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1st Devonshire Engineers

The 1st Devonshire Engineer Volunteer Corps, later the Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers, was a volunteer unit of Britain's Royal Engineers whose history dated back to 1862. The unit helped to defend the vital naval base of Plymouth, and supplied detachments for service in the field in both World Wars. During the North African campaign in the Second World War, the unit's sappers distinguished themselves in bridging the Nile and clearing minefields during and after the Second Battle of El Alamein. Their successors served on the postwar Territorial Army until 1969.

1st Devonshire Engineer Volunteers
Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers
116 (Devon & Cornwall) Engineer Regiment
RE Cap badge (King George V cipher)
Active1862–1950
1961–1969
Country United Kingdom
Branch Territorial Army
RoleCoast Defence
Field Engineering
Garrison/HQTorquay
Exeter
Plymouth
EngagementsSecond Boer War
First World War:

Second World War:

Origins edit

The enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 led to the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need.[1] One such unit was the 1st Devonshire Engineer Volunteer Corps (EVC) formed at Torquay, with the first officers' commissions dated 28 January 1862.[2][3]

The 1st Devonshire EVC was attached for administrative purposes to the 1st (Exeter and South Devon) Devonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps from April 1863 until August 1869, when it joined the 1st Administrative Battalion, Gloucestershire Engineer Volunteers. With the reorganisation of the Volunteer Force in 1880, the Gloucestershire Admin Bn was consolidated as the 1st Gloucestershire (Gloucester, Somerset and Devon) Engineer Volunteer Corps, with the 1st Devon providing E Company at Torquay and F Company at Exeter.[3] The unit became the 1st Gloucestershire (The Western Counties) Engineer Volunteers, Royal Engineers, after the Somerset unit left in 1888. The EVC titles were abandoned in 1888, when the units became 'Engineer Volunteers, Royal Engineers', proclaiming their affiliation to the Regular RE, and then simply 'Royal Engineers (Volunteers)' in 1896.[4][5]

In August 1889, the Devon and Somerset companies were removed from the Gloucestershire battalion and constituted as a separate 1st Devonshire and Somersetshire RE (V), with its HQ at the Priory, Colleton Crescent, Exeter.[3][4][6][7]

The 1st Devonshire and Somerset RE (V) sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks to assist the regular REs during the Second Boer War in 1900, and a second section the following year.[8]

Territorial Force edit

When the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) in 1908, the Devon and Somerset Engineers were split to form the Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers at Plymouth and the divisional engineer companies for the Wessex Division, which were based in Somerset (except for part of the signal company, which remained at Exeter).[3][9]

The Devonshire Fortress Engineers was organised as follows:[4][10][11]

  • HQ at Mutley Barracks, Plymouth[12]
  • No 1 Works Company at the Drill Hall, Rock Road, Torquay[13]
  • Nos 2 & 3 Works Companies at Exeter[6]
  • Nos 4 & 5 Electric Lights Companies at Plymouth[12]

A new Drill Hall at Lambhay Green, Plymouth, designed in 1913, was completed in 1918.[14][15]

First World War edit

Mobilisation edit

On the outbreak of war in August 1914, the fortress engineers moved to their war stations in the coastal defences, the Devonshire Fortress Engineers coming under the command of South Western Coast Defences HQ at Devonport, Plymouth.[16] Shortly afterwards, the men of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and WO instructions were issued to form those men who had only signed up for Home Service into reserve or 2nd Line units. The titles of these 2nd Line units were the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. They absorbed most of the recruits that flooded in, and in many cases themselves went on active service later.[17]

In December 1914 the 1/1st Devonshire (Works) Co sailed to Gibraltar to relieve a Regular RE company there. In the Spring of 1915 it was relieved by 1/2nd Devonshire (Works) Co. The 1/1st Devonshire then moved to the Western Front and joined the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). It served on the Somme in 1916. The 1/2nd Devonshire was in turn relieved by another TF company in November 1916 and embarked again for service with the BEF on 17 March 1917.[18][19] The 1/4th Dorset (EL) Company was also sent to Gibraltar in April 1915 to replace a Regular company.[11]

When the TF companies of the RE received numbers in February 1917, they were assigned as follows:[11][20][21][22]

