Agnes, Countess of Dunbar
Agnes Randolph, Countess of Dunbar and March (c. 1312 – 1369), known as Black Agnes for her dark complexion, was the wife of Patrick, 9th Earl of Dunbar and March. She is buried in the vault near Mordington House.
Agnes Randolph | |
|---|---|
Black Agnes, as depicted in a children's history book from 1906 | |
| Born | c. 1312 Scotland |
| Died | 1369 (aged about 57) |
| Buried | Mordington, Berwickshire |
| Noble family | Randolph |
| Spouse(s) | Patrick, Earl of March |
| Father | Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray |
| Mother | Isabel Stewart of Bonkyll |
She was the daughter of Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, nephew and companion-in-arms of Robert the Bruce, and Moray's wife, Isabel Stewart, herself a daughter of John Stewart of Bonkyll.[1] Agnes became renowned for her heroic defence of Dunbar Castle in East Lothian against an English siege led by William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury, which began on 13 January 1338 and ended on 10 June the same year during the Second War of Scottish Independence from 1331 to 1341.[2]
Siege of Dunbar
On 13 January 1338,[3] when Patrick Dunbar was away, the English laid siege to Dunbar Castle, where Lady Reynolds was in residence with her servants and a few guards. However, she was determined not to surrender the fortress and is said to have declared:
"Of Scotland's King I haud my house, I pay him meat and fee, And I will keep my gude auld house, while my house will keep me."[4]
Women were known to take charge of castle or manor business while their husbands were away in the Middle Ages and defend it if need be, but the stand of Lady Agnes is one of the best remembered instances. Salisbury's first attempt at taking the castle centered on catapulting huge rocks and lead shot against the ramparts, but this was met with disdain by Lady Agnes, who had one of her ladies-in-waiting dust off the ramparts with her kerchief.[4]
The English employed a siege structure called a sow in an attempt to bypass the castle's defenses. However, the countess simply advised Salisbury that he should "take good care of his sow, for she would soon cast her pigs [meaning his men] within the fortress." She then ordered that a boulder, which had been heaved on them earlier, be thrown down from the battlements and crushed Salisbury's sow to pieces.[5]
When one of the Scottish archers struck an English soldier standing next to Salisbury, the earl cried out, "There comes one of my lady's tire pins; Agnes's love shafts go straight to the heart."[5]
Unable to make progress through arms, Salisbury turned to craft. He bribed the Scotsman who guarded the principal entrance, advising him to leave the gate unlocked or to leave it in such a manner that the English could easily break in. However, the Scotsman, though he took the Englishman's money, reported the stratagem to Agnes, so she was ready for the English when they made entry. Although Salisbury was in the lead, one of his men pushed past him just at the moment when Agnes's men lowered the portcullis, separating him from the others. Agnes, of course, had meant to trap Salisbury, but she moved from stratagem to taunt, shouting at the earl, "Farewell, Montague, I intended that you should have supped with us, and assist us in defending the Castle against the English."[6]
At one point, having captured Agnes's brother, John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray, the English threw a rope around his neck and threatened to hang him if Agnes did not surrender the castle. However, she merely responded that his death would only benefit her, as she was his heir. She was not in line for the earldom but was the heir to his lands along with her sister.[7]
When supplies for her garrison began to run low after several months being cut off, Sir Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie, who had earned a reputation for being a constant thorn in the English king's side, moved from Edinburgh to the coast with 40 men. Appropriating some boats, Ramsay and his company approached the castle by the sea and entered the postern next to the sea. Charging out of the castle, the Scotsmen surprised Salisbury's advance guard and pushed them all the way back to their camp.[6]
After five months, Salisbury admitted defeat and lifted the siege on 10 June 1338. The triumph of a Scotswoman over an English army was written into a ballad, in which Salisbury says:
