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AN/SPY-1

January 01, 1970

The AN/SPY-1[a] is a United States Navy 3D radar system manufactured by Lockheed Martin. The array is a passive electronically scanned system and a key component of the Aegis Combat System. The system is computer controlled and uses four complementary antennas to provide 360-degree coverage. The system was first installed in 1973 on USS Norton Sound and entered active service in 1983 as the SPY-1A on USS Ticonderoga. The -1A was installed on ships up to CG-58, with the -1B upgrade first installed on USS Princeton in 1986. The upgraded -1B(V) was retrofitted to existing ships from CG-59 up to the last, USS Port Royal.

AN/SPY-1
The AN/SPY-1 radar antennas are the light grey octagonal panels on the front and starboard side of the superstructure of USS Lake Erie.
Country of originUnited States
Introduced1973; 51 years ago (1973)[1]
Type3D Air search
FrequencyS band[1]
Range370 km (200 nmi; 230 mi)[1][2]
Azimuth0–360°
ElevationHorizon–zenith[3]
Power6 MW

Description edit

The first production model of the SPY-1 series is SPY-1, which forms the baseline configuration of all subsequent SPY-1 radars. SPY-1A has four antenna arrays in two separate deckhouses, with each antenna array containing 148 modules. Each module contains up to 32 radiating elements and phase shifters, and modules are paired to form transmitting and receiving sub-arrays, which are grouped into 32 transmitting and 68 receiving arrays. Transmitting arrays are driven by eight transmitters, each with four crossed-field amplifiers (CFAs). Each CFA produces a peak power of 132 kW. There are 4,096 total radiators, 4,352 receivers, and 128 auxiliary elements on each antenna array. The power requirement of SPY-1A is four times that of the AN/SPS-48. The AN/UYK-7 computer controls SPY-1.[5]: 316–317 

SPY-1A is a development of SPY-1, resulting from the deployment of SPY-1-equipped USS Ticonderoga off the Lebanese coast. It was discovered that the false alarm rate was high because the radar would pick up swarms of insects and clutter from mountainous terrain. The solution was to allow the operator to change the sensitivity profile of radar by periodically reducing attenuation, and setting threat and non-threat sectors according to changing environment.[5]: 316–317  The result was more efficient utilization of resources. About 10% of the software totaling thirty thousand lines were rewritten to accommodate the necessary upgrade.[5]: 316–317  In 2003, the U.S. Navy donated a SPY-1A antenna to the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman, Oklahoma, making it one of the first stationary phased arrays used in weather forecasting. The Multifunction Phased Array Radar was decommissioned and removed in 2016.

SPY-1B adopts VLSI, resulting in increased performance and reduced size and weight. For example, the electronic cabinets area was reduced from 11 to 5, with the corresponding weight reduced from 14,700 lb (6,700 kg) to 10,800 lb (4,900 kg), and separate digital modules are reduced from 3,806 to 1,606.[5]: 316–317  A 7-bit phase shifter replaced the 4-bit phase shifter in earlier models, with the corresponding weight of phase shifters in the face of the antenna reduced from 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) to 7,900 lb (3,600 kg), and a reduction of the side lobe by 15 dB. There are 4,350 radiators with two side lobe cancellation antennae, each with two elements, and the radar uses eleven 16-bit microprocessors. The ability to counter steep diving missiles was improved with more energy at higher elevations or longer pulse.[5]: 316–317 

SPY-1B(V) is a development of earlier SPY-1B with moving target indication capability incorporated in 1997.[5]: 316–317 

SPY-1D was first installed on USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) in 1991, with all antennas in a single deckhouse. It is a variant of the -1B to fit the Arleigh Burke class using the UYK-43 computer, with the main antenna also used as missile uplinks, thus eliminating the need for separate missile uplinks in earlier models. The AN/UYA-4 display in earlier models is replaced by the UYQ-21 display.[5]: 316–317  Starting with Flight III (DDG-125), the Arleigh Burke class is being equipped with AN/SPY-6(V)1 radar from Raytheon; Flight IIA (DDG-79 to DDG-124) will be retrofitted with the AN/SPA-6(V)4 variant.[6][7]