  • 567th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 1/1st Devon (Works) Company
  • 568th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 1/2nd Devon (Works) Company
  • 569th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 1/3rd Devon (Works) Company
  • 570th (Devon) Army Troops Company – formerly 2/1st Devon (Works) Company
  • 571st (Devon) Works Company – probably 2/2nd Devon (Works) Company
  • 572nd (Devon) Works Company – formerly 2/3rd Devon (Works) Company
  • 614th (Devon) Fortress Company – formerly 1/4th Devon (Electric Lights) Company

Sinai and Palestine edit

Details of the service of the Devon companies are sketchy. At the end of August 1917, 571st Company officially changed its designation from 'Works' to 'Army Troops' and most of the company embarked at Southampton on 29 September (the wagons and horses followed a month later). 570th and 571st Companies disembarked at Alexandria in October, where 569th Company was already engaged on various duties around the ports and camps. At this stage of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was about to launch the Battle of Beersheba and begin its advance to capture Jerusalem. The three companies served on the vital lines of communications in Egypt and Palestine supporting the EEF for the rest of the war.[23]

Later war edit

567th (Devon) Company was serving with X Corps in June 1917, and Fourth Army, by the time of the Armistice in November 1918. 568th (Devon) Company was still serving with First Army as late as June 1919. 569th, 570th and 5761st (Devon) Companies continued working on the Palestine Lines of Communications after the Armistice, 570th Company serving until at least March 1920. Having spent much if the war working in the UK, 572nd (Devon) Works Company finally embarked to join the BEF on 8 August 1918 to work on aerodrome construction for the Royal Air Force, and remained overseas until at least March 1919. 614th continued doing fortress duties in Gibraltar until it was absorbed into the Regular 33rd Fortress Company RE in 1919.[11][19][20][24]

Interwar edit

The Devonshire Fortress Engineers was reformed at Muttley Barracks, Plymouth, in the renamed Territorial Army (TA) in 1920, forming part of the Coast Defence forces in 43rd (Wessex) Divisional Area.[25][26] In 1933 it was amalgamated with the Cornwall Fortress Engineers at Falmouth and became the Devonshire and Cornwall (Fortress) Engineers (D&C (F) RE) with the following organisation:[4][27]

  • No 1 (EL & Works) Company
  • No 2 (EL) Company
  • No 3 (EL) Company
  • No 4 (Anti-Aircraft Searchlight) Company at Falmouth – 'from Cornwall Fortress Engineers'

The Plymouth Junior Technical School Cadet Corps was attached to the unit.

Second World War edit

Mobilisation edit

Just before or shortly after war broke out in September 1939 a fifth EL&W company was added to the unit, based at Pendennis Castle under Commander, Fixed Defences, Falmouth, and No 4 Company became an independent unit (482nd (Devon & Cornwall) Searchlight Company) under the command of 55th Anti-Aircraft Brigade. The remainder of the D&C (F) RE mobilised in the Plymouth and Falmouth Defences of Southern Command.[28][29] In May 1940 the fortress companies were reorganised as field companies; No 5 E&L Company left for Tiverton on 23 May 1940, having been redesignated 573rd Devon and Cornwall Army Field Company.[30]

When VIII Corps was formed in Southern Command in June 1940, its engineers (VIII Corps Troops, Royal Engineers, or VIII CTRE) were provided by the Devonshire and Cornwall Fortress Engineers:[31]

  • 570th Corps Field Park Company
  • 571st Army Field Company
  • 572nd Army Field Company
  • 573rd Army Field Company

However, in February 1941, the companies left VIII Corps and were sent to Egypt, where they became X CTRE when X Corps HQ arrived from England a few months later to join Eighth Army.[31]

Bridging the Nile edit

On 20 July 1942, when Rommel was driving towards Egypt, General Headquarters (GHQ) ordered the construction of two bridges across the Nile to allow Eighth Army's armour to manoeuvre to the south if the Cairo defences were attacked. The task was assigned to X CTRE under Lt-Col E.N. Bickford. The sites chosen were at Helwan and Wasta, where the widths to be bridged were 2,688 and 2,760 feet (819 and 841 m) respectively, and the difference between high and low water was about 22 feet (6.7 m). Pontoons were unavailable, so local feluccas were used to make a bridge of boats. 572nd Field Company took on the bridge at Helwan with the assistance of a Seychelles Pioneer Company, while 571st Field Company with a Mauritius Pioneer Company built the Wasta bridge. 570th Field Park Company was responsible for stores and welding. In the event, Rommel's final drive was halted at the Battle of Alam Halfa, the Cairo defences were not required, and the bridges were dismantled in November.[32]

Clearing minefields edit

 
Sappers demonstrating the new Mark I mine detector in North Africa, August 1942.

