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Academic integrity

November 23, 2023

Academic integrity is the moral code or ethical policy of academia. The term was popularized by Rutgers University professor Donald McCabe who is considered to be the "grandfather of academic integrity".[1] Other prominent academic integrity scholars and advocates include Tracey Bretag (Australia),[2][3][4][5][6] Cath Ellis (Australia),[7][4] Sarah Elaine Eaton (Canada),[8][9][10] Thomas Lancaster (UK),[11][12] Tomáš Foltýnek (Czech Republic),[13][14] and Tricia Bertram Gallant (USA).[15] Academic integrity supports the enactment of educational values through behaviours such as the avoidance of cheating, plagiarism, and contract cheating,[12][11][10] as well as the maintenance of academic standards; honesty and rigor in research and academic publishing.[16]

Historical evolution edit

During the late 18th century, academic integrity was tightly correlated to the academic honor code (United States). This was monitored mainly by the students and surrounding culture of the time. The honor code focused on duty, pride, power, and self-esteem.[15] Any act promoting the uprising or building of any of these within an individual was the goal. Thus, academic integrity was tied solely to the status and appearance of upstanding character of the individual. Any acts of academic dishonesty performed to maintain their good name was seen as a necessary means to an end.

It wasn't until the end of the 19th century when the goals of the university changed that the concept of academic integrity changed. Academics of this era were required to teach and produce original research. The pressure to acquire tenure and publish added extra stress to their jobs, though acts of academic dishonesty were viewed as acts of follies. Still, the honor code concept of academic integrity was evolving into a more contemporary concept. Academic integrity was now beginning to replace honor of the individual honor to the university as an institution.[15] Such an evolution was important to promote unity throughout the academic institution and encourage students to hold each other accountable for dishonest acts. It also allowed the students to feel empowered through the self-monitoring of each other.

As the importance of original research grew among faculty members the questioning of research integrity grew as well. With so much pressure linked to their professional status professor were under intense scrutiny by the surrounding society. This inevitably led to the separating academic integrity ideals for student and faculty.[15] By 1970 most universities in the United States had established honor codes for their student body and faculty members, although this concept has not really caught on elsewhere in the world (e.g. see Yakovchuk et al.[17]).

Improvements in information technology have created challenges within academic integrity, especially with respect to increased plagiarism and use of poor-quality sources found on the internet.[18] Technology has also increased opportunities for collaborative writing, raising issues of proper attribution of authorship.[19] There are also problems with hyperauthorship,[20] selling authorship,[21] and unearned authorship.[22]

Impact on academia edit

Academic integrity means avoiding plagiarism and cheating, among other misconduct behaviours. Academic integrity is practiced in the majority of educational institutions, it is noted in mission statements, policies,[5][9][23] procedures, and honor codes, but it is also being taught in ethics classes and being noted in syllabi. Many universities have sections on their websites devoted to academic integrity which define what the term means to their specific institution. Generally this concerns six core values: Fairness, honesty, trust, respect, responsibility, and courage.

Honor code can help improve trust and honesty to students and give credits to those that actually wrote it. It can help teachers and students create an honor pledge that allows them to have severe punishments to those who committed academic dishonesty. The honor pledge is created before the assignment is assigned and need to be read over and signed, so it can show that the student is agreeing to not violate any rules.[24]

Universities have moved toward an inclusive approach to inspiring academic integrity, by creating Student Honor Councils[25] as well as taking a more active role in making students aware of the consequences for academic dishonesty.

Academic Integrity is also the meaning of what it truly feels to be involved with many on campus activities, and making contributions to local community.[26]

To promote the academic integrity, publication ethics, and responsible research in the higher education system in India, the University Grants Commission (India) enacted the "UGC (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2018" on July 23, 2018.[27]: 1  The Regulations then recommend some institutional mechanisms to eliminate the scope of plagiarism.

