Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al-Hasan (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن الحسن) sometimes referred to as “Moulay Muhammad”, was the last Hafsid ruler of Ifriqiya (1573–1574). His brother Moulay Ahmad had been driven out of power in 1569 by Uluç Ali and when the Spanish reconquered Tunis Ahmad was unwilling to accept their terms for supporting him, preferring instead to remain in exile in Sicily. Instead, the Spanish invasion force under Don John of Austria installed Moulay Muhammad in his place.[1]
The 1573 Spanish assault on Tunis that briefly brought Moulay Muhammad to the throne
Abu Abdallah Muhammad was unable to prevent the Spaniards who had installed him from sacking the city. Some of the inhabitants took refuge in a mosque, but the soldiers went in and killed them. Don John also had the four marble columns in the Zeitouna mosque removed. These actions made Abu Abdallah Muhammad deeply unpopular.[2] The 17th historian fr:Ibn Abi Dinar recounted the scene:
"The feet of the infidels trampled the schools, all the collections of science were scattered and dissipated in the streets, to such an extent that those passing to the east of the mosque could not pass without trampling them. And bells rang in the medina, and I heard some townspeople saying that the Christians were tying their horses in the Great Mosque."[3]
Muslims were driven out of a Christian-occupied part of the city, and hundreds of refugees crowded the surrounding area. Justice was administered by a tribunal made up of the Christian governor and Abu Abdallah Muhammad.[4]
The Turkish garrison fled Tunis and headed for Bizerte and Kairouan, meaning Abu Abdallah Muhammad was the nominal ruler of little more than Tunis and La Goulette.[2]
Ten months after his installation of a powerful Ottoman attack was staged on Tunis, led by Sinan Pasha from Tripoli and by Uluç Ali from Algiers. On July 15, 1574 this force landed on the coasts of the Gulf of Tunis and quickly took possession of the Spanish fortress of La Goulette. After two months of skirmishes, the Turkish ships entered through the La Goulette canal and, on September 3, the Ottoman armies entered Tunis.[5]
Moulay Muhammad was twice wounded by musket fire, captured and sent as a captive to Istanbul. There he was generously provided for and confined in Yedikule Fortress, where he died in 1594.[6][7][8]
The end of the Hafsid dynasty
Moulay Muhammad was the last member of the Hafsid dynasty to rule Ifriqiya. His eldest son Muley Nazar had also lived in Sicily and died in battle in Tunis. Another of his sons, Muley Abderraman, was in Palermo in 1574 and wished to travel to the court in Madrid to swear fealty to Philip II in his father’s name, but the monarch ordered him to remain where he was. Muley Abderraman did not give up his claim to the throne: he tried to attract partisans in Tunis, taking advantage of a period of Ottoman weakness in the region. In 1594, claiming to be supported by several sheikhs and to have more than sixty thousand followers, he asked the Viceroy of Sicily to provide fifty or sixty galleys for an assault on Tunis but this was not granted to him.[8]
In 1581 the Spanish made one final attempt to restore them. One of the Hafsid refugees in Sicily was Prince Ahmed (known as ‘Hamet’ in Spanish documents), brother of Moulay Hasan. He obtained Spanish support to sail from Palermo with a small band of followers. The Spanish brought him ashore somewhere remote in the Gulf of Gabès and sailed away. Hoping to unite the Bedouin tribes against Ottoman rule, he soon found himself abandoned and went into hiding in the interior. He was finally captured at El Djem in 1592 and sent captive to Constantinople. The remaining Hafsids in Spanish domains had converted to Christianity and abandoned any hope of returning to Tunis.[9][8]
Further reading
Arnoulet, François: Les derniers princes hafsides à Tunis, 1526-1574 à partir de documents espagnols et italiens des XVIe et XVIIe siècles 1997
Bono, Salvatore: TUNISI E LA GOLETTA NEGLI ANNI 1573-1574 in Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente Anno 31, No. 1 (MARZO 1976), pp. 1-39 (43 pages)
References
^Jamil M. Abun-Nasr; Ǧamīl M. Abū al-Naṣr; Abun-Nasr, Jamil Mirʻi Abun-Nasr (1987-08-20). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN978-0-521-33767-0. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
^ abVarriale, Gennaro (2010). "I CAVALIERI DELL'EMIRO: LA COMUNITÀ REBATTINA SULLE DUE SPONDE DEL MEDITERRANEO" (PDF). Estudis. 36: 152. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^Chammam, Mahmoud (1967). Al Mu’nis fi Akhbar Ifriqya wa Tunis d'Ibn Abi Dinar. Tunis: Al Maktaba Al Atika. pp. 175–6.