On 23 October, the Eighth Army under Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery counter-attacked at the Second Battle of El Alamein. For the first phase, the aptly-named Operation Lightfoot, the key was to breach the extensive German minefields during the night to allow the armour formations to pass through and exploit the success of the initial bombardment and infantry assault. For this work the sappers were trained to use the recently arrived Polish mine detector (Mine detector Mark I). X Corps organised a Minefield Task Force for each of its armoured divisions: 571st Field Company was attached to 10th Armoured Division, and both 572nd and 573rd Fd Cos were with 1st Armoured Division, while 570th Fd Park Co remained with X Corps HQ.[31][33][34]

The task of clearing lanes through the minefields went according to plan, though delayed by the scale of the minefields and the presence of pockets of enemy resistance that had not been cleared out by the attacking infantry. The southern corridor was under enemy artillery and small-arms fire, and when a truck was set on fire the illumination meant that the sappers were exposed to even more accurate fire. However, the gap was cleared by 06.30 on 24 October, and 10th Armoured passed through. Progress was slower in the northern corridor and 51st (Highland) Division had to put in a fresh attack with massed artillery support at 15.00, after which the sappers were able to clear the way for 1st Armoured to deploy during the second night. The regimental history attributes the relatively light casualties among the mine clearance parties, despite the firefights going on around them, 'to the excellence of the mine-lifting drill and the accuracy with which it was carried out'. By 4 November the German and Italian troops were in full retreat across the desert.[33]

Advance to Tripoli edit

 
Churchill on the podium takes the salute at the Tripoli victory parade, 4 February 1943.

X CTRE followed Eighth Army's six-month advance across North Africa, repairing roads behind the advancing troops. Between Bouerat and Misourata, the unit dealt with 68 separate demolitions and craters, one involving the construction of a bridge with five 30-foot (9.1 m) spans. So many casualties were suffered from S-mines hidden among the demolitions that bulldozers were frequently called in.[35] Captain Desmond Fitzgerald, a Regular RE officer attached to the TA Devonians of 571st Fd Co for two months from 1 January, recalled that his duties mainly involved clearing mines and booby-traps from captured landing strips before they could be used by the Royal Air Force. The company was attached to 1st Armoured Division at this time.[36]

When the damaged port of Tripoli was captured in late January 1943, Montgomery said that his "main preoccupation was to get the harbour uncorked and ships inside, so as to get a good daily tonnage landed" and reduce reliance on the long coast road from Tobruk.[37] 571st Army Fd Co was one of the units sent to clear debris and repair the approach roads to the quays, and then begin repairing the Spanish Mole.[38] Despite winter storms, a shallow entrance into the harbour was ready for small craft to enter and unload by 30 January.[35] The next task was to remove Fascist Party emblems and pictures of Benito Mussolini, and erect a special podium in the town square for a victory parade attended by Winston Churchill on 4 February. Fitzgerald recalls that the troops referred to this construction as the "oxometer" – a device for measuring bullshit.[36]

Italy and North West Europe edit

X CTRE next took part in the Italian campaign of 1943–5, including the crossing of the Garigliano in January 1944. The four Devon companies left X CTRE in early 1945 when they were sent to join 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe. Here they were redesignated 19th GHQ TRE. The units were demobilised some time after September 1945.[31]

Postwar edit

When the TA was reconstituted in 1947, the four Devon companies (now termed squadrons, but unusually still retaining the numbers they had borne on and off since 1917) were reformed, comprising 116 Army Engineer Regiment:[39][40][41]

  • 570 Field Park Squadron
  • 571 Field Squadron
  • 572 Field Squadron
  • 573 Field Squadron

The regiment had its HQ at Plymouth and derived its seniority from the 1st Devonshire EVC of 1862. It formed part of 26 Engineer Group.[40]

116 Regiment was disbanded in 1950 and its number transferred from the TA to the Supplementary Reserve (later the Army Emergency Reserve). A new 116 (Devon and Cornwall) Engineer Regiment was formed in the TA in 1961, comprising a reformed 571 Field Squadron with 409 (Cornwall) Independent Field Squadron, the latter formed in 1956 by conversion of the 409th (Cornwall) Coast Regiment, Royal Artillery.[39][42] When the TA was converted into the TAVR in 1967, 571 Sqn was reconstituted as B (Devon Fortress Engineers) Squadron in the Devonshire Territorials (Royal Devon Yeomanry/1st Rifle Volunteers). However, the squadron was short-lived, because the TAVR units were reduced to cadre in 1969 and the Devon Fortress Engineers lineage was discontinued.[40][43]

