89th Attack Squadron
The 89th Attack Squadron is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the 432d Wing as a tenant unit at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota. It has been active as a remotely piloted aircraft (drone) squadron there since 2011.
| 89th Attack Squadron | |
|---|---|
An MQ-9 Reaper taxis before a mission in Afghanistan | |
| Active | 1917–1919; 1940–1945; 2011–present |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Air Force |
| Role | Attack |
| Size | 280 military and civilians[1] |
| Part of | Air Combat Command |
| Garrison/HQ | Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota |
| Nickname(s) | Marauders |
| Engagements | European Theater of World War II Mediterranean Theater of Operations |
| Decorations | Distinguished Unit Citation French Croix de Guerre with Palm |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Joseph T. McNarney John A. Hilger |
| Insignia | |
| 89th Attack Squadron emblem | |
| 89th Reconnaissance Squadron emblem[a][2] | |
The squadron was first activated as the 89th Aero Squadron at Kelly Field, Texas during World War I. It deployed to France in 1917, where it constructed fields and trained observers, In 1918 it briefly trained as an observation unit, but the unit did not move to the front before the Armistice.
It was consolidated in the mid 1930s with the 89th Observation Squadron as the 89th Reconnaissance Squadron but remained inactive until 1940, when it was attached to the 17th Bombardment Group at March Field, California and equipped with medium bombers. In 1942 members of the squadron participated in the Doolittle Raid against Tokyo. The squadron, now named the 432d Bombardment Squadron, moved to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations and participated in combat until 1945, earning two Distinguished Unit Citations and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm before returning to the United States in late 1945 and being inactivated.
The 432d was reactivated as the 432d Attack Squadron in October 2011 at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota as a MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft squadron.
Mission edit
The 89th Attack Squadron mission is to remotely employ General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper aircraft from ground control facilities located at Ellsworth Air Force Base to support combatant commander requirements around the world.[3] The squadron, which operates the aircraft, and the Reaper ground control station are based at Ellsworth. Its aircraft are deployed overseas, supporting continuing operations.[1]
History edit
World War I edit
The first predecessor of the squadron was activated at Kelly Field, Texas as the 89th Aero Squadron on 19 August 1917.[2] The men who formed the squadron had been inducted into the Army ten days earlier at Fort Logan, Colorado. After processing, they departed for Kelly and upon arrival, formed the 89th and 88th Aero Squadrons and were trained on assembling new aircraft. The squadron moved to the Aviation Concentration Center at Camp Mills, Garden City, New York in October to prepare for overseas movement.[4]
The 89th arrived at the 1st Air Depot, American Expeditionary Force at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France on 16 November where it began work on constructing facilities for the depot.[5] In February 1918, the squadron moved to Châtillon-sur-Seine, where it began work on construction of a flying field for the 2d Corps Aeronautical School. However, the squadron was quartered on a large farm some distance from the flying field, so construction of the field and supporting facilities took a month to complete and training of observers did not begin until May.[6]
The squadron was assigned the first pilots to arrive at Chatillon and began training observers in artillery adjustment, photography, and gunnery.[5] A photographic detachment of squadron enlisted men developed the pictures taken by the students at the school.[6] These men formed the cadre for the 101st Photographic Section later in the year.[7]
The 89th prepared for combat as an observation unit in July 1918, but never went to front,[2][5] and in September all pilots assigned to the school were transferred to the headquarters of the Aeronautical School.[8] The squadron returned to the United States where it was demobilized in 1919.[2]
In 1936 the 89th was consolidated on the inactive list with the 89th Observation Squadron.[2]
World War II edit
Initial organization edit
The second predecessor of the 89th was constituted as the 89th Observation Squadron on the inactive list in 1935. In October 1936, the two squadrons were consolidated as the 89th Reconnaissance Squadron, but remained inactive until February 1940.[2] The squadron was activated and assigned to General Headquarters Air Force at March Field, California, but was attached to the 17th Bombardment Group. The squadron moved to McChord Field, Washington and was reassigned to Northwest Air District in June 1940, with its primary mission being reconnaissance with a secondary mission of bombardment. It was initially equipped with Douglas B-18 Bolos, but soon converted to Douglas B-23 Dragons.[2]
In February 1941, the squadron replaced its B-23s with the new North American B-25 Mitchell medium bomber,[9] when the 17th Group became the first Air Corps unit to receive the new bomber.[10] In June, the squadron moved to Pendleton Field, Oregon.[9] In August, it received the updated B-25B, which had a much heavier defensive armament, suggested by combat reports coming in from Europe.[11]
Antisubmarine patrols edit
After Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, the 89th flew antisubmarine patrols off the Oregon and Washington coastline.[12] The 89th moved to Lexington County Airport, South Carolina in early 1942 to perform antisubmarine patrols over southeast Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico.[12] There it became the fourth bombardment squadron of the 17th Group as the 432d Bombardment Squadron.[2]