^Kissling, Hans Joachim; Bagley, Frank (1969). The Last Great Muslim Empires. Leiden: Brill. p. 129.
^Husain, Abu Abdallah; Carletti, J.T. (trans) (1883). History of the conquest of Tunis and of the Goletta by the Ottomans A.H. 981 (A.D. 1573). London: Trübner & co. pp. 16–27. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
^Kavas, Ahmet (2016). "OSMANLI DEVLETİ'Nİ KUZEY AFRİKA'DAKALICILAŞTIRAN SEFER: TUNUS SAVAŞI (1574)". Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi (İSMUS). 1 (1): 33, 35. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
^Luis del Mármol Carvajal; Mika Ben Miled (2007). Histoire des derniers rois de Tunis: du malheur des Hafçides, de la prise de Tunis par Charles Quint-- de Kheyr-ed-Din Barberousse, Darghut-- et autres valeureux raïs--. éditions cartaginoiseries. p. 164. ISBN978-9973-704-05-4. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
^ abcCorrales, Eloy Martin (2020). Muslims in Spain, 1492-1814. Brill. pp. 95–126. ISBN978-90-04-44376-1. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
^Ben Achour, Mohamed El-Aziz (20 November 2016). "L'agonie de la dynastie hafside". Leaders.com.tn. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
January 20, 2023
abdallah, muhammad, hasan, arabic, أبو, عبد, الله, محمد, بن, الحسن, sometimes, referred, moulay, muhammad, last, hafsid, ruler, ifriqiya, 1573, 1574, brother, moulay, ahmad, been, driven, power, 1569, uluç, when, spanish, reconquered, tunis, ahmad, unwilling, . Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al Hasan Arabic أبو عبد الله محمد بن الحسن sometimes referred to as Moulay Muhammad was the last Hafsid ruler of Ifriqiya 1573 1574 His brother Moulay Ahmad had been driven out of power in 1569 by Uluc Ali and when the Spanish reconquered Tunis Ahmad was unwilling to accept their terms for supporting him preferring instead to remain in exile in Sicily Instead the Spanish invasion force under Don John of Austria installed Moulay Muhammad in his place 1 Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI ibn al HasanCaliph of the Hafsid SultanateReign1573 1574PredecessorAbu al Abbas Ahmad IIISuccessorin 1574 the Hafsid Sultanate has ceased to existBornunknown dateDied1594IstanbulDynastyHafsidsReligionIslam Contents 1 Installation 2 Removal from power 3 The end of the Hafsid dynasty 4 Further reading 5 ReferencesInstallation Edit The 1573 Spanish assault on Tunis that briefly brought Moulay Muhammad to the throne Abu Abdallah Muhammad was unable to prevent the Spaniards who had installed him from sacking the city Some of the inhabitants took refuge in a mosque but the soldiers went in and killed them Don John also had the four marble columns in the Zeitouna mosque removed These actions made Abu Abdallah Muhammad deeply unpopular 2 The 17th historian fr Ibn Abi Dinar recounted the scene The feet of the infidels trampled the schools all the collections of science were scattered and dissipated in the streets to such an extent that those passing to the east of the mosque could not pass without trampling them And bells rang in the medina and I heard some townspeople saying that the Christians were tying their horses in the Great Mosque 3 Muslims were driven out of a Christian occupied part of the city and hundreds of refugees crowded the surrounding area Justice was administered by a tribunal made up of the Christian governor and Abu Abdallah Muhammad 4 The Turkish garrison fled Tunis and headed for Bizerte and Kairouan meaning Abu Abdallah Muhammad was the nominal ruler of little more than Tunis and La Goulette 2 Removal from power EditMain article Conquest of Tunis 1574 Ten months after his installation of a powerful Ottoman attack was staged on Tunis led by Sinan Pasha from Tripoli and by Uluc Ali from Algiers On July 15 