Honorary Colonels edit

The following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:[4]

Memorial edit

There is a memorial plaque in Exeter Guildhall to the men of 570, 571, 572 and 573 Field Companies, 'formerly Devon and Cornwall Fortress Engineers', who died at home, and in North Africa and Italy during the Second World War.[44]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Beckett.
  2. ^ Beckett, Appendix IX.
  3. ^ a b c d Westlake, pp. 7–8.
  4. ^ a b c d e Monthly Army List.
  5. ^ Westlake, p. 3.
  6. ^ a b Exeter at The Drill Hall Project.
  7. ^ Priory Drill Hall at Historic England.
  8. ^ Watson, pp. 42–43.
  9. ^ London Gazette, 14 October 1910
  10. ^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 12.
  11. ^ a b c d Watson & Rinaldi, p. 83.
  12. ^ a b Plymouth at The Drill Hall Project.
  13. ^ Torquay at The Drill Hall Project.
  14. ^ Plymouth at Drill Hall Project.
  15. ^ Architectural plans at Drill Hall Project.
  16. ^ Conrad.
  17. ^ Becke, Pt 2b, p. 6.
  18. ^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 69.
  19. ^ a b 'Embarkation Dates', The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 162/7.
  20. ^ a b Watson & Rinaldi, pp. 63–64.
  21. ^ . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  22. ^ RE Museum list of WWI unit war diaries.
  23. ^ 569th, 570th & 571st (Devon) AT Companies War Diaries, 1917–19, The National Archives (TNA), Kew file WO 95/4730.
  24. ^ Addison, p. 22.
  25. ^ Monthly Army List, January 1923.
  26. ^ Titles and designations, 1927.
  27. ^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 104.
  28. ^ Watson & Rinaldi, p. 185.
  29. ^ Southern Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files.
  30. ^ 523 Coast Rgt, RA, War Diary 1940–41, TNA file WO 166/1725.
  31. ^ a b c d Watson & Rinaldi, p. 171.
  32. ^ Pakenham-Walsh, p. 364.
  33. ^ a b Pakenham-Walsh, pp. 385–395.
  34. ^ Joslen, pp. 567–569.
  35. ^ a b Pakenham-Walsh, pp. 406–408.
  36. ^ a b Fitzgerald, pp. 126–128.
  37. ^ Montgomery, p. 156.
  38. ^ . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016. The original construction of these main breakwaters dates back to the Spaniards. The main breakwater on the North, known as the Spanish Mole, extended some 1900 m East North-East.
  39. ^ a b Watson & Rinaldi, pp. 293–293.
  40. ^ a b c 80–177 TA Rgts RE at British Army 1945 on.
  41. ^ 337–575 TA Sqns RE at British Army 1945 on.
  42. ^ Litchfield, p. 34.
  43. ^
  44. ^ IWM WMR ref 25200.

References edit

  • Col G.H. Addison, Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War 1914–1918: The Organisation and Expansion of the Corps 1914–1918, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1926/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1-845743-31-4.
  • Maj A. F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-84734-739-8.
  • Desmond FitzGerald, Many Parts: The Life and Travels of a Soldier, Engineer and Arbitrator in Africa and Beyond, London: I.B. Tauris, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84511-306-3.
  • Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
  • Norman E. H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
  • The Memoirs of Field Marshal Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, London: Collins, 1958.
  • Maj-Gen R.P. Pakenham-Walsh, History of the Royal Engineers, Vol VIII, 1938–1948, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, 1958.
  • Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927.
  • Col Sir Charles M. Watson, History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Vol III, Chatham: Institution of Royal Engineers, reprint 1954.
  • Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi, The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018, Tiger Lily Books, 2018, ISBN 978-171790180-4.
  • R. A. Westlake, Royal Engineers (Volunteers) 1859–1908, Wembley: R. A. Westlake, 1983, ISBN 0-9508530-0-3.

