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6th millennium BC

February 16, 2024

The 6th millennium BC spanned the years 6000 BC to 5001 BC (c. 8 ka to c. 7 ka). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis. The only exceptions are the felling dates for some construction timbers from Neolithic wells in Central Europe.

Millennia:
Centuries:
  • 60th century BC
  • 59th century BC
  • 58th century BC
  • 57th century BC
  • 56th century BC
  • 55th century BC
  • 54th century BC
  • 53rd century BC
  • 52nd century BC
  • 51st century BC

This millennium is reckoned to mark the end of the global deglaciation which had followed the Last Glacial Maximum and caused sea levels to rise by some 60 m (200 ft) over a period of about 5,000 years.

Communities edit

Neolithic culture and technology had spread from the Near East and into Eastern Europe by 6000 BC. Its development in the Far East grew apace and there is increasing evidence through the millennium of its presence in prehistoric Egypt and the Far East. In much of the world, however, including Northern and Western Europe, people still lived in scattered Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer communities. The world population is believed to have increased sharply, possibly quadrupling, as a result of the Neolithic Revolution. It has been estimated that there were perhaps forty million people worldwide at the end of this millennium, growing to 100 million by the Middle Bronze Age c. 1600 BC.[1]

The oldest fort is in Siberia around 6000 BC.

Use of pottery found near Tbilisi is evidence that grapes were being used for winemaking c. 5980 BC.[2]

It has been estimated that humans first settled in Malta c. 5900 BC, arriving across the Mediterranean from both Europe and North Africa.[3]

Evidence of cheese-making in Poland is dated c. 5500 BC.[4]

Junglefowl were domesticated around c. 5500 BC in Southeast Asia.[5]

The Zhaobaogou culture in China began c. 5400 BC. It was in the north-eastern part of the country, primarily in the Luan River valley in Inner Mongolia and northern Hebei.[6]

Four identified cultures starting around 5300 BC were the Dnieper-Donets, the Narva (eastern Baltic), the Ertebølle (Denmark and northern Germany), and the Swifterbant (Low Countries). They were linked by a common pottery style that had spread westward from Asia and is sometimes called "ceramic Mesolithic", distinguishable by a point or knob base and flared rims.[7][8][9]

Indigenous Australians in what is now southwestern Victoria were farming and smoking eels as a food source and trade good using stone weirs, canals, and woven traps around 6000 BC.[10]

Environmental changes edit

The early Holocene sea level rise (EHSLR), which began c.10,000 BC, tailed off during the 6th millennium. Global water levels had risen by about 60 metres due to deglaciation of ice masses since the end of the Last Ice Age.[11] Accelerated rises in sea level rise, called meltwater pulses, occurred three times during the EHSLR. The last one, Meltwater Pulse 1C, which peaked c. 6000 BC, produced a rise of 6.5 metres in only 140 years. It is believed that the cause was a major ice sheet collapse in Antarctica.[12]

Approximately 8,000 years ago (c. 6000 BC), a massive volcanic landslide off Mount Etna, Sicily, caused a megatsunami that devastated the eastern Mediterranean coastline on the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe.[13]

In South America, a large eruption occurred at Cueros de Purulla c. 5870 BC, forming a buoyant cloud and depositing the Cerro Paranilla Ash in the Calchaquí Valleys.[14] A cataclysmic volcanic eruption occurred c. 5700 BC in Oregon when 12,000-foot (3,700 m) high Mount Mazama created Crater Lake as the resulting caldera filled with water.[15] Another major eruption occurred c. 5550 BC on Mount Takahe, Antarctica, possibly creating an ozone hole in the region.[16]

The carbon-14 content in tree rings created c. 5480 BC indicates an abnormal level of solar activity.[17]

Astronomy and calendars edit

 
Mosaic of Creation of Adam from Monreale Cathedral - dated year 1 A.M. (September 5509 BC) in the Byzantine calendar.