SPY-1D(V), the Littoral Warfare Radar, was an upgrade introduced in 1998 with a new track initiation processor for high clutter near-coast operations, where the earlier "blue water" systems were especially weak. The waveform is coded and signal processing is improved.[5]: 316–317  The ability to resist electronic attack was also improved.[8]

SPY-1E SBAR (S-Band Active Array) is the only active phased array model in the SPY-1 series. SPY-1E utilizes commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) subsystems, and a single-faced demonstration unit was built in 2004. The weight of the antenna remains the same, but the weight below the deck is greatly reduced.[5]: 316–317  It was later renamed the AN/SPY-2 and subsequently developed into AN/SPY-4 Volume Search Radar (VSR) for Zumwalt-class destroyers and Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers to complement their AN/SPY-3 X-band radar. VSR was removed from the Zumwalt class due to budgetary concerns and will be replaced with Raytheon AN/SPY-6(V)4 on the Gerald R. Ford class starting with USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79).[9]

SPY-1F FARS (frigate array radar system) is a smaller version of the 1D designed to fit frigates. It is used in Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen-class frigates. The origin of the SPY-1F can be traced back to the FARS proposed to the German Navy in the 1980s. The size of the antenna of SPY-1F is reduced from the original 12 ft (4 m) with 4,350 elements to 8 ft (2.4 m) with 1,856 elements, and the range is 54% of the SPY-1D.[5]: 316–317  It is not used by the U.S. Navy, although there were proposals to retrofit Freedom-class littoral combat ships.

SPY-1F(V) is a derivative of SPY-1F with improved capability against littoral targets and cruise missiles and better multi-mission capability.[5]: 316–317 

SPY-1K is the smallest version of the radar currently offered, based on the same architecture as the 1D and 1F. It is intended for use on very small vessels such as corvettes, where the SPY-1F would be too large. The size of the antenna is further reduced to 5 ft (1.5 m) with 912 elements.[5]: 316–317  As of 2007, none were in service, although the radar is incorporated into the design of the yet-unbuilt AFCON Corvette [es].[10][11]

Variants edit

Specifications edit

The following specifications apply to the SPY-1A/B/D series.[5]

  • Size: 12 ft (3.7 m) octagon
  • Weight above deck: 13,030 lb (5,910 kg) per face
  • Weight below deck:131,584 lb (59,685 kg)
  • Range: 175 nmi (201 mi; 324 km)
    • 45 nmi (52 mi; 83 km) against sea-skimming missiles
  • Targets simultaneously tracked: 200 each array, 800 total
  • Band: S-band 3–4 GHz; wavelength 7.5 cm–10 cm[14]
  • PRF: variable
  • Scan rate (scan/min): 1 (horizon), 12 (above horizon)
  • Peak Power: 6 MW[14]
  • Average Power: 58 kW[14]
  • Duty cycle: 1/100 seconds (1%)[14]
  • Antenna Gain: 9,300[14]

Operators edit

 
JS Ashigara with AN/SPY1D(V)