1574 this force landed on the coasts of the Gulf of Tunis and quickly took possession of the Spanish fortress of La Goulette After two months of skirmishes the Turkish ships entered through the La Goulette canal and on September 3 the Ottoman armies entered Tunis 5 Moulay Muhammad was twice wounded by musket fire captured and sent as a captive to Istanbul There he was generously provided for and confined in Yedikule Fortress where he died in 1594 6 7 8 The end of the Hafsid dynasty EditMoulay Muhammad was the last member of the Hafsid dynasty to rule Ifriqiya His eldest son Muley Nazar had also lived in Sicily and died in battle in Tunis Another of his sons Muley Abderraman was in Palermo in 1574 and wished to travel to the court in Madrid to swear fealty to Philip II in his father s name but the monarch ordered him to remain where he was Muley Abderraman did not give up his claim to the throne he tried to attract partisans in Tunis taking advantage of a period of Ottoman weakness in the region In 1594 claiming to be supported by several sheikhs and to have more than sixty thousand followers he asked the Viceroy of Sicily to provide fifty or sixty galleys for an assault on Tunis but this was not granted to him 8 In 1581 the Spanish made one final attempt to restore them One of the Hafsid refugees in Sicily was Prince Ahmed known as Hamet in Spanish documents brother of Moulay Hasan He obtained Spanish support to sail from Palermo with a small band of followers The Spanish brought him ashore somewhere remote in the Gulf of Gabes and sailed away Hoping to unite the Bedouin tribes against Ottoman rule he soon found himself abandoned and went into hiding in the interior He was finally captured at El Djem in 1592 and sent captive to Constantinople The remaining Hafsids in Spanish domains had converted to Christianity and abandoned any hope of returning to Tunis 9 8 Further reading EditArnoulet Francois Les derniers princes hafsides a Tunis 1526 1574 a partir de documents espagnols et italiens des XVIe et XVIIe siecles 1997Bono Salvatore TUNISI E LA GOLETTA NEGLI ANNI 1573 1574 in Africa Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell Istituto italiano per l Africa e l Oriente Anno 31 No 1 MARZO 1976 pp 1 39 43 pages References Edit Jamil M Abun Nasr Ǧamil M Abu al Naṣr Abun Nasr Jamil Mirʻi Abun Nasr 1987 08 20 A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period Cambridge University Press p 169 ISBN 978 0 521 33767 0 Retrieved 22 February 2021 a b Varriale Gennaro 2010 I CAVALIERI DELL EMIRO LA COMUNITA REBATTINA SULLE DUE SPONDE DEL MEDITERRANEO PDF Estudis 36 152 Retrieved 25 February 2021 Chammam Mahmoud 1967 Al Mu nis fi Akhbar Ifriqya wa Tunisd Ibn Abi Dinar Tunis Al Maktaba Al Atika pp 175 6 Kissling Hans Joachim Bagley Frank 1969 The Last Great Muslim Empires Leiden Brill p 129 Husain Abu Abdallah Carletti J T trans 1883 History of the conquest of Tunis and of the Goletta by the Ottomans A H 981 A D 1573 London Trubner amp co pp 16 27 Retrieved 27 February 2021 Kavas Ahmet 2016 OSMANLI DEVLETI NI KUZEY AFRIKA DAKALICILASTIRAN SEFER TUNUS SAVASI 1574 Siyasal Bilgiler Fakultesi Dergisi ISMUS 1 1 33 35 Retrieved 22 February 2021 Luis del Marmol Carvajal Mika Ben Miled 2007 Histoire des derniers rois de Tunis du malheur des Hafcides de la prise de Tunis par Charles Quint de Kheyr ed Din Barberousse Darghut et autres valeureux rais editions cartaginoiseries p 164 ISBN 978 9973 704 05 4 Retrieved 21 February 2021 a b c Corrales Eloy Martin 2020 Muslims in Spain 1492 1814 Brill pp 95 126 ISBN 978 90 04 44376 1 Retrieved 20 February 2021 Ben Achour Mohamed El Aziz 20 November 2016 L agonie de la dynastie hafside Leaders com tn Retrieved 27 February 2021 Retrieved 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