The epoch of the Byzantine calendar, used in the Byzantine Empire and many Christian Orthodox countries, is equivalent to 1 September 5509 BC on the Julian proleptic calendar (see image right).[18]

The 6th millennium BC falls entirely within the Astrological Age of Gemini (c. 6450 BC to c. 4300 BC) according to some astrologers.[19]

According to Gregory of Tours God created the world 5597 years prior to the death of Martin of Tours, which would be 5200 BC. [20]

References edit

  1. ^ Biraben, Jean-Noël (1979). "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes". Population. 34–1 (1): 13–25. doi:10.2307/1531855. JSTOR 1531855.
  2. ^ "'World's oldest wine' found in 8,000-year-old jars in Georgia". BBC News. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  3. ^ "700 years added to Malta's history". Times of Malta. 16 March 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  4. ^ Subbaraman, Nidhi (12 December 2012). "Art of cheese-making is 7,500 years old". Nature. Macmillan. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.12020. S2CID 180646880. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  5. ^ Concise History of Science & Invention: An Illustrated Time Line. National Geographic Books. 2010. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4262-0544-6.
  6. ^ Stark, Miriam T. (26 August 2005). Archaeology of Asia. Blackwell. p. 129. ISBN 1-4051-0213-6.
  7. ^ Gronenborn, Detlef (2007). "Beyond the models: Neolithisation in Central Europe". Proceedings of the British Academy. 144: 73–98.
  8. ^ Anthony, D. W. (2007). "Pontic-Caspian Mesolithic and Early Neolithic societies at the time of the Black Sea Flood: a small audience and small effects". In Yanko-Hombach, V.; Gilbert, A. A.; Panin, N.; Dolukhanov, P. M. (eds.). The Black Sea Flood Question: changes in coastline, climate and human settlement. pp. 245–370. ISBN 978-9402404654.
  9. ^ Anthony, David W. (2010). The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691148182.
  10. ^ Flood, Josephine (2004). Archaeology of the dreamtime: the story of prehistoric Australia and its people (revised ed.). Marleston, South Australia: J. B. Publishing. ISBN 1-876622-50-4. OCLC 61479845.
  11. ^ Smith, D. E.; Harrison, S.; Firth, C. R.; Jordan, J. T. (July 2011). "The early Holocene sea level rise". Quaternary Science Reviews. Elsevier. 30 (15–16): 1846–1860. Bibcode:2011QSRv...30.1846S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.019..
  12. ^ Blanchon, P. (2011a) Meltwater Pulses. In: Hopley, D. (Ed), Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs: Structure, form and process. Springer-Verlag Earth Science Series, p. 683-690. ISBN 978-90-481-2638-5
  13. ^ Pareschi, M. T.; Boschi, E.; Favalli, M. (2006). "Lost tsunami". Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (22): L22608. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..3322608P. doi:10.1029/2006GL027790.
  14. ^ Fernandez-Turiel, J. L.; Perez-Torrado, F. J.; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, A.; Saavedra, J.; Carracedo, J. C.; Rejas, M.; Lobo, A.; Osterrieth, M.; Carrizo, J. I.; Esteban, G.; Gallardo, J.; Ratto, N. (8 May 2019). "La gran erupción de hace 4.2 ka cal en Cerro Blanco, Zona Volcánica Central, Andes: nuevos datos sobre los depósitos eruptivos holocenos en la Puna sur y regiones adyacentes". Estudios Geológicos. 75 (1): 21. doi:10.3989/egeol.43438.515. hdl:10553/69940. ISSN 1988-3250.
  15. ^ "Geology and History Summary for Mount Mazama and Crater Lake". Volcano Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  16. ^ "Takahe". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  17. ^ Miyake, Fusa; Others (31 January 2017). "Large 14C excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid-Holocene". PNAS. National Academy of Sciences. 114 (5): 881–884. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114..881M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1613144114. PMC 5293056. PMID 28100493.
  18. ^ Stephenson, Paul. "Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c.700–1204: John Skylitzes, "Synopsis Historion": The Year 6508, in the 13th Indiction: the Byzantine dating system". November 2006.
  19. ^ Mann, Neil (24 May 2007). "The Astrological Great Year". Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  20. ^ A history of the Franks, Gregory of Tours, Pantianos Classics, 1916