Apart from the Assessment Guide, the Computer Science and Engineering Department of The Chinese University of Hong Kong has invented a plagiarism detection software system named as VeriGuide. This system aims at upholding the academic honesty levels of various academic institutions (such as: universities, community colleges). Through its website, the system provides a platform for students and educators to manage and submit academic works (i.e. student assignments). The system also provides as a function of analyzing the readability of academic works and serve as an assignment collection system and database.

Despite these advances, academic dishonesty still plagues the university. In the 1990s, the academic dishonesty rates were as bad as, and in some cases, worse than they were in the 1960s.[28]: 1  The acknowledgement of this ethics crisis is inspiring many universities to focus more on promoting common values of academic integrity.

Conversely, critics have drawn attention to the fact that "teaching and learning are interrupted because faculty, in an effort to control plagiarism and protect notions of intellectual capital, are forced to engage with the students as detectives rather than as teachers, advisors, or mentors. The focus on controlling plagiarism among students is critiqued as unnecessarily legalistic and the rules more rigid than those necessarily accorded to intellectual property law (Marsh, 2004)".[28]: 5  Similarly, contributions made from a societal perspective question or critique previously unexamined assumptions of the "inherent goodness, universality, and absoluteness of independence, originality, and authorship (Valentine, 2006). Authors who write about the societal dimension such as Ede and Lundsford (2001) do not suggest the elimination of notions of individual authorship and the unconditional acceptance of copying and collaboration in its place. Rather, the societal dimension highlights the need to consider both and the importance of deconstructing how the idea of the "individual author" might be serving (or not serving) the goals of teaching (learning), service, and research. Postsecondary education institutions are urged to step back from the mindless or fear-based ready adoption of the "turnitin culture" (Maruca, 2005) to allow for such question asking in the spirit of enhancing academic integrity and the teaching and learning environment."[28]: 59 