Doolitte raid edit
Planning for a retaliatory bombing raid on Japan began in December 1941, and twenty-four B-25Bs were diverted from the 17th Bombardment Group, which was the only B-25 unit in the Air Corps, and volunteers from its four squadrons, including the 89th, were recruited, the crews being told only that this was a secret and dangerous mission. The volunteers trained at Eglin Field, Florida. Upon completion of training, they left Eglin for McClellan Field, California for final modifications to the B-25s before moving to Naval Air Station Alameda, where the bombers were loaded on the USS Hornet (CV-8) for the raid.[13]
Combat in the Mediterranean edit
The remainder of the squadron remained in Columbia, flying antisubmarine patrols until 23 June when it was moved to Barksdale Field, Louisiana. There, the squadron re-equipped with the Martin B-26 Marauder, and began transition training under Third Air Force.[9]
In November 1942, the squadron deployed to North Africa, arriving at Telergma Airport, Algeria in December 1942 following Operation Torch's initial landings, becoming part of XII Bomber Command. The squadron flew interdiction and close air support, bombing bridges, rail lines, marshalling yards, harbors, shipping, gun emplacements, troop concentrations and other enemy targets in Algeria and later Tunisia supporting American and later Allied ground forces as they moved east and participated in the Tunisian Campaign.[12][14]
During 1943, the 34th participated in Operation Corkscrew, the reduction of Pantelleria. It supported Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily and Operation Avalanche, the invasion of Italy. During the drive toward Rome, the squadron was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for its attacks on airfields near Rome on 13 January 1944. It was also awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for its operations in Italy between April and June.[12]
The unit provided tactical air support in the liberation of Sardinia and Corsica. From airfields in Corsica, the 432d supported Allied ground forces during Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944. It moved to Southern France and bombed enemy targets during the Allied drive northward. It earned a second Distinguished Unit Citation for bombing attacks on enemy defenses near Schweinfurt, Germany just before the end of the war on 10 April 1945.[12]
The squadron remained in Europe after V-E Day. It became part of the occupation forces, and participated in the disarmament of Germany.[12] It moved to the American Occupation Zone in Austria.[2] The squadron returned to France to stage for its return to the United States, where it was inactivated in late November 1945.[12][9]
Remotely piloted aircraft operations edit
The squadron was activated in October 2011 at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota[15] as an MQ-9 Reaper squadron and assigned to the 28th Operations Group.[3] The squadron replaced Detachment 1, 28th Operations Group, which had been activated in April 2011 to act as the lead organization to prepare Ellsworth for the activation of the remotely piloted aircraft unit.[1] The squadron was reassigned from the 28th to the 432d Operations Group in October 2015 when the 28th Bomb Wing was reassigned to Air Force Global Strike Command. The following June, the squadron returned to its original number and became the 89th Attack Squadron.[16]
In March 2019, the squadron was reassigned to the 25th Attack Group, located at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina.[9] In May 2022, the squadron was recognized by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems as the MQ-9 Squadron of the Year for 2021. That year, the squadron provided protection to American and coalition forces across multiple combatant commands and other Department of Defense and government organizations. The squadron achieved the first network accredited MQ-9A simulator, integrating in joint exercises with twelve nations across three combatant commands. Its intelligence flight was also named Twelfth Air Force Intelligence Agency Team of the Year.[17]
Lineage edit
89th Aero Squadron
- Organized as the 89th Aero Squadron on 19 August 1917
- Demobilized on 19 May 1919
- Reconstituted and consolidated on 24 October 1936[18] with the 89th Observation Squadron (Long Range, Light Bombardment) as the 89th Reconnaissance Squadron[9]
89th Attack Squadron
- Constituted as the 89th Observation Squadron (Long Range, Light Bombardment) on 1 March 1935[b]
- Consolidated with the 89th Aero Squadron and redesignated 89th Reconnaissance Squadron on 24 October 1936 (remained inactive)
- Redesignated 89th Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium Range) on 22 December 1939 (remained inactive)
- Activated on 1 February 1940
- Redesignated 89th Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium) on 20 November 1940
- Redesignated 432d Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 22 April 1942
- Redesignated 432d Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 9 October 1944
- Inactivated on 26 November 1945[2]
- Redesignated 432d Expeditionary Bomb Squadron and converted to provisional status on 16 January 2002
- Redesignated 432d Bomb Squadron and withdrawn from provisional status on 16 February 2007 (remained inactive)
- Redesignated 432d Attack Squadron on 1 September 2011
- Activated on 1 October 2011
- Redesignated 89th Attack Squadron on 21 June 2016[9]
Assignments edit
- Unknown, 19 August 1917 – November 1917[c]
- 1st Air Depot, c. 6 November 1917
- 2d Corps Aeronautical School, c. 17 February 1918 – c. 12 January 1919
- Unknown January – 19 May 1919
- Air Force Combat Command, 1 February 1940 (attached to 17th Bombardment Group)
- Northwest Air District (later 2d Air Force), June 1940 (remained attached to 17th Bombardment Group)
- 17th Bombardment Group, 25 February 1942 – 26 November 1945
- Pacific Air Forces, to activate or inactivate any time between 16 January 2002 and 16 February 2007
