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Adjunct professors in North America

January 31, 2023

In North America, an adjunct professor, also known as an adjunct lecturer or adjunct instructor (collectively, adjunct faculty), is a professor who teaches on a limited-term contract, often for one semester at a time, and who is ineligible for tenure.[1]

Increase in adjunct labor

Colleges and universities began to employ greater numbers of non-tenure-track faculty in the 1970s.[2] In 1975, adjuncts represented roughly 24% of instructional staff at degree-granting institutions, whereas in 2011 they represented over 40% of instructional staff.[3]

Various explanations have been given for this shift. Some "trace the practice of hiring part-time instructors to a time when most schools didn’t allow women as full professors, and thus adjunct positions were associated with female instructors from the start."[4] Many non-tenure-track faculty were married to full-time, tenure-track professors, and known as "the housewives of higher education."[4] The majority of non-tenure-track professors are still women.[4]

Some have argued that the increase in the use of non-tenured faculty is the result of “financial pressures, administrators’ desire for more flexibility in hiring, firing and changing course offerings, and the growth of community colleges and regional public universities focused on teaching basics and preparing students for jobs.”[5] Others have argued that universities hire non-tenure-track faculty to "offset ... administrative bloat with cheaper labor"[1] to the detriment of students: "while college tuition surged from 2003 to 2013 by 94 percent at public institutions and 74 percent at private, nonprofit schools, and student debt has climbed to over $1.2 trillion, much of that money has been going to ensure higher pay for a burgeoning legion of bureaucrats."[4]

Paying some instructors less than others for the same teaching duties may be illegal.[4]

Compensation and academic use

In past decades, adjunct faculty helped universities and colleges expand the range of their course offerings to prospective and existing students. In this respect, adjuncts can also be used to inform the predominantly theoretical, and therefore somewhat limited, focus of full-time academics with the more pragmatic perspective of those who actually practice a given discipline in business, government or nonprofit organizations, akin to a professor of practice. For instance, as of the early 1990s Marvin Kaye, a prolific fiction author, editor and anthologist, also worked as part-time adjunct faculty of creative writing at New York University[6] Another example is Edward H. Shortliffe, a pioneer in medical informatics, who was an adjunct faculty member at Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons circa 2011.[7] Marilyn Milian, a retired Florida judge and star of The People's Court, taught litigation skills as an adjunct faculty at the University of Miami as of 2013;[8] and musician Wayne Horvitz has worked as adjunct faculty teaching composition at Cornish College of the Arts.[9]

Since the 1980s, however, colleges and universities have increasingly utilized adjunct labor, whether full-time or part-time, simply to save money, giving them core undergraduate courses to teach (e.g., introductory math, or freshman-level English composition).[citation needed]

Though adjuncts hold at least a master's degree, if not a PhD, the salary for these positions is relatively low. Many adjuncts must work at several schools at once in order to earn a living in academia. Non-tenure-track faculty earn much less than tenure-track professors; median pay per course is $2,700[1] and average yearly pay is between $20,000 and $25,000.[1][2] Adjunct pay in state and community colleges varies; however, it can be as little as US$1,400 for a 3-credit hour lecture-based course. At many private institutions on the East Coast, payment for a 3-credit hour course hovers around US$3,000–4,000, with average pay nationwide as of 2014 estimated at around US$2,000–3,000.[10]

English professor William Pannapacker noted that adjunct faculty often earn less than minimum wage, when factoring in hours spent on classroom teaching, lesson preparation, office hours, grading of assignments, and other duties.[11][1] 25% of adjuncts receive public assistance.[1] According to the American Federation of Teachers, "nearly 25 percent of adjunct faculty members rely on public assistance, and 40 percent struggle to cover basic household expenses" and "just 15 percent of adjuncts said they are able to comfortably cover basic expenses from month to month."[12]

Some adjunct faculty have remained with the same employer for as long as 25 years without receiving health insurance or retirement benefits.[13] In 2014, Mary-Faith Cerasoli, a homeless female adjunct professor of Spanish and Italian, conducted a protest on the steps of the New York State Education Department Building.[14]

Groups supporting the efforts of adjuncts to organize for improved wages and working conditions include the Service Employees International Union, the United Steelworkers, and the New Faculty Majority Foundation.[10][15][16]

Unionization efforts

Increasingly, non-tenure-track faculty are turning to unions, including the American Federation of Teachers, the Service Employees International Union, and United Autoworkers, to improve their wages and working conditions.[4] Adjunct faculty have successfully pushed for contracts at American University, Georgetown University, George Washington University, Howard University, Montgomery College, Trinity Washington University, and Loyola University Chicago.[4] At other colleges and universities, such as Boston University, Lesley University, Northeastern University, and Tufts University, adjuncts have voted to unionize.[17]