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Donald McCabe (Obituary). (2016). Star-Ledger. Retrieved from http://obits.nj.com/obituaries/starledger/obituary.aspx?pid=181490279
  2. ^ Bretag, Tracey (2016). Handbook of Academic Integrity. Singapore: Springer. ISBN 978-981-287-097-1.
  3. ^ Bretag, Tracey; Mahmud, Saadia (2009). "Self-Plagiarism or Appropriate Textual Re-use?". Journal of Academic Ethics. 7 (3): 193–205. doi:10.1007/s10805-009-9092-1. ISSN 1570-1727. S2CID 16198215.
  4. ^ a b Bretag, Tracey; Harper, Rowena; Burton, Michael; Ellis, Cath; Newton, Philip; Rozenberg, Pearl; Saddiqui, Sonia; Haeringen, Karen van (2019-11-02). "Contract cheating: a survey of Australian university students". Studies in Higher Education. 44 (11): 1837–1856. doi:10.1080/03075079.2018.1462788. ISSN 0307-5079. S2CID 149924537.
  5. ^ a b Bretag, Tracey; Mahmud, Saadia; Wallace, Margaret; Walker, Ruth; James, Colin; Green, Margaret; East, Julianne; McGowan, Ursula; Patridge, Lee (2011-12-12). "Core elements of exemplary academic integrity policy in Australian higher education". International Journal for Educational Integrity. 7 (2). doi:10.21913/IJEI.v7i2.759. ISSN 1833-2595.
  6. ^ Bretag, T., Mahmud, S., East, J., Green, M., & James, C. (2011). Academic integrity standards: A preliminary analysis of the Academic integrity policies at Australian Universities. Paper presented at the Proceedings of AuQF 2011 Demonstrating Quality, Melbourne.
  7. ^ Ellis, Cath; van Haeringen, Karen; Harper, Rowena; Bretag, Tracey; Zucker, Ian; McBride, Scott; Rozenberg, Pearl; Newton, Phil; Saddiqui, Sonia (2020-04-15). "Does authentic assessment assure academic integrity? Evidence from contract cheating data". Higher Education Research & Development. 39 (3): 454–469. doi:10.1080/07294360.2019.1680956. ISSN 0729-4360. S2CID 210451768.
  8. ^ Eaton, S. E., Guglielmin, M., & Otoo, B. (2017). Plagiarism: Moving from punitive to pro-active approaches. In A. P. Preciado Babb, L. Yeworiew, & S. Sabbaghan (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the IDEAS Conference 2017: Leading Educational Change Conference (pp. 28-36). Calgary, Canada: Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary.
  9. ^ a b Eaton, Sarah Elaine (2017). "Comparative Analysis of Institutional Policy Definitions of Plagiarism: A Pan-Canadian University Study". Interchange. 48 (3): 271–281. doi:10.1007/s10780-017-9300-7. ISSN 0826-4805. S2CID 254570492.
  10. ^ a b Eaton, S. E. (2018). Contract cheating: A Canadian perspective.  Retrieved from http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcblog/2018/07/24/contract-cheating-a-canadian-perspective/
  11. ^ a b Clarke, R., & Lancaster, T. (2006). Eliminating the successor to plagiarism: Identifying the usage of contract cheating sites. Paper presented at the Second International Plagiarism Conference, The Sage Gateshead, Tyne & Wear, United Kingdom.
  12. ^ a b Lancaster, Thomas (2019). "The emergence of academic ghost writers from India in the international contract cheating industry". International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management. 18 (3): 349. doi:10.1504/IJICBM.2019.099281. ISSN 1753-0806.
  13. ^ Foltýnek, Tomáš; Glendinning, Irene (2015). "Impact of Policies for Plagiarism in Higher Education Across Europe: Results of the Project". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 63 (1): 207–216. doi:10.11118/actaun201563010207. ISSN 1211-8516.
  14. ^ Foltýnek, Tomáš; Králíková, Veronika (2018). "Analysis of the contract cheating market in Czechia". International Journal for Educational Integrity. 14 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1007/s40979-018-0027-8. ISSN 1833-2595.
  15. ^ a b c d Tricia Gallant, "Revisiting the Past: The Historical Context of Academic Integrity", Academic Integrity in the Twenty-First Century, pp. 13–31
  16. ^ Alison Kirk (1996-11-30), Learning and the marketplace, ISBN 9780809320929
  17. ^ Scott, Jon; Badge, Joe; Yakovchuk, Nadya (December 12, 2011). "Staff and student perspectives on the potential of honor codes in the UK". International Journal for Educational Integrity. 7 (2). doi:10.21913/IJEI.v7i2.762 – via www.ojs.unisa.edu.au.
  18. ^ "The Netherlands Code of Conduct for Academic Practice" (PDF). Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU). 2014.
  19. ^ Tricia Gallant, "Twenty-First Century Forces Shaping Academic Integrity", Academic Integrity in the Twenty-First Century, pp. 65–78
  20. ^ Nogrady, Bianca (2023-02-27). "Hyperauthorship: the publishing challenges for 'big team' science". Nature. 615 (7950): 175–177. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00575-3.
  21. ^ Else, Holly (2023-01-18). "Multimillion-dollar trade in paper authorships alarms publishers". Nature. 613 (7945): 617–618. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00062-9.
  22. ^ Singh Chawla, Dalmeet (2023-01-05). "Unearned authorship pervades science". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00016-1.
  23. ^ Glendinning, I. (2013). Comparison of policies for Academic Integrity in Higher Education across the European Union. Retrieved from http://ketlib.lib.unipi.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/ket/814/Comparison%20of%20policies%20for%20Academic%20Integrity%20in%20Higher%20Education%20across%20the%20European%20Union.pdf?sequence=2
  24. ^ Tatum, Holly; Schwartz, Beth M. (2017-04-03). "Honor Codes: Evidence Based Strategies for Improving Academic Integrity". Theory into Practice. 56 (2): 129–135. doi:10.1080/00405841.2017.1308175. ISSN 0040-5841. S2CID 152268649.
  25. ^ Pavela, Gary (Summer 1997), "Applying the Power of Association on Campus: A Model Code of Academic Integrity", Journal of College and University Law (PDF), 24 (1).
  26. ^ "Academic Integrity". www.ou.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  27. ^ UGC (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2018 (PDF), 2018.
  28. ^ a b c "Moral Panic: The Contemporary Context of Academic Integrity", ASHE Higher Education Report (PDF), 33 (5): 1–143, 2008, doi:10.1002/aehe.3305.

