6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase
The enzyme 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (EC 4.2.3.12, PTPS) catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
| 6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase | |
|---|---|
PTPS enzyme pymol pretty | |
| Identifiers | |
| EC no. | 4.2.3.12 |
| CAS no. | 97089-82-2 |
| Databases | |
| IntEnz | IntEnz view |
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry |
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view |
| KEGG | KEGG entry |
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway |
| PRIAM | profile |
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum |
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO |
7,8-Dihydroneopterin 3′-triphosphate 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin + triphosphate
This reaction is the second step (shown above) in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin from GTP, which is used as a cofactor in the synthesis of aromatic amino acid monooxygenases and nitric oxide synthase[1][2] PTPS converts 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate to 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin (PTP) through the loss of the triphosphate group, a stereospecific reduction of the double bond between the top right nitrogen and carbon in the ring on the triphosphate on the right, the oxidation of the hydroxyl groups located on the first and second carbons of the side chain, and an internal base-catalyzed hydrogen transfer.[3] ] 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) can be found in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus of cells according to immunohistochemical studies conducted. It has also been found that in higher species 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) can undergo post-translational modification.
This enzyme participates in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis.
Nomenclature edit
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, to be specific, those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 6-[(1S,2R)-1,2-dihydroxy-3′-triphosphooxypropyl]-7,8-dihydropterin triphosphate-lyase (6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin-forming). Other names in common use include 2-amino-4-oxo-6-[(1S,2R)-1,2-dihydroxy-3-triphosphooxypropyl]-7,8-, and dihydroxypteridine triphosphate lyase.
Structure edit
6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) is a hexamer with D3 symmetry, and dimensions 60 × 60 × 60 A ̊.[4] It is composed of identical subunits formed from a dimer of trimers. A 12-stranded antiparallel b-barrel is formed by the trimer of dimers and creates a pore within PTPS, with a 6 to 12 A ̊ diameter.[4][5] The trimers are connected by contact between the β-sheets of monomers, which are perpendicular to each other, separated by less than 4 Angstroms, and connected in three locations residues 20–24, 48–51, and 89–91.[4]
One enzymatic active site is located where the three monomers come together in each subunit of the hexamer. Three histidine residues: His23, His48 and His50 create a transition metal binding site where Zn(II) binds and is the cause of enzymatic[6] activity in the center of the pore.[5][7] Above the Zn(II) ion are GluA133 and CysA42, which are catalytically important because they are close to the metal but do not bind to it.[5] The lack of binding implies that the substrate binds to the Zn(II) inside the pore during catalysis.[7]
Genetics edit
This enzyme 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase is encoded by the PTS gene. A mutation in the 6-PTS gene may be the cause of a hereditary dystonic disorder.[8] There have been four mutations of the 6-PTS gene found. The mutations include two homozygous mutations, R25Q and I114V, and two compound heterozygous mutations, R16C and K120stop.[2][9] The deficiency is only associated with the recessive gene being passed on from parent to child.
Clinical significance edit
6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase deficiency is the most common cause of a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin.[8] Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency leads to hyperphenylalaninemia and the inability to make neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin.[10] PTPS deficiency has been shown to lead to severe mental retardation, delayed motor development, and seizures. Low levels of tetrahydrobiopterin production, opposed to near complete lack of tetrahydrobiopterin may cause fluctuations in the symptoms experienced throughout the day.[1][10]
References edit
- ^ a b Hoffmann GF, Wolf B. "Abnormalities of tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism". MedLink Neurology.
- ^ a b "6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency - Conditions - GTR - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
- ^ Bürgisser DM, Thöny B, Redweik U, Hess D, Heizmann CW, Huber R, Nar H (October 1995). "6-Pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase, an enzyme with a novel type of active site involving both zinc binding and an intersubunit catalytic triad motif; site-directed mutagenesis of the proposed active center, characterization of the metal binding site and modelling of substrate binding". Journal of Molecular Biology. 253 (2): 358–69. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0558. PMID 7563095.
- ^ a b c Nar H (2011). Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc0475. ISBN 978-1-119-95143-8.
- ^ a b c Ploom T, Thöny B, Yim J, Lee S, Nar H, Leimbacher W, Richardson J, Huber R, Auerbach G (February 1999). "Crystallographic and kinetic investigations on the mechanism of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase". Journal of Molecular Biology. 286 (3): 851–60. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2511. PMID 10024455.
- ^ Blaui N, Thony B, Heizmanni CW, Dhondt JL (1993). "Tetrahydrobiopterin Deficiency: From Phenotype to Genotype". Pteridines. 4: 1–10. doi:10.1515/pteridines.1993.4.1.1. S2CID 53485331.
- ^ a b Nar H, Huber R, Heizmann CW, Thöny B, Bürgisser D (March 1994). "Three-dimensional structure of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase, an enzyme involved in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis". The EMBO Journal. 13 (6): 1255–62. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06377.x. PMC 394939. PMID 8137809.
- ^ a b Reference, Genetics Home. "Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
- ^ Thöny B, Blau N (1997). "Mutations in the GTP cyclohydrolase I and 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase genes". Human Mutation. 10 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)10:1<11::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 9222755. S2CID 9085242.
- ^ a b Hanihara T, Inoue K, Kawanishi C, Sugiyama N, Miyakawa T, Onishi H, Yamada Y, Osaka H, Kosaka K, Iwabuchi K, Owada M (May 1997). "6-Pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency with generalized dystonia and diurnal fluctuation of symptoms: a clinical and molecular study". Movement Disorders. 12 (3): 408–11. doi:10.1002/mds.870120321. PMID 9159737. S2CID 43917747.
Further reading edit
- Milstien S, Kaufman S (May 1989). "The biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin in rat brain. Purification and characterization of 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin (2'-oxo)reductase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (14): 8066–73. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83151-9. PMID 2656673.
- Thöny B, Leimbacher W, Bürgisser D, Heizmann CW (December 1992). "Human 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase: cDNA cloning and heterologous expression of the recombinant enzyme". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 189 (3): 1437–43. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(92)90235-D. PMID 1282802.