- 28th Operations Group: 1 October 2011 – 30 September 2015
- 432d Operations Group, 1 October 2015
- 25th Attack Group, 22 March 2019 – present[9]
Stations edit
|
|
Aircraft edit
- Dorand AR and other types for training observers, 1918
- Breguet 14 when preparing for combat, 1918
- Douglas B-18 Bolo, 1940
- Douglas B-23 Dragon, 1940–1941
- North American B-25 Mitchell, 1941–1942
- Martin B-26 Marauder, 1942–1945[2]
- General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper, 2011–present[3]
Awards and Campaigns edit
| Award streamer | Award | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distinguished Unit Citation | 13 January 1944, Italy | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| Distinguished Unit Citation | 10 April 1945 Schweinfurt | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| Air Force Meritorious Unit Award | 1 May 2012-31 May 2013 | 432d Attack Squadron[9] | |
| Air Force Meritorious Unit Award | 1 June 2017-31 May 2018 | 89th Attack Squadron[9] | |
| Air Force Meritorious Unit Award | 1 June 2018-31 May 2020 | 89th Attack Squadron[9] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 June 2013-31 May 2014 | 432d Attack Squadron[9] | |
| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award | 1 June 2019-31 May 2021 | 89th Attack Squadron[9] | |
| French Croix de Guerre with Palm | April, May and June 1944 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] |
| Campaign Streamer | Campaign | Dates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Theater of Operations | 16 November 1917 – 1919 | 89th Aero Squadron[2] | |
| Antisubmarine | 7 December 1941 – 22 June 1942 | 89th Reconnaissance Squadron (Later 432d Bombardment Squadron)[2] | |
| Tunisia | 22 December 1942 – 13 May 1943 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| Sicily | 14 May 1943 – 17 August 1943 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| Naples-Foggia | 18 August 1943 – 21 January 1944 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| Anzio | 22 January 1944 – 24 May 1944 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| Rome-Arno | 22 January 1944 – 9 September 1944 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| Southern France | 15 August 1944 – 14 September 1944 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| North Apennines | 10 September 1944 – 4 April 1945 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| Rhineland | 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| Central Europe | 22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| Air Combat, EAME Theater | 7 December 1941 – 11 May 1945 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] | |
| World War II Army of Occupation | 9 May 1945 – 3 October 1945 | 432d Bombardment Squadron[2] |
See also edit
References edit
Notes edit
- Explanatory notes
- ^ Approved 30 January 1941. Description: On a blue disc with golden orange border Mercury's helmet with exaggerated wings of golden orange and with decorative hat band and feathers of white.
- ^ This squadron is not related to an earlier 89th Observation Squadron that was constituted on 8 May 1929, redesignated the 89th Service Squadron on 1 October 1933 and disbanded in 1935 without being activated. Clay, p. 1433.
- ^ Probably Post Headquarters, Kelly Field until October, then Aviation Concentration Center.
- Citations
- ^ a b c . Dakota Voice. 2 April 2011. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 533–534
- ^ a b c "28th Operations Group". Ellsworth Air Force Base. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ Gorrell, Volume 9: 72d, 73d, 85th, and 88th–90th Aero Squadrons.
- ^ a b c Wurzburg, p. 70
- ^ a b Wurzburg, p. 21
- ^ Wurzburg, p. 27
- ^ Wurzburg, p. 24
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Musser, James (2 May 202). "Factsheet 89 Attack Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ Baugher, Joe (6 March 2000). "North American B-25 Mitchell". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ Baugher, Joe (6 March 2000). "North American B-25B Mitchell". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 61–63
- ^ Baugher, Joe (12 November 2002). "The Doolitte Tokyo Raid". Joe Baugher. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ "17th Bomb Group WWII Stories". 17th/452nd Bomb Wing/Group. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
- ^ Robertson, Patsy (22 September 2008). . Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
- ^ Nevins, A1C Denise (23 June 2016). "432nd ATKS renamed the 89th ATKS, honors heritage". 28th Bomb Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ No byline (6 June 2022). "GA-ASI Honors USAF's 89th ATKS as RPA Squadron of the Year". General Atomics. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ Clay, p. 1433
Bibliography edit
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Clay, Steven E. (2011). (PDF). Vol. 3 The Services: Air Service, Engineers, and Special Troops 1919–1941. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-98419-014-0. LCCN 2010022326. OCLC 637712205. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- Gorrell, Col. Edgar S. (1974). History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919. Vol. 9. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. OCLC 215070705.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
- Wurzburg, Lt. Donald B., ed. (1919). The "Battle of Chatillon": A Graphic History of the Second Corps Aeronautical School, American Expeditionary Forces, France. Grand Rapids, MI: The Dean Hicks Co.
External links edit
- . The Institute of Heraldry. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014. (Description of emblem and significance)
- "17th Bomb Group". 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- Smith, Michael (2014) [1994]. . Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
- "Inventory of the B-26 Marauder Archives, 17th Bombardment Group Reunion Association". OhioLINK. 2014 [1994]. Retrieved 7 February 2014.