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Interactive Systems Corporation

April 11, 2024

Interactive Systems Corporation (styled INTERACTIVE Systems Corporation, abbreviated ISC) was a US-based software company and the first vendor of the Unix operating system outside AT&T, operating from Santa Monica, California. It was founded in 1977 by Peter G. Weiner, a RAND Corporation researcher who had previously founded the Yale University computer science department[1] and had been the Ph.D. advisor to Brian Kernighan, one of Unix's developers at AT&T.[2] Weiner was joined by Heinz Lycklama, also a veteran of AT&T and previously the author of a Version 6 Unix port to the LSI-11 computer.[2]

Interactive Systems Corporation (ISC)
IndustryComputer software
Founded1977; 47 years ago (1977)
FounderPeter G. Weiner
FateAcquired by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1988
Headquarters
Santa Monica, California
,
United States
ProductsIS/1, IS/3, IS/5, PC/IX, 386/ix, INTERACTIVE UNIX System V/386

ISC was acquired by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1988,[3] which sold its ISC Unix operating system assets to Sun Microsystems on September 26, 1991.[4] Kodak sold the remaining parts of ISC to SHL Systemhouse Inc in 1993.[5]

Several former ISC staff founded Segue Software which partnered with Lotus Development to develop the Unix version of Lotus 1-2-3[citation needed] and with Peter Norton Computing to develop the Unix version of the Norton Utilities.

Products edit

ISC's 1977 offering, IS/1, was a Version 6 Unix variant enhanced for office automation running on the PDP-11.[6] IS/3 and IS/5 were enhanced versions of Unix System III and System V for PDP-11 and VAX. ISC Unix ports to the IBM PC included a variant of System III, developed under contract to IBM, known as PC/IX (Personal Computer Interactive eXecutive, also abbreviated PC-IX), with later versions branded 386/ix and finally INTERACTIVE UNIX System V/386 (based on System V Release 3.2). ISC was AT&T's "Principal Publisher" for System V.4 on the Intel platform.[7] ISC was also involved in the development of VM/IX (Unix as a guest OS in VM/370) and enhancements to IX/370 (a TSS/370-based Unix system that IBM originally developed jointly with AT&T ca. 1980).[8] They also developed the AIX 1.0 (Advanced Interactive eXecutive) for the IBM RT PC, again under contract to IBM, although IBM awarded the development contract for AIX version 2 of AIX/386 and AIX/370 to the competing Locus Computing Corporation.[9]

PC/IX edit

 
PC/IX for the IBM PC running in a virtual machine
Not to be confused with NEC's PC-UX.

Although observers in the early 1980s expected that IBM would choose Microsoft Xenix or a version from AT&T Corporation as the Unix for its microcomputer,[10] PC/IX was the first Unix implementation for the IBM PC XT available directly from IBM.[11] According to Bob Blake, the PC/IX product manager for IBM, their "primary objective was to make a credible Unix system - [...] not try to 'IBM-ize' the product. PC-IX is System III Unix."[12] PC/IX was not, however, the first Unix port to the XT: Venix/86 preceded PC/IX by about a year, although it was based on the older Version 7 Unix.[13]

The main addition to PC/IX was the INed screen editor from ISC. INed offered multiple windows and context-sensitive help, paragraph justification and margin changes, although it was not a fully fledged word processor. PC/IX omitted the System III FORTRAN compiler and the tar file archiver, and did not add BSD tools like vi or the C shell. One reason for not porting these was that in PC/IX, individual applications were limited to a single segment of 64 kB of RAM.[12]

To achieve good filesystem performance, PC/IX addressed the XT hard drive directly, rather than doing this through the BIOS, which gave it a significant speed advantage compared to MS-DOS.[12][a] Because of the lack of true memory protection in the 8088 chips, IBM only sold single-user licenses for PC/IX.[12]

The PC/IX distribution came on 19 floppy disks and was accompanied by a 1,800-page manual.[15] Installed, PC/IX took approximately 4.5 MB of disk space.[11] An editorial by Bill Machrone in PC Magazine at the time of PC/IX's launch flagged the $900 price as a show stopper given its lack of compatibility with MS-DOS applications.[16] PC/IX was not a commercial success[17] although BYTE in August 1984 described it as "a complete, usable single-user implementation that does what can be done with the 8088", noting that PC/IX on the PC outperformed Venix on the PDP-11/23.[18]

INTERACTIVE UNIX System edit

 
INTERACTIVE UNIX with Looking Glass interface under QEMU
 
INTERACTIVE UNIX 4.1a connected remotely via the wx3270 terminal emulator.
 
Interactive Unix manual

PC/IX was succeeded by 386/ix in 1985, a System VR3 derivative. Later versions were termed INTERACTIVE UNIX System V/386 and based on System V 3.2, though with elements of BSD added. Its SVR3.2 kernel meant diminished compatibility with other Unix ports in the early nineties, but the INTERACTIVE UNIX System was praised by a PC Magazine reviewer for its stability.[19]

After its acquisition of Interactive, Sun Microsystems continued to maintain INTERACTIVE UNIX System, offering it as a low-end alternative to its System V.4-based Solaris, even when the latter had been ported to x86-based desktop machines.[19] The last version was "System V/386 Release 3.2 Version 4.1.1", released in July 1998. Official support ended on July 23, 2006, five years after Sun withdrew the product from sale.