Air and Missile Defense Radar edit

In July 2009, Lockheed Martin was one of three companies awarded contracts to study the development of a new Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR) to be composed of an S-Band radar, an X-Band radar, and a Radar Suite Controller to defend against evolving anti-ship and ballistic missile threats.[15]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Army Navy Joint Electronics Type Designation System / S - Water (surface ship), P - Radar, Y - Surveillance (target detecting and tracking) and Control (fire control and/or air control), model number[4]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Missile Defense Project (23 June 2021) [7 April 2016]. "AN/SPY-1 Radar". Missile Threat. Center for Strategic and International Studies. from the original on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  2. ^ Lewis, George; Postol, Theodore (23 October 2012). "Ballistic Missile Defense: Estimating the Range of an Aegis Radar against a Missile Warhead Target". mostlymissiledefense. from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  3. ^ "CG 47 CLASS ADVISORY NR. 04-97, HERP-HERO GUIDANCE". Federation of American Scientists. 1997-06-17. from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  4. ^ Joint Electronics Type Designation System
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Friedman, Norman (15 May 2006). The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems (5th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 316–317. ISBN 978-1557502629. LCCN 2005031194. OCLC 1131518158. OL 3415017M – via Google Books.
  6. ^ "U.S. Navy's SPY-6 Family of Radars". Raytheon Missiles & Defense. n.d. from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  7. ^ Katz, Justin (11 January 2022). "Raytheon to start backfitting destroyers with SPY-6 radar". Breaking Defense. from the original on 7 June 2022.
  8. ^ "AN/SPY-1 Radar". man.fas.org. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
  9. ^ LaGrone, Sam (22 August 2016). "Raytheon Awarded $92M Navy Contract for Future Carrier, Big Deck AESA Radars". USNI News. United States Naval Institute. from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022. Based on Raytheon's SPY-6 S-band Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR) planned for the services Arleigh Burke-class (DDG-51) guided missile destroyers, the Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar (EASR) will be the volume air search radar for most of the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (CVN-78) — starting with John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) and the planned LHA-8 amphibious warship.
  10. ^ . Lockheed Martin. n.d. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2022. The AFCON Corvette has been designed with advanced features in mind, including a SPY-1K phased array radar, a hull mounted sonar system, a 76 mm Gun, a four-cell MK 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) and an Aegis-based Combat System.
  11. ^ Pike, John (7 July 2011). "AN/SPY-1 Radar". GlobalSecurity.org. from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  12. ^ (PDF). Lockheed Martin. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  13. ^ Vision, Presence, Power: A Program Guide to the U.S. Navy (2004 ed.). United States Department of the Navy. 2004. p. 86.
  14. ^ a b c d e Moen, Bente E.; Møllerløkken, Ole Jacob; Bull, Nils; Oftedal, Gunnhild; Mild, Kjell Hansson (2013). "Accidental exposure to electromagnetic fields from the radar of a naval ship: a descriptive study". International Maritime Health. 64 (4): 177–182. doi:10.5603/imh.2013.0001. hdl:11250/2384994. ISSN 2081-3252. PMID 24408137.
  15. ^ "Lockheed Martin To Develop Concept For New U.S. Navy Air And Missile Defense Radar" (Press release). Lockheed Martin. 14 July 2009. from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022. The U.S. Navy has awarded Lockheed Martin a $10 million firm-fixed-price contract to perform concept studies for the Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR), a scalable solid-state radar suite for future surface combatants.

Further reading edit

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to AN/SPY-1.
  • Missile Threat CSIS - AN/SPY-1 Radar
  • GlobalSecurity.org
  • Fire Controlman Volume 02-Fire Control Radar Fundamentals (Revised) p32—Table of radars
  • Fire Controlman Volume 02-Fire Control Radar Fundamentals (Revised) p39—AN/SPY-1 history