"Cam I early, cam I late, I found Agnes at the gate."[4]
The failed siege of Dunbar had cost the English crown nearly 6,000 English[citation needed] pounds and the English had gained nothing from it.[8]
For centuries afterwards, Agnes' defense of Dunbar Castle caught the attention of contemporary chroniclers and Scottish historians due to her bravery and might.[2]
Family
Some accounts describe her as Countess of Moray, on the assumption that she inherited the earldom when her brother John was killed at the Battle of Neville's Cross in 1346.[9] However, the earldom actually reverted to the crown.[10] But in 1371/2, Agnes’ nephew, John Dunbar, was created Earl of Moray by Robert II, his father-in-law.[11] Agnes's family was active in Scottish resistance against the English attempts to conquer Scotland in the 14th century. Her father, Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, was appointed regent from 1329 to 1332. Agnes's brother became joint regent in 1335, but was captured by the English shortly afterwards.[2] In 1324, Agnes married Patrick, ninth Earl of Dunbar and March, governor of Berwick. After the Scottish loss at the Battle of Halidon Hill, Patrick was forced to make peace with the English surrendering Berwick which was in his charge. He was ordered by the English to refortify Dunbar Castle. However, by the following year, he had returned to his natural allegiance to Scotland, fighting the English partisans wherever possible.[2][12] It seems that there were no surviving children of the marriage between Agnes and the earl. Their estates were left to children of the marriage between the earl's cousin John de Dunbar of Derchester and Birkynside, and his wife, Isobel Randolph, Agnes' younger sister.
The three nephews were:
- George, Earl of Dunbar and March
- John Dunbar, Earl of Moray
- Sir Patrick de Dunbar, of Beil
She also had a ward, Agnes Dunbar, who became mistress of King David II.
References
- ^ Balfour Paul, Scots Peerage (1904) vol vi, pp294-295
- ^ a b c d Pennington, Reina (2003). Amazons to Fight Pilots. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 7. ISBN 0313327076.
- ^ Pennington, Reina (2003). Amazons to Fighter Pilots. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 8. ISBN 0313327084.
- ^ a b c Kristen, Clive (2012). Ghost Trails of Edinburgh and the Borders. Luton, Beds: Andrews UK. ISBN 9781781662472. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ^ a b Lawson, John Parker (1849). Historical Tales of the Wars of Scotland and of the Border Raids, Forays, and Conflicts. Edinburgh. p. 89. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ a b Lawson, John Parker (1849). Historical Tales of the Wars of Scotland and of the Border Raids, Forays, and Conflicts. Edinburgh. pp. 90–91. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Paul, Sir James Balfour (1909). The Scots Peerage. Cambridge, England: Bowes and Bowes. p. Vol. VI, p. 296.
- ^ Pennington, Reina (2003). Amazons to Fighter Pilots. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 9. ISBN 0313327084.
- ^ Stodart, R.R. (1881). Scottish arms: Being a Collection of Armorial Bearings, A.D. 1370-1678. Edinburgh. p. 19. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ^ Cokayne, George Edward (1893). Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. London: G. Bell & sons. p. 5:359. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ^ Cokayne. Complete Peerage. p. 5:360.
- ^ Paul, Sir James Balfour (1906). The Scots Peerage. Edinburgh, Scotland: T and A Constable. pp. 265–266.
Bibliography
- Chicago, Judy. (2007). The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation. London: Merrell. ISBN 1-85894-370-1.
- Vian, Alsager Richard (1888). "Dunbar, Agnes". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 16. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 150-151. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Douglas and Wood's Peerage of Scotland, ii. 169, 170;
- Boece and Stewart's Buik of the Croniclis of Scotland (Rolls Ser.), ed. Turnbull, iii. 341;
- Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, ii. 654, and pref. pp. lxiii, lxxv n.;
- Burke's Dormant and Extinct Peerage;
- Ridpath's Border History (1776), p. 325;
- Burton's Hist. of Scotland, ii. 324, Keith's Bishops of Scotland, p. 143;
- information from Capt. A. H. Dunbar