The American Federation of Teachers has more than 150 adjunct/contingent locals. [18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f McKenna, Laura (24 September 2015). "The College President-to-Adjunct Pay Ratio". The Atlantic. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  2. ^ a b Sanchez, Claudio (22 September 2013). "The Sad Death Of An Adjunct Professor Sparks A Labor Debate". NPR. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  3. ^ Weissman, Jordan (10 April 2013). "The Ever-Shrinking Role of Tenured College Professors (in 1 Chart)". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Fredrickson, Caroline (September 15, 2015). "There Is No Excuse for How Universities Treat Adjuncts". The Atlantic. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  5. ^ Finder, Alan (2007-11-20). "Decline of the Tenure Track Raises Concerns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
  6. ^ See Kaye's short bio in his collection Masterpieces of Terror and the Unknown (1993), Guild America Books ISBN 1568650434
  7. ^ https://www.amia.org/staff/eshortliffe/docs/EHS-NIH-style_biosketch.pdf[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-12-25. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 2017-04-27. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
  10. ^ a b Arik Greenberg (February 5, 2014). "How one professor's American dream -- teaching -- turned into the American nightmare". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  11. ^ Pannapacker, William. (2009) Just Don't Go, Part 2"
  12. ^ Flaherty, Colleen. "Barely Getting By". Inside Higher Education. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  13. ^ Kovalik, Daniel (September 18, 2013). "Death of an adjunct: Margaret Mary Vojtko, an adjunct professor of French for 25 years, died underpaid and underappreciated at age 83". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  14. ^ Simone Pathe (March 31, 2014). "Homeless professor protests conditions of adjuncts". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  15. ^ Oppenheimer, Mark (June 22, 2012). "For Professors at Duquesne University, Union Fight Transcends Religion". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  16. ^ "New Faculty Majority Foundation Home". Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  17. ^ Ramos, Dante (March 24, 2016). "Adjunct professors unionize, revealing deeper malaise in higher ed". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  18. ^ "AFT Adjunct/Contingent Locals". www.aft-acc.org. American Federation of Teachers. Retrieved 29 September 2021.

Further reading

  • Berry, J. (2005). Reclaiming the Ivory Tower: Organizing Adjuncts to Change Higher Education. Monthly Review Press.
  • Bousquet, M. (2008). How the University Works: Higher Education and the Low Wage Nation. NYU Press.
  • Childress, H. (2019). The Adjunct Underclass: How America's Colleges Betrayed Their Faculty, Their Students, and Their Mission University of Chicago Press.