January 01, 1970
united, states, navy, radar, system, manufactured, lockheed, martin, array, passive, electronically, scanned, system, component, aegis, combat, system, system, computer, controlled, uses, four, complementary, antennas, provide, degree, coverage, system, first,. The AN SPY 1 a is a United States Navy 3D radar system manufactured by Lockheed Martin The array is a passive electronically scanned system and a key component of the Aegis Combat System The system is computer controlled and uses four complementary antennas to provide 360 degree coverage The system was first installed in 1973 on USS Norton Sound and entered active service in 1983 as the SPY 1A on USS Ticonderoga The 1A was installed on ships up to CG 58 with the 1B upgrade first installed on USS Princeton in 1986 The upgraded 1B V was retrofitted to existing ships from CG 59 up to the last USS Port Royal AN SPY 1The AN SPY 1 radar antennas are the light grey octagonal panels on the front and starboard side of the superstructure of USS Lake Erie Country of originUnited StatesIntroduced1973 51 years ago 1973 1 Type3D Air searchFrequencyS band 1 Range370 km 200 nmi 230 mi 1 2 Azimuth0 360 ElevationHorizon zenith 3 Power6 MW Contents 1 Description 2 Variants 3 Specifications 4 Operators 5 Air and Missile Defense Radar 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksDescription editThe first production model of the SPY 1 series is SPY 1 which forms the baseline configuration of all subsequent SPY 1 radars SPY 1A has four antenna arrays in two separate deckhouses with each antenna array containing 148 modules Each module contains up to 32 radiating elements and phase shifters and modules are paired to form transmitting and receiving sub arrays which are grouped into 32 transmitting and 68 receiving arrays Transmitting arrays are driven by eight transmitters each with four crossed field amplifiers CFAs Each CFA produces a peak power of 132 kW There are 4 096 total radiators 4 352 receivers and 128 auxiliary elements on each antenna array The power requirement of SPY 1A is four times that of the AN SPS 48 The AN UYK 7 computer controls SPY 1 5 316 317 SPY 1A is a development of SPY 1 resulting from the deployment of SPY 1 equipped USS Ticonderoga off the Lebanese coast It was discovered that the false alarm rate was high because the radar would pick up swarms of insects and clutter from mountainous terrain The solution was to allow the operator to change the sensitivity profile of radar by periodically reducing attenuation and setting threat and non threat sectors according to changing environment 5 316 317 The result was more efficient utilization of resources About 10 of the software totaling thirty thousand lines were rewritten to accommodate the necessary upgrade 5 316 317 In 2003 the U S Navy donated a SPY 1A antenna to the National Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman Oklahoma making it one of the first stationary phased arrays used in weather forecasting The Multifunction Phased Array Radar was decommissioned and removed in 2016 SPY 1B adopts VLSI resulting in increased performance and reduced size and weight For example the electronic cabinets area was reduced from 11 to 5 with the corresponding weight reduced from 14 700 lb 6 700 kg to 10 800 lb 4 900 kg and separate digital modules are reduced from 3 806 to 1 606 5 316 317 A 7 bit phase shifter replaced the 4 bit phase shifter in earlier models with the corresponding weight of phase shifters in the face of the antenna reduced from 12 000 lb 5 400 kg to 7 900 lb 3 600 kg and a reduction of the side lobe by 15 dB There are 4 350 radiators with two side lobe cancellation antennae each with two elements and the radar uses eleven 16 bit microprocessors The ability to counter steep diving missiles was improved with more energy at higher elevations or longer pulse 5 316 317 SPY 1B V is a development of earlier SPY 1B with moving target indication capability incorporated in 1997 5 316 317 SPY 1D was first installed on USS Arleigh Burke DDG 51 in 1991 with all antennas in a single deckhouse It is a variant of the 1B to fit the Arleigh Burke class using the UYK 43 computer with the main antenna also used as missile uplinks thus eliminating the need for separate missile uplinks in earlier models The AN UYA 4 display in earlier models is replaced by the UYQ 21 display 5 316 317 Starting with Flight III DDG 125 the Arleigh Burke class is being equipped with AN SPY 6 V 1 radar from