External sources edit

  • The Drill Hall Project
  • Great War Forum 23 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  • Historic England
  • Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register
  • London Gazette
  • RE Museum

devonshire, engineers, devonshire, engineer, volunteer, corps, later, devonshire, fortress, royal, engineers, volunteer, unit, britain, royal, engineers, whose, history, dated, back, 1862, unit, helped, defend, vital, naval, base, plymouth, supplied, detachmen. The 1st Devonshire Engineer Volunteer Corps later the Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers was a volunteer unit of Britain s Royal Engineers whose history dated back to 1862 The unit helped to defend the vital naval base of Plymouth and supplied detachments for service in the field in both World Wars During the North African campaign in the Second World War the unit s sappers distinguished themselves in bridging the Nile and clearing minefields during and after the Second Battle of El Alamein Their successors served on the postwar Territorial Army until 1969 1st Devonshire Engineer VolunteersDevonshire Fortress Royal Engineers116 Devon amp Cornwall Engineer RegimentRE Cap badge King George V cipher Active1862 19501961 1969Country United KingdomBranchTerritorial ArmyRoleCoast DefenceField EngineeringGarrison HQTorquayExeterPlymouthEngagementsSecond Boer WarFirst World War Sinai and Palestine CampaignSecond World War North African Campaign Second Battle of El Alamein Italian Campaign North West Europe Campaign Contents 1 Origins 2 Territorial Force 3 First World War 3 1 Mobilisation 3 2 Sinai and Palestine 3 3 Later war 4 Interwar 5 Second World War 5 1 Mobilisation 5 2 Bridging the Nile 5 3 Clearing minefields 5 4 Advance to Tripoli 5 5 Italy and North West Europe 6 Postwar 7 Honorary Colonels 8 Memorial 9 Notes 10 References 11 External sourcesOrigins editThe enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 led to the creation of many Rifle Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need 1 One such unit was the 1st Devonshire Engineer Volunteer Corps EVC formed at Torquay with the first officers commissions dated 28 January 1862 2 3 The 1st Devonshire EVC was attached for administrative purposes to the 1st Exeter and South Devon Devonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps from April 1863 until August 1869 when it joined the 1st Administrative Battalion Gloucestershire Engineer Volunteers With the reorganisation of the Volunteer Force in 1880 the Gloucestershire Admin Bn was consolidated as the 1st Gloucestershire Gloucester Somerset and Devon Engineer Volunteer Corps with the 1st Devon providing E Company at Torquay and F Company at Exeter 3 The unit became the 1st Gloucestershire The Western Counties Engineer Volunteers Royal Engineers after the Somerset unit left in 1888 The EVC titles were abandoned in 1888 when the units became Engineer Volunteers Royal Engineers proclaiming their affiliation to the Regular RE and then simply Royal Engineers Volunteers in 1896 4 5 In August 1889 the Devon and Somerset companies were removed from the Gloucestershire battalion and constituted as a separate 1st Devonshire and Somersetshire RE V with its HQ at the Priory Colleton Crescent Exeter 3 4 6 7 The 1st Devonshire and Somerset RE V sent a detachment of one officer and 25 other ranks to assist the regular REs during the Second Boer War in 1900 and a second section the following year 8 Territorial Force editWhen the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force TF in 1908 the Devon and Somerset Engineers were split to form the Devonshire Fortress Royal Engineers at Plymouth and the divisional engineer companies for the Wessex Division which were based in Somerset except for part of the signal company which remained at Exeter 3 9 The Devonshire Fortress Engineers was organised as follows 4 10 11 HQ at Mutley Barracks Plymouth 12 No 1 Works Company at the Drill Hall Rock Road Torquay 13 Nos 2 amp 3 Works Companies at Exeter 6 Nos 4 amp 5 Electric Lights Companies at Plymouth 12 A new Drill Hall at Lambhay Green Plymouth designed in 1913 was completed in 1918 14 15 First World War editMobilisation edit On the outbreak of war in August 1914 the fortress engineers moved to their war stations in the coastal defences the Devonshire Fortress Engineers coming under the command of South Western Coast Defences HQ at Devonport Plymouth 16 Shortly afterwards the men of the TF were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and WO instructions were issued to form those men who had only signed up for Home Service into reserve or 2nd Line units The titles of these 2nd Line units were the same as the original but distinguished by a 2 prefix They absorbed most of the recruits that flooded in and in many cases themselves went on active service later 17 In December 1914 the 1 1st Devonshire Works Co sailed to Gibraltar to relieve a