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Aerobatics

Aerobatics is the practice of flying maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in conventional passenger-carrying flights. The term is a portmanteau of "aerial" and "acrobatics". [1][2] Aerobatics are performed in aeroplanes and gliders for training, recreation, entertainment, and sport. Additionally, some helicopters, such as the MBB Bo 105, are capable of limited aerobatic manoeuvres.[3] An example of a fully aerobatic helicopter, capable of performing loops and rolls, is the Westland Lynx.

Patty Wagstaff show at JeffCo Airport in Denver, Colorado, June 2008

Most aerobatic manoeuvres involve rotation of the aircraft about its longitudinal (roll) axis or lateral (pitch) axis. Other maneuvers, such as a spin, displace the aircraft about its vertical (yaw) axis.[4] Manoeuvres are often combined to form a complete aerobatic sequence for entertainment or competition. Aerobatic flying requires a broader set of piloting skills and exposes the aircraft to greater structural stress than for normal flight.[5] In some countries, the pilot must wear a parachute when performing aerobatics.[6]

Aerobatic training enhances a pilot's ability to recover from unusual flight conditions, and thus is an element of many flight safety training programs for pilots. While many pilots fly aerobatics for recreation, some choose to fly in aerobatic competitions, a judged sport.[7]

Overview

 
The "Frecce Tricolori", the aerobatic demonstration team of the Italian Air Force

In the early days of flying, some pilots used their aircraft as part of a flying circus to entertain. Maneuvers were flown for artistic reasons or to draw gasps from onlookers. In due course some of these maneuvers were found to allow aircraft to gain tactical advantage during aerial combat or dogfights between fighter aircraft.

Aerobatic aircraft fall into two categories—specialist aerobatic, and aerobatic capable. Specialist designs such as the Pitts Special, the Extra 200 and 300, and the Sukhoi Su-26M and Sukhoi Su-29 aim for ultimate aerobatic performance. This comes at the expense of general purpose use such as touring, or ease of non aerobatic handling such as landing. At a more basic level, aerobatic capable aircraft, such as the Cessna 152 Aerobat or the R2160 Acrobin, can be dual purpose—equipped to carrying passengers and luggage, as well as being capable of basic aerobatic figures.

Flight formation aerobatics are flown by teams of up to sixteen aircraft, although most teams fly between four and ten aircraft.[8] Some are state funded to reflect pride in the armed forces while others are commercially sponsored. Coloured smoke trails may be emitted to emphasise the patterns flown and/or the colours of a national flag.

Aerobatic maneuvers flown in a jet-powered aircraft are limited in scope as they cannot take advantage of the gyroscopic forces that a propeller driven aircraft can exploit. Jet-powered aircraft also tend to fly much faster, which increases the size of the figures and the length of time the pilot has to withstand increased g-forces. Jet aerobatic teams often fly in formations, which further restricts the maneuvers that can be safely flown.

A "Lazy eight" aerobatic maneuver from the perspective of the wingtip

Aerobatics done at low levels and for an audience is called "stunt flying". To enhance the show effect of aerobatic manoeuvres, smoke is sometimes generated; the smoke allows viewers to see the path travelled by the aircraft. Due to safety concerns, the smoke is not a result of combustion but is produced by the vaporization of fog oil into a fine aerosol, achieved either by injecting the oil into the hot engine exhaust[9] or by the use of a dedicated device[10] that can be fitted in any position on the aircraft. The first military aerobatic team to use smoke at will during displays was Fleet Air Arm 702 Squadron "The Black Cats" at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1957.[11]

Training

 
A Spanish Air Force Colibri demonstrates its agility with a barrel roll

Aerobatics are taught to military fighter pilots as a means of developing flying skills and for tactical use in combat. Many aerobatic manoeuvres were indeed developed in military conflicts, e.g. the Immelmann turn or Split S.