External links edit

 
Wikiversity has learning resources about Academic integrity
  • (for routine use during manuscript submission to a journal)

November 23, 2023
academic, integrity, moral, code, ethical, policy, academia, term, popularized, rutgers, university, professor, donald, mccabe, considered, grandfather, academic, integrity, other, prominent, academic, integrity, scholars, advocates, include, tracey, bretag, a. Academic integrity is the moral code or ethical policy of academia The term was popularized by Rutgers University professor Donald McCabe who is considered to be the grandfather of academic integrity 1 Other prominent academic integrity scholars and advocates include Tracey Bretag Australia 2 3 4 5 6 Cath Ellis Australia 7 4 Sarah Elaine Eaton Canada 8 9 10 Thomas Lancaster UK 11 12 Tomas Foltynek Czech Republic 13 14 and Tricia Bertram Gallant USA 15 Academic integrity supports the enactment of educational values through behaviours such as the avoidance of cheating plagiarism and contract cheating 12 11 10 as well as the maintenance of academic standards honesty and rigor in research and academic publishing 16 Contents 1 Historical evolution 2 Impact on academia 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistorical evolution editDuring the late 18th century academic integrity was tightly correlated to the academic honor code United States This was monitored mainly by the students and surrounding culture of the time The honor code focused on duty pride power and self esteem 15 Any act promoting the uprising or building of any of these within an individual was the goal Thus academic integrity was tied solely to the status and appearance of upstanding character of the individual Any acts of academic dishonesty performed to maintain their good name was seen as a necessary means to an end It wasn t until the end of the 19th century when the goals of the university changed that the concept of academic integrity changed Academics of this era were required to teach and produce original research The pressure to acquire tenure and publish added extra stress to their jobs though acts of academic dishonesty were viewed as acts of follies Still the honor code concept of academic integrity was evolving into a more contemporary concept Academic integrity was now beginning to replace honor of the individual honor to the university as an institution 15 Such an evolution was important to promote unity throughout the academic institution and encourage students to hold each other accountable for dishonest acts It also allowed the students to feel empowered through the self monitoring of each other As the importance of original research grew among faculty members the questioning of research integrity grew as well With so much pressure linked to their professional status professor were under intense scrutiny by the surrounding society This inevitably led to the separating academic integrity ideals for student and faculty 15 By 1970 most universities in the United States had established honor codes for their student body and faculty members although this concept has not really caught on elsewhere in the world e g see Yakovchuk et al 17 Improvements in information technology have created challenges within academic integrity especially with respect to increased plagiarism and use of poor quality sources found on the internet 18 Technology has also increased opportunities for collaborative writing raising issues of proper attribution of authorship 19 There are also problems with hyperauthorship 20 selling authorship 21 and unearned authorship 22 Impact on academia editAcademic integrity means avoiding plagiarism and cheating among other misconduct behaviours Academic integrity is practiced in the majority of educational institutions it is noted in mission statements policies 5 9 23 procedures and honor codes but it is also being taught in ethics classes and being noted in syllabi Many universities have sections on their websites devoted to academic integrity which define what the term means to their specific institution Generally this concerns six core values Fairness honesty trust respect responsibility and courage Honor code can help improve trust and honesty to students and give credits to those that actually wrote it It can help teachers and students create an honor pledge that allows them to have severe punishments to those who committed academic dishonesty The honor pledge is created before the assignment is