January 31, 2023
adjunct, professors, north, america, north, america, adjunct, professor, also, known, adjunct, lecturer, adjunct, instructor, collectively, adjunct, faculty, professor, teaches, limited, term, contract, often, semester, time, ineligible, tenure, contents, incr. In North America an adjunct professor also known as an adjunct lecturer or adjunct instructor collectively adjunct faculty is a professor who teaches on a limited term contract often for one semester at a time and who is ineligible for tenure 1 Contents 1 Increase in adjunct labor 2 Compensation and academic use 3 Unionization efforts 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingIncrease in adjunct labor EditColleges and universities began to employ greater numbers of non tenure track faculty in the 1970s 2 In 1975 adjuncts represented roughly 24 of instructional staff at degree granting institutions whereas in 2011 they represented over 40 of instructional staff 3 Various explanations have been given for this shift Some trace the practice of hiring part time instructors to a time when most schools didn t allow women as full professors and thus adjunct positions were associated with female instructors from the start 4 Many non tenure track faculty were married to full time tenure track professors and known as the housewives of higher education 4 The majority of non tenure track professors are still women 4 Some have argued that the increase in the use of non tenured faculty is the result of financial pressures administrators desire for more flexibility in hiring firing and changing course offerings and the growth of community colleges and regional public universities focused on teaching basics and preparing students for jobs 5 Others have argued that universities hire non tenure track faculty to offset administrative bloat with cheaper labor 1 to the detriment of students while college tuition surged from 2003 to 2013 by 94 percent at public institutions and 74 percent at private nonprofit schools and student debt has climbed to over 1 2 trillion much of that money has been going to ensure higher pay for a burgeoning legion of bureaucrats 4 Paying some instructors less than others for the same teaching duties may be illegal 4 Compensation and academic use EditIn past decades adjunct faculty helped universities and colleges expand the range of their course offerings to prospective and existing students In this respect adjuncts can also be used to inform the predominantly theoretical and therefore somewhat limited focus of full time academics with the more pragmatic perspective of those who actually practice a given discipline in business government or nonprofit organizations akin to a professor of practice For instance as of the early 1990s Marvin Kaye a prolific fiction author editor and anthologist also worked as part time adjunct faculty of creative writing at New York University 6 Another example is Edward H Shortliffe a pioneer in medical informatics who was an adjunct faculty member at Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons circa 2011 7 Marilyn Milian a retired Florida judge and star of The People s Court taught litigation skills as an adjunct faculty at the University of Miami as of 2013 8 and musician Wayne Horvitz has worked as adjunct faculty teaching composition at Cornish College of the Arts 9 Since the 1980s however colleges and universities have increasingly utilized adjunct labor whether full time or part time simply to save money giving them core undergraduate courses to teach e g introductory math or freshman level English composition citation needed Though adjuncts hold at least a master s degree if not a PhD the salary for these positions is relatively low Many adjuncts must work at several schools at once in order to earn a living in academia Non tenure track faculty earn much less than tenure track professors median pay per course is 2 700 1 and average yearly pay is between 20 000 and 25 000 1 2 Adjunct pay in state and community colleges varies however it can be as little as US 1 400 for a 3 credit hour lecture based course At many private institutions on the East Coast payment for a 3 credit hour course hovers around US 3 000 4 000 with average pay nationwide as of 2014 estimated at around US 2 000 3 000 10 English professor William Pannapacker noted that adjunct faculty often earn less than minimum wage when factoring in hours spent on classroom teaching lesson preparation office hours grading of assignments and other duties 11 1 25 of adjuncts receive public assistance 1 According to the American Federation of Teachers nearly 25 percent of adjunct faculty members rely on public assistance and 40 percent struggle to cover basic household expenses and just 15 percent of adjuncts said they are able to comfortably cover basic expenses from month to month 12 Some adjunct faculty have remained with the same employer for as long as 25 years without receiving health insurance or retirement benefits 13 In 2014 Mary Faith Cerasoli a homeless female adjunct professor of Spanish and Italian conducted a protest on the steps of the New York State Education Department Building 14 Groups supporting the efforts of adjuncts to organize for improved wages and working conditions include the Service Employees International Union the United Steelworkers and the New Faculty Majority Foundation 10 15 16 Unionization efforts EditIncreasingly non tenure track faculty are turning to unions including the American Federation of Teachers the Service Employees International Union and United Autoworkers to improve their wages and working conditions 4 Adjunct faculty have successfully pushed for contracts at American University Georgetown University George Washington University Howard University Montgomery College Trinity Washington University and Loyola University Chicago 4 At other colleges and universities such as Boston University Lesley University Northeastern University and Tufts University adjuncts have voted to unionize 17 The American Federation of Teachers has more than 150 adjunct contingent locals 18 See also EditPrecariat a class of people who are chronically without stable employment Higher education in the United StatesReferences Edit a b c d e f McKenna Laura 24 September 2015 The College President to Adjunct Pay Ratio The Atlantic Retrieved 23 May 2016 a b Sanchez Claudio 22 September 2013 The Sad Death Of An Adjunct Professor Sparks A Labor Debate NPR Retrieved 23 May 2016 Weissman Jordan 10 April 2013 The Ever Shrinking Role of Tenured College Professors in 1 Chart The Atlantic Retrieved 2015 10 27 a b c d e f g Fredrickson Caroline September 15 2015 There Is No Excuse for How Universities Treat Adjuncts The Atlantic Retrieved 23 May 2016 Finder Alan 2007 11 20 Decline of the Tenure Track Raises Concerns The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2015 12 08 See Kaye s short bio in his collection Masterpieces of Terror and the Unknown 1993 Guild America Books ISBN 1568650434 https www amia org staff eshortliffe docs EHS NIH style biosketch pdf permanent dead link University of Miami School of Law Archived from the original on 2013 12 25 Retrieved 24 December 2013 Composition Intensive Archived from the original on 2017 04 27 Retrieved 2016 07 29 a b Arik Greenberg February 5 2014 How one professor s American dream teaching turned into the American nightmare PBS NewsHour Retrieved April 8 2014 Pannapacker William 2009 Just Don t Go Part 2 Flaherty Colleen Barely Getting By Inside Higher Education Retrieved 17 January 2021 Kovalik Daniel September 18 2013 Death of an adjunct Margaret Mary Vojtko an adjunct professor of French for 25 years died underpaid and underappreciated at age 83 Pittsburgh Post Gazette Retrieved September 19 2013 Simone Pathe March 31 2014 Homeless professor protests conditions of adjuncts PBS NewsHour Retrieved April 8 2014 Oppenheimer Mark June 22 2012 For Professors at Duquesne University Union Fight Transcends Religion The New York Times Retrieved April 8 2014 New Faculty Majority Foundation Home Retrieved April 8 2014 Ramos Dante March 24 2016 Adjunct professors unionize revealing deeper malaise in higher ed The Boston Globe Retrieved 23 May 2016 AFT Adjunct Contingent Locals www aft acc org American Federation of Teachers Retrieved 29 September 2021 Further reading EditBerry J 2005 Reclaiming the Ivory Tower Organizing Adjuncts to Change Higher Education Monthly Review Press Bousquet M 2008 How the University Works Higher Education and the Low Wage Nation NYU Press Childress H 2019 The Adjunct Underclass How America s Colleges Betrayed Their Faculty Their Students and Their Mission University of Chicago Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Adjunct professors in North America amp oldid 1114933401, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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