February 16, 2024
millennium, spanned, years, 6000, 5001, impossible, precisely, date, events, that, happened, around, time, this, millennium, dates, mentioned, here, estimates, mostly, based, geological, anthropological, analysis, only, exceptions, felling, dates, some, constr. The 6th millennium BC spanned the years 6000 BC to 5001 BC c 8 ka to c 7 ka It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis The only exceptions are the felling dates for some construction timbers from Neolithic wells in Central Europe Millennia 7th millennium BC 6th millennium BC 5th millennium BCCenturies 60th century BC 59th century BC 58th century BC 57th century BC 56th century BC 55th century BC 54th century BC 53rd century BC 52nd century BC 51st century BCThis millennium is reckoned to mark the end of the global deglaciation which had followed the Last Glacial Maximum and caused sea levels to rise by some 60 m 200 ft over a period of about 5 000 years Contents 1 Communities 2 Environmental changes 3 Astronomy and calendars 4 ReferencesCommunities editNeolithic culture and technology had spread from the Near East and into Eastern Europe by 6000 BC Its development in the Far East grew apace and there is increasing evidence through the millennium of its presence in prehistoric Egypt and the Far East In much of the world however including Northern and Western Europe people still lived in scattered Palaeolithic hunter gatherer communities The world population is believed to have increased sharply possibly quadrupling as a result of the Neolithic Revolution It has been estimated that there were perhaps forty million people worldwide at the end of this millennium growing to 100 million by the Middle Bronze Age c 1600 BC 1 The oldest fort is in Siberia around 6000 BC Use of pottery found near Tbilisi is evidence that grapes were being used for winemaking c 5980 BC 2 It has been estimated that humans first settled in Malta c 5900 BC arriving across the Mediterranean from both Europe and North Africa 3 Evidence of cheese making in Poland is dated c 5500 BC 4 Junglefowl were domesticated around c 5500 BC in Southeast Asia 5 The Zhaobaogou culture in China began c 5400 BC It was in the north eastern part of the country primarily in the Luan River valley in Inner Mongolia and northern Hebei 6 Four identified cultures starting around 5300 BC were the Dnieper Donets the Narva eastern Baltic the Ertebolle Denmark and northern Germany and the Swifterbant Low Countries They were linked by a common pottery style that had spread westward from Asia and is sometimes called ceramic Mesolithic distinguishable by a point or knob base and flared rims 7 8 9 Indigenous Australians in what is now southwestern Victoria were farming and smoking eels as a food source and trade good using stone weirs canals and woven traps around 6000 BC 10 Environmental changes editThe early Holocene sea level rise EHSLR which began c 10 000 BC tailed off during the 6th millennium Global water levels had risen by about 60 metres due to deglaciation of ice masses since the end of the Last Ice Age 11 Accelerated rises in sea level rise called meltwater pulses occurred three times during the EHSLR The last one Meltwater Pulse 1C which peaked c 6000 BC produced a rise of 6 5 metres in only 140 years It is believed that the cause was a major ice sheet collapse in Antarctica 12 Approximately 8 000 years ago c 6000 BC a massive volcanic landslide off Mount Etna Sicily caused a megatsunami that devastated the eastern Mediterranean coastline on the continents of Asia Africa and Europe 13 In South America a large eruption occurred at Cueros de Purulla c 5870 BC forming a buoyant cloud and depositing the Cerro Paranilla Ash in the Calchaqui Valleys 14 A cataclysmic volcanic eruption occurred c 5700 BC in Oregon when 12 000 foot 3 700 m high Mount Mazama created Crater Lake as the resulting caldera filled with water 15 Another major eruption occurred c 5550 BC on Mount Takahe Antarctica possibly creating an ozone hole in the region 16 The carbon 14 content in tree rings created c 5480 BC indicates an