Regular RE company there In the Spring of 1915 it was relieved by 1 2nd Devonshire Works Co The 1 1st Devonshire then moved to the Western Front and joined the British Expeditionary Force BEF It served on the Somme in 1916 The 1 2nd Devonshire was in turn relieved by another TF company in November 1916 and embarked again for service with the BEF on 17 March 1917 18 19 The 1 4th Dorset EL Company was also sent to Gibraltar in April 1915 to replace a Regular company 11 When the TF companies of the RE received numbers in February 1917 they were assigned as follows 11 20 21 22 567th Devon Army Troops Company formerly 1 1st Devon Works Company 568th Devon Army Troops Company formerly 1 2nd Devon Works Company 569th Devon Army Troops Company formerly 1 3rd Devon Works Company 570th Devon Army Troops Company formerly 2 1st Devon Works Company 571st Devon Works Company probably 2 2nd Devon Works Company 572nd Devon Works Company formerly 2 3rd Devon Works Company 614th Devon Fortress Company formerly 1 4th Devon Electric Lights CompanySinai and Palestine edit Details of the service of the Devon companies are sketchy At the end of August 1917 571st Company officially changed its designation from Works to Army Troops and most of the company embarked at Southampton on 29 September the wagons and horses followed a month later 570th and 571st Companies disembarked at Alexandria in October where 569th Company was already engaged on various duties around the ports and camps At this stage of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign the Egyptian Expeditionary Force EEF was about to launch the Battle of Beersheba and begin its advance to capture Jerusalem The three companies served on the vital lines of communications in Egypt and Palestine supporting the EEF for the rest of the war 23 Later war edit 567th Devon Company was serving with X Corps in June 1917 and Fourth Army by the time of the Armistice in November 1918 568th Devon Company was still serving with First Army as late as June 1919 569th 570th and 5761st Devon Companies continued working on the Palestine Lines of Communications after the Armistice 570th Company serving until at least March 1920 Having spent much if the war working in the UK 572nd Devon Works Company finally embarked to join the BEF on 8 August 1918 to work on aerodrome construction for the Royal Air Force and remained overseas until at least March 1919 614th continued doing fortress duties in Gibraltar until it was absorbed into the Regular 33rd Fortress Company RE in 1919 11 19 20 24 Interwar editThe Devonshire Fortress Engineers was reformed at Muttley Barracks Plymouth in the renamed Territorial Army TA in 1920 forming part of the Coast Defence forces in 43rd Wessex Divisional Area 25 26 In 1933 it was amalgamated with the Cornwall Fortress Engineers at Falmouth and became the Devonshire and Cornwall Fortress Engineers D amp C F RE with the following organisation 4 27 No 1 EL amp Works Company No 2 EL Company No 3 EL Company No 4 Anti Aircraft Searchlight Company at Falmouth from Cornwall Fortress Engineers The Plymouth Junior Technical School Cadet Corps was attached to the unit Second World War editMobilisation edit Just before or shortly after war broke out in September 1939 a fifth EL amp W company was added to the unit based at Pendennis Castle under Commander Fixed Defences Falmouth and No 4 Company became an independent unit 482nd Devon amp Cornwall Searchlight Company under the command of 55th Anti Aircraft Brigade The remainder of the D amp C F RE mobilised in the Plymouth and Falmouth Defences of Southern Command 28 29 In May 1940 the fortress companies were reorganised as field companies No 5 E amp L Company left for Tiverton on 23 May 1940 having been redesignated 573rd Devon and Cornwall Army Field Company 30 When VIII Corps was formed in Southern Command in June 1940 its engineers VIII Corps Troops Royal Engineers or VIII CTRE were provided by the Devonshire and Cornwall Fortress Engineers 31 570th Corps Field Park Company 571st Army Field Company 572nd Army Field Company 573rd Army Field CompanyHowever in February 1941 the companies left VIII Corps and were sent to Egypt where they became X CTRE when X Corps HQ arrived from England a few months later to join Eighth Army 31 Bridging the Nile edit On 20 July 1942 when Rommel was driving towards Egypt General Headquarters GHQ ordered the construction of two bridges across the Nile to allow Eighth Army s armour to manoeuvre to the south if the Cairo defences were attacked The task was assigned to X CTRE under Lt Col E N Bickford The sites chosen were at Helwan and Wasta where the widths to be bridged were 2 688 and 2 760 feet 819 and 841 m respectively and the difference between high and low water was about 22 feet 6 7 m Pontoons were unavailable so local feluccas were used to make a bridge of boats 572nd Field Company took on the bridge at Helwan with the assistance of a Seychelles Pioneer