Aerobatics and formation flying is not limited solely to fixed-wing aircraft; the British Army, Royal Navy, Spanish Air Force and the Indian Air Force, among others, have helicopter display teams.

All aerobatic manoeuvres demand training and practice to avoid accidents. Accidents due to aerobatic manoeuvres are very rare in competition aerobatics, most of them happen when performing formation flying or stunt flying at very low levels at airshows or air racing. Low-level aerobatics are extremely demanding and airshow pilots must demonstrate their ability before being allowed to gradually reduce the height at which they may fly their show.

In the EU, flying aerobatics requires special training and a rating. In Canada, no licence is required to perform aerobatics, but to carry passengers during aerobatics a pilot must have at least 10 hours dual flight instruction of aerobatic manoeuvres, or 20 hours of total aerobatic experience.[12]

Competition

Aerobatic flying competitions are a worldwide phenomenon, rather like the Olympic games, and are governed by the FAI Aerobatics Commission (CIVA)

Competitions start at Primary, or Graduate level (in UK "Beginners") and proceed in complexity through Sportsman (in UK "Standard"), Intermediate and Advanced, with Unlimited being the top competition level. Experienced aerobatic pilots have been measured to pull ±5 g for short periods while unlimited pilots can perform more extreme maneuvers and experience higher g levels -possibly up to +8/−6 g.[13] The limits for positive g are higher than for negative g and this is due to the ability to limit blood pooling for positive g maneuvers, but it is generally accepted that +9 g for more than a few seconds will lead to loss of consciousness (also known as GLOC).[13][14]

Performance

Aerobatics are most likely to be seen at public airshows in the form of stunt flying. Aerobatic competitions usually do not attract large crowds of spectators since the manoeuvers are flown at safe altitudes to avoid accidents.

In popular culture

Film

Video games

See also

References

  1. ^ (PDF). Government publication. New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority. 23 October 2008. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  2. ^ "FAR 91.303". USA Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  3. ^ . Web page. Red Bull. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  4. ^ Williams, Neil (1975). Aerobatics. L. R. Williams, Illustrator. Surrey, England: Airlife Publishing Ltd. pp. 32, et seq. ISBN 0-9504543-0-3.
  5. ^ Langewiesche, Wolfgang (1944). Stick and Rudder. Jo Kotula, Illustrator. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc. p. 327. ISBN 0-07-036240-8.
  6. ^ "FAR 91.307(c)". USA Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  7. ^ Howard, Brian, ed. (2009). Official Contest Rules. Oshkosh, WI, USA: International Aerobatic Club. pp. 1–7.
  8. ^ The record is a 22-aircraft formation in 1958.
  9. ^ . www.northwestaerobatics.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011.
  10. ^ "Patentscope: 1. (WO2006096918) Smoke Generator". World Intellectual Property Association. 21 September 2006.
  11. ^ . Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  12. ^ Canadian Aviation Regulations. Transport Canada. p. 602.28.
  13. ^ a b "Effects of G forces on aerobatic pilots". historic.aerobatics.org.uk. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  14. ^ FAA Advisory Circular 91-61 2/28/84

External links

  • Audio of an aerobatic ride with air show performer Brett Hunter in a Pitts S-2C
  • Audio of an aerobatic ride with air show performer Michael Mancuso in an Extra 300L