assigned and need to be read over and signed so it can show that the student is agreeing to not violate any rules 24 Universities have moved toward an inclusive approach to inspiring academic integrity by creating Student Honor Councils 25 as well as taking a more active role in making students aware of the consequences for academic dishonesty Academic Integrity is also the meaning of what it truly feels to be involved with many on campus activities and making contributions to local community 26 To promote the academic integrity publication ethics and responsible research in the higher education system in India the University Grants Commission India enacted the UGC Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions Regulations 2018 on July 23 2018 27 1 The Regulations then recommend some institutional mechanisms to eliminate the scope of plagiarism Apart from the Assessment Guide the Computer Science and Engineering Department of The Chinese University of Hong Kong has invented a plagiarism detection software system named as VeriGuide This system aims at upholding the academic honesty levels of various academic institutions such as universities community colleges Through its website the system provides a platform for students and educators to manage and submit academic works i e student assignments The system also provides as a function of analyzing the readability of academic works and serve as an assignment collection system and database Despite these advances academic dishonesty still plagues the university In the 1990s the academic dishonesty rates were as bad as and in some cases worse than they were in the 1960s 28 1 The acknowledgement of this ethics crisis is inspiring many universities to focus more on promoting common values of academic integrity Conversely critics have drawn attention to the fact that teaching and learning are interrupted because faculty in an effort to control plagiarism and protect notions of intellectual capital are forced to engage with the students as detectives rather than as teachers advisors or mentors The focus on controlling plagiarism among students is critiqued as unnecessarily legalistic and the rules more rigid than those necessarily accorded to intellectual property law Marsh 2004 28 5 Similarly contributions made from a societal perspective question or critique previously unexamined assumptions of the inherent goodness universality and absoluteness of independence originality and authorship Valentine 2006 Authors who write about the societal dimension such as Ede and Lundsford 2001 do not suggest the elimination of notions of individual authorship and the unconditional acceptance of copying and collaboration in its place Rather the societal dimension highlights the need to consider both and the importance of deconstructing how the idea of the individual author might be serving or not serving the goals of teaching learning service and research Postsecondary education institutions are urged to step back from the mindless or fear based ready adoption of the turnitin culture Maruca 2005 to allow for such question asking in the spirit of enhancing academic integrity and the teaching and learning environment 28 59 See also editAcademic dishonesty Research integrity Exam proctoring Contract cheating PlagiarismReferences edit Donald McCabe Obituary 2016 Star Ledger Retrieved from http obits nj com obituaries starledger obituary aspx pid 181490279 Bretag Tracey 2016 Handbook of Academic Integrity Singapore Springer ISBN 978 981 287 097 1 Bretag Tracey Mahmud Saadia 2009 Self Plagiarism or Appropriate Textual Re use Journal of Academic Ethics 7 3 193 205 doi 10 1007 s10805 009 9092 1 ISSN 1570 1727 S2CID 16198215 a b Bretag Tracey Harper Rowena Burton Michael Ellis Cath Newton Philip Rozenberg Pearl Saddiqui Sonia Haeringen Karen van 2019 11 02 Contract cheating a survey of Australian university students Studies in Higher Education 44 11 1837 1856 doi 10 1080 03075079 2018 1462788 ISSN 0307 5079 S2CID 149924537 a b Bretag Tracey Mahmud Saadia Wallace Margaret Walker Ruth James Colin Green Margaret East Julianne McGowan Ursula Patridge Lee 2011 12 12 Core elements of exemplary academic integrity policy in Australian higher education International Journal for Educational Integrity 7 2 doi 10 21913 IJEI v7i2 759 ISSN 1833 2595 Bretag T Mahmud S East J Green M amp James C 2011 Academic integrity standards A preliminary analysis of the Academic integrity policies at Australian