Company while 571st Field Company with a Mauritius Pioneer Company built the Wasta bridge 570th Field Park Company was responsible for stores and welding In the event Rommel s final drive was halted at the Battle of Alam Halfa the Cairo defences were not required and the bridges were dismantled in November 32 Clearing minefields edit nbsp Sappers demonstrating the new Mark I mine detector in North Africa August 1942 On 23 October the Eighth Army under Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery counter attacked at the Second Battle of El Alamein For the first phase the aptly named Operation Lightfoot the key was to breach the extensive German minefields during the night to allow the armour formations to pass through and exploit the success of the initial bombardment and infantry assault For this work the sappers were trained to use the recently arrived Polish mine detector Mine detector Mark I X Corps organised a Minefield Task Force for each of its armoured divisions 571st Field Company was attached to 10th Armoured Division and both 572nd and 573rd Fd Cos were with 1st Armoured Division while 570th Fd Park Co remained with X Corps HQ 31 33 34 The task of clearing lanes through the minefields went according to plan though delayed by the scale of the minefields and the presence of pockets of enemy resistance that had not been cleared out by the attacking infantry The southern corridor was under enemy artillery and small arms fire and when a truck was set on fire the illumination meant that the sappers were exposed to even more accurate fire However the gap was cleared by 06 30 on 24 October and 10th Armoured passed through Progress was slower in the northern corridor and 51st Highland Division had to put in a fresh attack with massed artillery support at 15 00 after which the sappers were able to clear the way for 1st Armoured to deploy during the second night The regimental history attributes the relatively light casualties among the mine clearance parties despite the firefights going on around them to the excellence of the mine lifting drill and the accuracy with which it was carried out By 4 November the German and Italian troops were in full retreat across the desert 33 Advance to Tripoli edit nbsp Churchill on the podium takes the salute at the Tripoli victory parade 4 February 1943 X CTRE followed Eighth Army s six month advance across North Africa repairing roads behind the advancing troops Between Bouerat and Misourata the unit dealt with 68 separate demolitions and craters one involving the construction of a bridge with five 30 foot 9 1 m spans So many casualties were suffered from S mines hidden among the demolitions that bulldozers were frequently called in 35 Captain Desmond Fitzgerald a Regular RE officer attached to the TA Devonians of 571st Fd Co for two months from 1 January recalled that his duties mainly involved clearing mines and booby traps from captured landing strips before they could be used by the Royal Air Force The company was attached to 1st Armoured Division at this time 36 When the damaged port of Tripoli was captured in late January 1943 Montgomery said that his main preoccupation was to get the harbour uncorked and ships inside so as to get a good daily tonnage landed and reduce reliance on the long coast road from Tobruk 37 571st Army Fd Co was one of the units sent to clear debris and repair the approach roads to the quays and then begin repairing the Spanish Mole 38 Despite winter storms a shallow entrance into the harbour was ready for small craft to enter and unload by 30 January 35 The next task was to remove Fascist Party emblems and pictures of Benito Mussolini and erect a special podium in the town square for a victory parade attended by Winston Churchill on 4 February Fitzgerald recalls that the troops referred to this construction as the oxometer a device for measuring bullshit 36 Italy and North West Europe edit X CTRE next took part in the Italian campaign of 1943 5 including the crossing of the Garigliano in January 1944 The four Devon companies left X CTRE in early 1945 when they were sent to join 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe Here they were redesignated 19th GHQ TRE The units were demobilised some time after September 1945 31 Postwar editWhen the TA was reconstituted in 1947 the four Devon companies now termed squadrons but unusually still retaining the numbers they had borne on and off since 1917 were reformed comprising 116 Army Engineer Regiment 39 40 41 570 Field Park Squadron 571 Field Squadron 572 Field Squadron 573 Field SquadronThe regiment had its HQ at Plymouth and derived its seniority from the 1st Devonshire EVC of 1862 It formed part of 26 Engineer Group 40 116 Regiment was disbanded in 1950 and its number transferred from the TA to the Supplementary Reserve later the Army Emergency Reserve A new 116 Devon and Cornwall Engineer Regiment was formed in the TA in 1961 comprising a