of the mosque in the northwest of the town were decorated with stucco that shares similarities with decorations found in Samarra 6 See also editHisn Maslama Tall Mahra Bajarwan Syria BajaddaReferences edit a b c d Heidemann Stefan 2009 Settlement Patterns Economic Development and Archaeological Coin Finds in Bilad al Sham the Case of the Diyar Mudar The Process of Transformation from the 6th to the 10th Century A D PDF Orient Archaologie 24 493 516 Retrieved 11 March 2022 a b c d e f Heidemann Stefan 2011 The Agricultural Hinterland of Baghdad al Raqqa and Samarra Settlement Patterns in the Diyar Muḍar In Borrut A Debie M Papaconstantinou A Pieri D Sodini J P eds Le Proche Orient de Justinien aux Abbasides Peuplement et Dynamiques Spatiales Turnhout Brepols Publishers ISBN 978 2 503 53572 2 Retrieved 20 March 2022 a b De Jong Lidewijde 2012 Resettling the Steppe the archaeology of the Balikh Valley in the Early Islamic period In Matthews Roger Curtis John eds Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Wiesbaden Otto Harrassowitz pp 517 31 ISBN 978 3 447 06685 3 Retrieved 20 March 2022 a b c d e Wurz Michael 2018 Organizing an urban way of life in the steppe water agriculture townscape and economy in the early Islamic town of Kharab Sayyar Thesis Wiesbaden Reichert Verlag ISBN 9783954902743 Falb Christian 2012 Die unverzierte fruhislamische Keramik aus Kharab Sayyar Nordostsyrien Ausgrabungen Kharab Sayyar Wiesbaden Reichert ISBN 978 3 89500 853 5 a b Koppel Angela 2020 Die Stuckarbeiten aus Kharab Sayyar das Grosse Haus und die Moschee Ausgrabungen Kharab Sayyar Wiesbaden Reichert Verlag ISBN 978 3 95490 122 7 Wurz Michael 2014 Architektur und Struktur des nordostlichen Stadtgebietes von Kharab Sayyar Nordsyrien Ausgrabungen in Kharab Sayyar Wiesbaden Reichert Verlag ISBN 978 3 95490 026 8 External links editKharab Sayyar s entry from the Museum with No Frontiers website36 35 0 N 39 35 0 E 36 58333 N 39 58333 E 36 58333 39 58333 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Al Jarud amp oldid 1212249035, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