Raytheon Flight IIA DDG 79 to DDG 124 will be retrofitted with the AN SPA 6 V 4 variant 6 7 SPY 1D V the Littoral Warfare Radar was an upgrade introduced in 1998 with a new track initiation processor for high clutter near coast operations where the earlier blue water systems were especially weak The waveform is coded and signal processing is improved 5 316 317 The ability to resist electronic attack was also improved 8 SPY 1E SBAR S Band Active Array is the only active phased array model in the SPY 1 series SPY 1E utilizes commercial off the shelf COTS subsystems and a single faced demonstration unit was built in 2004 The weight of the antenna remains the same but the weight below the deck is greatly reduced 5 316 317 It was later renamed the AN SPY 2 and subsequently developed into AN SPY 4 Volume Search Radar VSR for Zumwalt class destroyers and Gerald R Ford class aircraft carriers to complement their AN SPY 3 X band radar VSR was removed from the Zumwalt class due to budgetary concerns and will be replaced with Raytheon AN SPY 6 V 4 on the Gerald R Ford class starting with USS John F Kennedy CVN 79 9 SPY 1F FARS frigate array radar system is a smaller version of the 1D designed to fit frigates It is used in Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen class frigates The origin of the SPY 1F can be traced back to the FARS proposed to the German Navy in the 1980s The size of the antenna of SPY 1F is reduced from the original 12 ft 4 m with 4 350 elements to 8 ft 2 4 m with 1 856 elements and the range is 54 of the SPY 1D 5 316 317 It is not used by the U S Navy although there were proposals to retrofit Freedom class littoral combat ships SPY 1F V is a derivative of SPY 1F with improved capability against littoral targets and cruise missiles and better multi mission capability 5 316 317 SPY 1K is the smallest version of the radar currently offered based on the same architecture as the 1D and 1F It is intended for use on very small vessels such as corvettes where the SPY 1F would be too large The size of the antenna is further reduced to 5 ft 1 5 m with 912 elements 5 316 317 As of 2007 none were in service although the radar is incorporated into the design of the yet unbuilt AFCON Corvette es 10 11 Variants editAN SPY 1 Prototypes USS Norton Sound AN SPY 1A Ticonderoga class cruisers up to CG 58 AN SPY 1B Ticonderoga class cruisers starting at CG 59 3 66 metres 12 0 ft diameter 12 AN SPY 1B V Upgrade for the 1B version retrofitted to CG 59 and up AN SPY 1D Variant of 1B designed for Arleigh Burke class destroyers Japanese Kongō class destroyers and Spanish Alvaro de Bazan class frigates F 101 104 AN SPY 1D V Littoral Warfare Radar upgrade for the 1D variant applied to Arleigh Burke class destroyers DDG 91 onwards 13 Japanese Atago class destroyers and Maya class destroyers South Korean Sejong the Great class destroyers KDX III Spanish F 105 frigate and the Australian Hobart class air warfare destroyers AWD AN SPY 1F Smaller version of the 1D designed to fit frigates Installed on the Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen class frigates 2 44 metres 8 ft 0 in diameter AN SPY 1K Smallest version of the radar offered intended to fit corvette sized vessels None currently in service Specifications editThe following specifications apply to the SPY 1A B D series 5 Size 12 ft 3 7 m octagon Weight above deck 13 030 lb 5 910 kg per face Weight below deck 131 584 lb 59 685 kg Range 175 nmi 201 mi 324 km 45 nmi 52 mi 83 km against sea skimming missiles Targets simultaneously tracked 200 each array 800 total Band S band 3 4 GHz wavelength 7 5 cm 10 cm 14 PRF variable Scan rate scan min 1 horizon 12 above horizon Peak Power 6 MW 14 Average Power 58 kW 14 Duty cycle 1 100 seconds 1 14 Antenna Gain 9 300 14 Operators edit nbsp JS Ashigara with AN SPY1D V nbsp Australia Hobart class destroyer nbsp Japan Kongō class destroyer Atago class destroyer Maya class destroyer nbsp Norway Fridtjof Nansen class frigate nbsp Spain Alvaro de Bazan class frigate nbsp South Korea Sejong the Great class destroyer nbsp United States Ticonderoga class cruiser Arleigh Burke class destroyerAir and Missile Defense Radar editIn July 2009 Lockheed Martin was one of three companies awarded contracts to study the development of a new Air and Missile Defense Radar AMDR to be composed of an S Band radar an X Band radar and a Radar Suite Controller to defend against evolving anti ship and ballistic missile threats 15 See also editAN SPY 7 AN