Universities Paper presented at the Proceedings of AuQF 2011 Demonstrating Quality Melbourne Ellis Cath van Haeringen Karen Harper Rowena Bretag Tracey Zucker Ian McBride Scott Rozenberg Pearl Newton Phil Saddiqui Sonia 2020 04 15 Does authentic assessment assure academic integrity Evidence from contract cheating data Higher Education Research amp Development 39 3 454 469 doi 10 1080 07294360 2019 1680956 ISSN 0729 4360 S2CID 210451768 Eaton S E Guglielmin M amp Otoo B 2017 Plagiarism Moving from punitive to pro active approaches In A P Preciado Babb L Yeworiew amp S Sabbaghan Eds Selected Proceedings of the IDEAS Conference 2017 Leading Educational Change Conference pp 28 36 Calgary Canada Werklund School of Education University of Calgary a b Eaton Sarah Elaine 2017 Comparative Analysis of Institutional Policy Definitions of Plagiarism A Pan Canadian University Study Interchange 48 3 271 281 doi 10 1007 s10780 017 9300 7 ISSN 0826 4805 S2CID 254570492 a b Eaton S E 2018 Contract cheating A Canadian perspective Retrieved from http blogs biomedcentral com bmcblog 2018 07 24 contract cheating a canadian perspective a b Clarke R amp Lancaster T 2006 Eliminating the successor to plagiarism Identifying the usage of contract cheating sites Paper presented at the Second International Plagiarism Conference The Sage Gateshead Tyne amp Wear United Kingdom a b Lancaster Thomas 2019 The emergence of academic ghost writers from India in the international contract cheating industry International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management 18 3 349 doi 10 1504 IJICBM 2019 099281 ISSN 1753 0806 Foltynek Tomas Glendinning Irene 2015 Impact of Policies for Plagiarism in Higher Education Across Europe Results of the Project Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63 1 207 216 doi 10 11118 actaun201563010207 ISSN 1211 8516 Foltynek Tomas Kralikova Veronika 2018 Analysis of the contract cheating market in Czechia International Journal for Educational Integrity 14 1 1 15 doi 10 1007 s40979 018 0027 8 ISSN 1833 2595 a b c d Tricia Gallant Revisiting the Past The Historical Context of Academic Integrity Academic Integrity in the Twenty First Century pp 13 31 Alison Kirk 1996 11 30 Learning and the marketplace ISBN 9780809320929 Scott Jon Badge Joe Yakovchuk Nadya December 12 2011 Staff and student perspectives on the potential of honor codes in the UK International Journal for Educational Integrity 7 2 doi 10 21913 IJEI v7i2 762 via www ojs unisa edu au The Netherlands Code of Conduct for Academic Practice PDF Association of Universities in the Netherlands VSNU 2014 Tricia Gallant Twenty First Century Forces Shaping Academic Integrity Academic Integrity in the Twenty First Century pp 65 78 Nogrady Bianca 2023 02 27 Hyperauthorship the publishing challenges for big team science Nature 615 7950 175 177 doi 10 1038 d41586 023 00575 3 Else Holly 2023 01 18 Multimillion dollar trade in paper authorships alarms publishers Nature 613 7945 617 618 doi 10 1038 d41586 023 00062 9 Singh Chawla Dalmeet 2023 01 05 Unearned authorship pervades science Nature doi 10 1038 d41586 023 00016 1 Glendinning I 2013 Comparison of policies for Academic Integrity in Higher Education across the European Union Retrieved from http ketlib lib unipi gr xmlui bitstream handle ket 814 Comparison 20of 20policies 20for 20Academic 20Integrity 20in 20Higher 20Education 20across 20the 20European 20Union pdf sequence 2 Tatum Holly Schwartz Beth M 2017 04 03 Honor Codes Evidence Based Strategies for Improving Academic Integrity Theory into Practice 56 2 129 135 doi 10 1080 00405841 2017 1308175 ISSN 0040 5841 S2CID 152268649 Pavela Gary Summer 1997 Applying the Power of Association on Campus A Model Code of Academic Integrity Journal of College and University Law PDF 24 1 Academic Integrity www ou edu Retrieved 2018 10 11 UGC Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions Regulations 2018 PDF 2018 a b c Moral Panic The Contemporary Context of Academic Integrity ASHE Higher Education Report PDF 33 5 1 143 2008 doi 10 1002 aehe 3305 External links edit nbsp Wikiversity has learning resources about Academic integrity Rhode Island College LibGuide Academic Integrity Publication ethics checklist for routine use during manuscript submission to a journal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Academic integrity amp oldid 1170091598, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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