abnormal level of solar activity 17 Astronomy and calendars edit nbsp Mosaic of Creation of Adam from Monreale Cathedral dated year 1 A M September 5509 BC in the Byzantine calendar The epoch of the Byzantine calendar used in the Byzantine Empire and many Christian Orthodox countries is equivalent to 1 September 5509 BC on the Julian proleptic calendar see image right 18 The 6th millennium BC falls entirely within the Astrological Age of Gemini c 6450 BC to c 4300 BC according to some astrologers 19 According to Gregory of Tours God created the world 5597 years prior to the death of Martin of Tours which would be 5200 BC 20 References edit Biraben Jean Noel 1979 Essai sur l evolution du nombre des hommes Population 34 1 1 13 25 doi 10 2307 1531855 JSTOR 1531855 World s oldest wine found in 8 000 year old jars in Georgia BBC News 13 November 2017 Retrieved 1 June 2019 700 years added to Malta s history Times of Malta 16 March 2018 Retrieved 1 June 2019 Subbaraman Nidhi 12 December 2012 Art of cheese making is 7 500 years old Nature Macmillan doi 10 1038 nature 2012 12020 S2CID 180646880 Retrieved 1 June 2019 Concise History of Science amp Invention An Illustrated Time Line National Geographic Books 2010 p 24 ISBN 978 1 4262 0544 6 Stark Miriam T 26 August 2005 Archaeology of Asia Blackwell p 129 ISBN 1 4051 0213 6 Gronenborn Detlef 2007 Beyond the models Neolithisation in Central Europe Proceedings of the British Academy 144 73 98 Anthony D W 2007 Pontic Caspian Mesolithic and Early Neolithic societies at the time of the Black Sea Flood a small audience and small effects In Yanko Hombach V Gilbert A A Panin N Dolukhanov P M eds The Black Sea Flood Question changes in coastline climate and human settlement pp 245 370 ISBN 978 9402404654 Anthony David W 2010 The horse the wheel and language how Bronze Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press ISBN 9780691148182 Flood Josephine 2004 Archaeology of the dreamtime the story of prehistoric Australia and its people revised ed Marleston South Australia J B Publishing ISBN 1 876622 50 4 OCLC 61479845 Smith D E Harrison S Firth C R Jordan J T July 2011 The early Holocene sea level rise Quaternary Science Reviews Elsevier 30 15 16 1846 1860 Bibcode 2011QSRv 30 1846S doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2011 04 019 Blanchon P 2011a Meltwater Pulses In Hopley D Ed Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs Structure form and process Springer Verlag Earth Science Series p 683 690 ISBN 978 90 481 2638 5 Pareschi M T Boschi E Favalli M 2006 Lost tsunami Geophysical Research Letters 33 22 L22608 Bibcode 2006GeoRL 3322608P doi 10 1029 2006GL027790 Fernandez Turiel J L Perez Torrado F J Rodriguez Gonzalez A Saavedra J Carracedo J C Rejas M Lobo A Osterrieth M Carrizo J I Esteban G Gallardo J Ratto N 8 May 2019 La gran erupcion de hace 4 2 ka cal en Cerro Blanco Zona Volcanica Central Andes nuevos datos sobre los depositos eruptivos holocenos en la Puna sur y regiones adyacentes Estudios Geologicos 75 1 21 doi 10 3989 egeol 43438 515 hdl 10553 69940 ISSN 1988 3250 Geology and History Summary for Mount Mazama and Crater Lake Volcano Hazards Program United States Geological Survey 3 November 2017 Retrieved 1 June 2019 Takahe Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Miyake Fusa Others 31 January 2017 Large 14C excursion in 5480 BC indicates an abnormal sun in the mid Holocene PNAS National Academy of Sciences 114 5 881 884 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114 881M doi 10 1073 pnas 1613144114 PMC 5293056 PMID 28100493 Stephenson Paul Translations from Byzantine Sources The Imperial Centuries c 700 1204 John Skylitzes Synopsis Historion The Year 6508 in the 13th Indiction the Byzantine dating system November 2006 Mann Neil 24 May 2007 The Astrological Great Year Retrieved 1 June 2019 A history of the Franks Gregory of Tours Pantianos Classics 1916 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 6th millennium BC amp oldid 1203141071, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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