aerobatics, practice, flying, maneuvers, involving, aircraft, attitudes, that, used, conventional, passenger, carrying, flights, term, portmanteau, aerial, acrobatics, performed, aeroplanes, gliders, training, recreation, entertainment, sport, additionally, so. Aerobatics is the practice of flying maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in conventional passenger carrying flights The term is a portmanteau of aerial and acrobatics 1 2 Aerobatics are performed in aeroplanes and gliders for training recreation entertainment and sport Additionally some helicopters such as the MBB Bo 105 are capable of limited aerobatic manoeuvres 3 An example of a fully aerobatic helicopter capable of performing loops and rolls is the Westland Lynx Patty Wagstaff show at JeffCo Airport in Denver Colorado June 2008 Most aerobatic manoeuvres involve rotation of the aircraft about its longitudinal roll axis or lateral pitch axis Other maneuvers such as a spin displace the aircraft about its vertical yaw axis 4 Manoeuvres are often combined to form a complete aerobatic sequence for entertainment or competition Aerobatic flying requires a broader set of piloting skills and exposes the aircraft to greater structural stress than for normal flight 5 In some countries the pilot must wear a parachute when performing aerobatics 6 Aerobatic training enhances a pilot s ability to recover from unusual flight conditions and thus is an element of many flight safety training programs for pilots While many pilots fly aerobatics for recreation some choose to fly in aerobatic competitions a judged sport 7 Contents 1 Overview 1 1 Training 1 2 Competition 1 3 Performance 2 In popular culture 2 1 Film 2 2 Video games 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksOverview EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Frecce Tricolori the aerobatic demonstration team of the Italian Air Force In the early days of flying some pilots used their aircraft as part of a flying circus to entertain Maneuvers were flown for artistic reasons or to draw gasps from onlookers In due course some of these maneuvers were found to allow aircraft to gain tactical advantage during aerial combat or dogfights between fighter aircraft Aerobatic aircraft fall into two categories specialist aerobatic and aerobatic capable Specialist designs such as the Pitts Special the Extra 200 and 300 and the Sukhoi Su 26M and Sukhoi Su 29 aim for ultimate aerobatic performance This comes at the expense of general purpose use such as touring or ease of non aerobatic handling such as landing At a more basic level aerobatic capable aircraft such as the Cessna 152 Aerobat or the R2160 Acrobin can be dual purpose equipped to carrying passengers and luggage as well as being capable of basic aerobatic figures Flight formation aerobatics are flown by teams of up to sixteen aircraft although most teams fly between four and ten aircraft 8 Some are state funded to reflect pride in the armed forces while others are commercially sponsored Coloured smoke trails may be emitted to emphasise the patterns flown and or the colours of a national flag Aerobatic maneuvers flown in a jet powered aircraft are limited in scope as they cannot take advantage of the gyroscopic forces that a propeller driven aircraft can exploit Jet powered aircraft also tend to fly much faster which increases the size of the figures and the length of time the pilot has to withstand increased g forces Jet aerobatic teams often fly in formations which further restricts the maneuvers that can be safely flown source source source source source source source source source source source source source source A Lazy eight aerobatic maneuver from the perspective of the wingtip Aerobatics done at low levels and for an audience is called stunt flying To enhance the show effect of aerobatic manoeuvres smoke is sometimes generated the smoke allows viewers to see the path travelled by the aircraft Due to safety concerns the smoke is not a result of combustion but is produced by the vaporization of fog oil into a fine aerosol achieved either by injecting the oil into the hot engine exhaust 9 or by the use of a dedicated device 10 that can be fitted in any position on the aircraft The first military aerobatic team to use smoke at will during displays was Fleet Air Arm 702 Squadron The Black Cats at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1957 11 Training Edit A Spanish Air Force Colibri demonstrates its agility with a barrel roll Aerobatics are taught to military fighter pilots as a means of developing flying skills and for tactical use in combat Many aerobatic manoeuvres were indeed developed in military conflicts e g the Immelmann turn or Split S Aerobatics and formation flying is not limited solely to fixed wing aircraft the British Army Royal