reformed 571 Field Squadron with 409 Cornwall Independent Field Squadron the latter formed in 1956 by conversion of the 409th Cornwall Coast Regiment Royal Artillery 39 42 When the TA was converted into the TAVR in 1967 571 Sqn was reconstituted as B Devon Fortress Engineers Squadron in the Devonshire Territorials Royal Devon Yeomanry 1st Rifle Volunteers However the squadron was short lived because the TAVR units were reduced to cadre in 1969 and the Devon Fortress Engineers lineage was discontinued 40 43 Honorary Colonels editThe following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the unit 4 Field Marshal Sir Lintorn Simmons RE appointed 14 July 1888 General Sir Richard Harrison RE appointed 20 January 1909Memorial editThere is a memorial plaque in Exeter Guildhall to the men of 570 571 572 and 573 Field Companies formerly Devon and Cornwall Fortress Engineers who died at home and in North Africa and Italy during the Second World War 44 Notes edit Beckett Beckett Appendix IX a b c d Westlake pp 7 8 a b c d e Monthly Army List Westlake p 3 a b Exeter at The Drill Hall Project Priory Drill Hall at Historic England Watson pp 42 43 London Gazette 14 October 1910 Watson amp Rinaldi p 12 a b c d Watson amp Rinaldi p 83 a b Plymouth at The Drill Hall Project Torquay at The Drill Hall Project Plymouth at Drill Hall Project Architectural plans at Drill Hall Project Conrad Becke Pt 2b p 6 Watson amp Rinaldi p 69 a b Embarkation Dates The National Archives TNA Kew file WO 162 7 a b Watson amp Rinaldi pp 63 64 Discussion of RE TF units at Great War Forum Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 Retrieved 22 October 2015 RE Museum list of WWI unit war diaries 569th 570th amp 571st Devon AT Companies War Diaries 1917 19 The National Archives TNA Kew file WO 95 4730 Addison p 22 Monthly Army List January 1923 Titles and designations 1927 Watson amp Rinaldi p 104 Watson amp Rinaldi p 185 Southern Command 3 September 1939 at Patriot Files 523 Coast Rgt RA War Diary 1940 41 TNA file WO 166 1725 a b c d Watson amp Rinaldi p 171 Pakenham Walsh p 364 a b Pakenham Walsh pp 385 395 Joslen pp 567 569 a b Pakenham Walsh pp 406 408 a b Fitzgerald pp 126 128 Montgomery p 156 Tripoli breakwater reconstruction evaluation and modification 1982 NEDECO design Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 Retrieved 4 December 2016 The original construction of these main breakwaters dates back to the Spaniards The main breakwater on the North known as the Spanish Mole extended some 1900 m East North East a b Watson amp Rinaldi pp 293 293 a b c 80 177 TA Rgts RE at British Army 1945 on 337 575 TA Sqns RE at British Army 1945 on Litchfield p 34 The Devonshire Territorials at Regiments org IWM WMR ref 25200 References editCol G H Addison Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War 1914 1918 The Organisation and Expansion of the Corps 1914 1918 Chatham Institution of Royal Engineers 1926 Uckfield Naval amp Military Press 2006 ISBN 978 1 845743 31 4 Maj A F Becke History of the Great War Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2b The 2nd Line Territorial Force Divisions 57th 69th with the Home Service Divisions 71st 73rd and 74th and 75th Divisions London HM Stationery Office 1937 Uckfield Naval amp Military Press 2007 ISBN 1 84734 739 8 Desmond FitzGerald Many Parts The Life and Travels of a Soldier Engineer and Arbitrator in Africa and Beyond London I B Tauris 2006 ISBN 978 1 84511 306 3 Joslen H F 2003 1960 Orders of Battle Second World War 1939 1945 Uckfield East Sussex Naval and Military Press ISBN 978 1 84342 474 1 Norman E H Litchfield The Territorial Artillery 1908 1988 Their Lineage Uniforms and Badges Nottingham Sherwood Press 1992 ISBN 0 9508205 2 0 The Memoirs of Field Marshal Viscount Montgomery of Alamein London Collins 1958 Maj Gen R P Pakenham Walsh History of the Royal Engineers Vol VIII 1938 1948 Chatham Institution of Royal Engineers 1958 Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army London War Office 7 November 1927 Col Sir Charles M Watson History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol III Chatham Institution of Royal Engineers reprint 1954 Graham E Watson amp Richard A Rinaldi The Corps of Royal Engineers Organization and Units 1889 2018 Tiger Lily Books 2018 ISBN 978 171790180 4 R A Westlake Royal Engineers Volunteers 1859 1908 Wembley R A Westlake 1983 ISBN 0 9508530 0 3 External sources editBritish Army units from 1945 on Mark Conrad The British Army in 1914 The Drill Hall Project Great War Forum Archived 23 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Historic England Imperial War Museum War Memorials Register London Gazette RE Museum Land Forces of Britain the Empire and Commonwealth Regiments org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1st Devonshire Engineers amp oldid 1173847337, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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