SPY 6 AN TPY 2 MF STAR PAAMS Type 346 RadarNotes edit Army Navy Joint Electronics Type Designation System S Water surface ship P Radar Y Surveillance target detecting and tracking and Control fire control and or air control model number 4 References edit a b c Missile Defense Project 23 June 2021 7 April 2016 AN SPY 1 Radar Missile Threat Center for Strategic and International Studies Archived from the original on 6 August 2022 Retrieved 13 August 2022 Lewis George Postol Theodore 23 October 2012 Ballistic Missile Defense Estimating the Range of an Aegis Radar against a Missile Warhead Target mostlymissiledefense Archived from the original on 13 May 2022 Retrieved 13 August 2022 CG 47 CLASS ADVISORY NR 04 97 HERP HERO GUIDANCE Federation of American Scientists 1997 06 17 Archived from the original on 21 August 2010 Retrieved 2022 08 13 Joint Electronics Type Designation System a b c d e f g h i j k l m Friedman Norman 15 May 2006 The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems 5th ed Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press pp 316 317 ISBN 978 1557502629 LCCN 2005031194 OCLC 1131518158 OL 3415017M via Google Books U S Navy s SPY 6 Family of Radars Raytheon Missiles amp Defense n d Archived from the original on 15 July 2022 Retrieved 13 August 2022 Katz Justin 11 January 2022 Raytheon to start backfitting destroyers with SPY 6 radar Breaking Defense Archived from the original on 7 June 2022 AN SPY 1 Radar man fas org Retrieved 2022 08 31 LaGrone Sam 22 August 2016 Raytheon Awarded 92M Navy Contract for Future Carrier Big Deck AESA Radars USNI News United States Naval Institute Archived from the original on 12 May 2022 Retrieved 18 August 2022 Based on Raytheon s SPY 6 S band Air and Missile Defense Radar AMDR planned for the services Arleigh Burke class DDG 51 guided missile destroyers the Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar EASR will be the volume air search radar for most of the Gerald R Ford class carrier CVN 78 starting with John F Kennedy CVN 79 and the planned LHA 8 amphibious warship The AFCON Products Lockheed Martin n d Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 Retrieved 18 August 2022 The AFCON Corvette has been designed with advanced features in mind including a SPY 1K phased array radar a hull mounted sonar system a 76 mm Gun a four cell MK 41 Vertical Launching System VLS and an Aegis based Combat System Pike John 7 July 2011 AN SPY 1 Radar GlobalSecurity org Archived from the original on 19 March 2022 Retrieved 18 August 2022 SPY 1 Family of Radars Battle Proven Naval Radar Performance PDF Lockheed Martin 2009 Archived from the original PDF on 15 September 2011 Retrieved 18 August 2022 Vision Presence Power A Program Guide to the U S Navy 2004 ed United States Department of the Navy 2004 p 86 a b c d e Moen Bente E Mollerlokken Ole Jacob Bull Nils Oftedal Gunnhild Mild Kjell Hansson 2013 Accidental exposure to electromagnetic fields from the radar of a naval ship a descriptive study International Maritime Health 64 4 177 182 doi 10 5603 imh 2013 0001 hdl 11250 2384994 ISSN 2081 3252 PMID 24408137 Lockheed Martin To Develop Concept For New U S Navy Air And Missile Defense Radar Press release Lockheed Martin 14 July 2009 Archived from the original on 18 August 2022 Retrieved 18 August 2022 The U S Navy has awarded Lockheed Martin a 10 million firm fixed price contract to perform concept studies for the Air and Missile Defense Radar AMDR a scalable solid state radar suite for future surface combatants Further reading edit BMDO Report To Congress Concludes European Asian Missile Defenses Will Rely Heavily On Sea Based Assets Inside Missile Defense 5 1 American Academy of Political and Social Science 15 17 25 October 1995 ISSN 2164 8158 JSTOR 43970743 OCLC 1042965038 Sirak Michael C 7 April 1999 Raytheon Scores 118 Million Deal To Produce Ntw Radar Prototype Inside Missile Defense 5 7 American Academy of Political and Social Science 3 ISSN 2164 8158 JSTOR 43970321 OCLC 1042965038 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to AN SPY 1 Missile Threat CSIS AN SPY 1 Radar GlobalSecurity org Fire Controlman Volume 02 Fire Control Radar Fundamentals Revised p32 Table of radars Fire Controlman Volume 02 Fire Control Radar Fundamentals Revised p39 AN SPY 1 history Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title AN SPY 1 amp oldid 1198859339, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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