Navy Spanish Air Force and the Indian Air Force among others have helicopter display teams All aerobatic manoeuvres demand training and practice to avoid accidents Accidents due to aerobatic manoeuvres are very rare in competition aerobatics most of them happen when performing formation flying or stunt flying at very low levels at airshows or air racing Low level aerobatics are extremely demanding and airshow pilots must demonstrate their ability before being allowed to gradually reduce the height at which they may fly their show In the EU flying aerobatics requires special training and a rating In Canada no licence is required to perform aerobatics but to carry passengers during aerobatics a pilot must have at least 10 hours dual flight instruction of aerobatic manoeuvres or 20 hours of total aerobatic experience 12 Competition Edit Main article Competition aerobatics Aerobatic flying competitions are a worldwide phenomenon rather like the Olympic games and are governed by the FAI Aerobatics Commission CIVA Competitions start at Primary or Graduate level in UK Beginners and proceed in complexity through Sportsman in UK Standard Intermediate and Advanced with Unlimited being the top competition level Experienced aerobatic pilots have been measured to pull 5 g for short periods while unlimited pilots can perform more extreme maneuvers and experience higher g levels possibly up to 8 6 g 13 The limits for positive g are higher than for negative g and this is due to the ability to limit blood pooling for positive g maneuvers but it is generally accepted that 9 g for more than a few seconds will lead to loss of consciousness also known as GLOC 13 14 Performance Edit The Utterly Butterly wingwalking team perform an aerobatic maneuver with their Boeing Stearmans Aerobatics are most likely to be seen at public airshows in the form of stunt flying Aerobatic competitions usually do not attract large crowds of spectators since the manoeuvers are flown at safe altitudes to avoid accidents In popular culture EditFilm Edit Cloud Dancer 1980 drama film starring David Carradine The Great Waldo Pepper 1975 film starring Robert Redford Bo Svenson Susan Sarandon and Edward Herrmann Video games Edit Ace Combat Flight action video game series AeroWings Flight Unlimited 1995 aerobatic flight simulator video game Flight Simulator X X Plane simulator Flight simulator produced by Laminar Research VRChat Flight CommunitiesSee also EditList of aerobatic teams List of aerobatic aircraft Aero GP Aerobatic maneuver Aerobatic pilots Aerobatics radio controlled aircraft Air racing Aresti Catalog Competition aerobatics Flight dynamics Flypast HASELLReferences Edit Civil Aviation Rules Part 1 PDF Government publication New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority 23 October 2008 p 16 Archived from the original PDF on 14 October 2008 Retrieved 28 May 2009 FAR 91 303 USA Federal Aviation Administration Retrieved 1 May 2009 Red Bull Bo 105 CBS Helicopter Web page Red Bull Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 Retrieved 28 May 2009 Williams Neil 1975 Aerobatics L R Williams Illustrator Surrey England Airlife Publishing Ltd pp 32 et seq ISBN 0 9504543 0 3 Langewiesche Wolfgang 1944 Stick and Rudder Jo Kotula Illustrator New York McGraw Hill Inc p 327 ISBN 0 07 036240 8 FAR 91 307 c USA Federal Aviation Administration Retrieved 1 May 2009 Howard Brian ed 2009 Official Contest Rules Oshkosh WI USA International Aerobatic Club pp 1 7 The record is a 22 aircraft formation in 1958 northwestaerobatics com www northwestaerobatics com Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 Patentscope 1 WO2006096918 Smoke Generator World Intellectual Property Association 21 September 2006 In June 1957 738 squadron was chosen to take part in a combined Naval display at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1957 despite having a full operational programme It was decided to have a team of five Hawker Seahawks They were the first aerobatic team to produce smoke at will by modifying the fuel injection system Archived from the original on 1 August 2009 Retrieved 21 July 2009 Canadian Aviation Regulations Transport Canada p 602 28 a b Effects of G forces on aerobatic pilots historic aerobatics org uk Archived from the original on 24 December 2012 Retrieved 7 March 2021 FAA Advisory Circular 91 61 2 28 84External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aerobatics Audio of an aerobatic ride with air show performer Brett Hunter in a Pitts S 2C Audio of an aerobatic ride with air show performer Michael Mancuso in an Extra 300L Aerobatics and formation in New Zealand Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aerobatics amp oldid 1133191705, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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