Until version ISA 3.0.1, INTERACTIVE UNIX System supported only 16 MB of RAM. In the next versions, it supported 256 MB RAM and the PCI bus. EISA versions always supported 256 MB RAM.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ This also makes it incompatible with most modern virtualization software, except dedicated emulators that fully emulate the XT hard drive controller.[14]

References edit

  1. ^ Ware, Willis H. (2008). Rand and the Information Evolution: A History in Essays and Vignettes. RAND Corporation. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8330-4513-3.
  2. ^ a b Salus, Peter H. (2005). "Chapter 15. Commercial UNIXes to BSDI". The Daemon, the Gnu and the Penguin. Groklaw.
  3. ^ Sten A. O. Thore (31 October 1995). (PDF). Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 78. ISBN 9780792396390. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-17.
  4. ^ "SunSoft To Acquire INTERACTIVE Intel-Software Division Of Kodak, SunFLASH Vol 33 #26". Sun Microsystems. 1991-09-26. Retrieved 2006-04-12.
  5. ^ "Kodak sells Interactive to US subsidiary of Canada's SHL Systemhouse". Retrieved 2008-09-30. [dead link]
  6. ^ Krause, Carolyn; Lyon, Barbara; Zucker, Alex; Clark, Bill (1981). "Winter 1981 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review". Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review. 14 (1): 18.
  7. ^ "INTERACTIVE Systems Corp. of Reston, Va., has inked a distribution agreement with Government Micro Resources". Software Industry Report. 1991-03-18. Retrieved 2006-04-12. [dead link]
  8. ^ Felton, W. A.; Miller, G. L.; Milner, J. M. (1984). "A UNIX System Implementation for System/370" (PDF). AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal. 63 (8).
  9. ^ Patricia Keefe (July 6, 1986). "IBM, Locus to co-develop PS/2 AIX system". Computerworld: The Newsweekly of Information Systems Management. Computerworld: 8. ISSN 0010-4841.
  10. ^ Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). "The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace". BYTE. p. 132. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  11. ^ a b James R. Groff; Paul N. Weinberg (13 November 1984). "IBM's UNIX formula for your PC". PC Mag. Ziff Davis, Inc.: 159–160. ISSN 0888-8507.
  12. ^ a b c d McMahon, Marilyn; Putnam, Robert (1984-04-02). "A First Look at PC-IX". InfoWorld. pp. 39–42. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  13. ^ Zachmann, Mark S. (12 June 1984). "A Venerable UNIX". PC Magazine. Vol. 3, no. 11. New York: Ziff Davis. p. 246. ISSN 0888-8507. Retrieved 2021-03-13 – via Google Books. VenturCom's implementation of UNIX Version 7, quietly released a year before PC/IX, is a competent and nearly complete version with good documentation.
  14. ^ PCE can now run PC/IX and Xenix!
  15. ^ Robin Webster (10 July 1984). "Gurus powwow on UNIX, but few applications exist". PC Mag. Ziff Davis, Inc.: 43. ISSN 0888-8507.
  16. ^ Bill Machrone (29 May 1984). "Fact or Fiction?". PC Magazine: 84. ISSN 0888-8507.
  17. ^ Peter H. Salus, "Nearly 20 Years ago in U[SE]NIX," ;login: 28(6), December 2003
  18. ^ Hinnant, David F. (Aug 1984). "Benchmarking UNIX Systems". BYTE. pp. 132–135, 400–409. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  19. ^ a b Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (15 June 1993). "Interactive Unix". PC Magazine. p. 240.

Further reading edit

  • William B. Twitty (1984). UNIX on the IBM PC. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-939075-3. Covers and compares PC/IX, Xenix, and Venix.
  • Maurice J. Bach, The Design of the UNIX Operating System, ISBN 0-13-201799-7, Prentice Hall, 1986.
  • IBM has snubbed both Microsoft's multimillion dollar investment in Xenix and AT&T's determination to establish System V as the dominant version on Unix. (InfoWorld 20 Feb 1984)
  • IBM's latest hot potato (PC Mag 20 Mar 1984)

External links edit

    April 11, 2024
    interactive, systems, corporation, styled, interactive, systems, corporation, abbreviated, based, software, company, first, vendor, unix, operating, system, outside, operating, from, santa, monica, california, founded, 1977, peter, weiner, rand, corporation, r. Interactive Systems Corporation styled INTERACTIVE Systems Corporation abbreviated ISC was a US based software company and the first vendor of the Unix operating system outside AT amp T operating from Santa Monica California It was founded in 1977 by Peter G Weiner a RAND Corporation researcher who had previously founded the Yale University computer science department 1 and had been the Ph D advisor to Brian Kernighan one of Unix s developers at AT amp T 2 Weiner was joined by Heinz Lycklama also a veteran of AT amp T and previously the author of a Version 6 Unix port to the LSI 11 computer 2 Interactive Systems Corporation ISC IndustryComputer softwareFounded1977 47 years ago 1977 FounderPeter G WeinerFateAcquired by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1988HeadquartersSanta Monica California United StatesProductsIS 1 IS 3 IS 5 PC IX 386 ix INTERACTIVE UNIX System V 386ISC was acquired by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1988 3 which sold its ISC Unix operating system assets to Sun Microsystems on September 26 1991 4 Kodak sold the remaining parts of ISC to SHL Systemhouse Inc in 1993 5 Several former ISC staff founded Segue Software which partnered with Lotus Development to develop the Unix version of Lotus 1 2 3 citation needed and with Peter Norton Computing to develop the Unix version of the Norton Utilities Contents 1 Products 1 1 PC IX 1 2 INTERACTIVE UNIX System 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksProducts editISC s 1977 offering IS 1 was a Version 6 Unix variant enhanced for office automation running on the PDP 11 6 IS 3 and IS 5 were enhanced versions of Unix System III and System V for PDP 11 and VAX ISC Unix ports to the IBM PC included a variant of System III developed under contract to IBM known as PC IX Personal Computer Interactive eXecutive also abbreviated PC IX with later versions branded 386 ix and finally INTERACTIVE UNIX System V 386 based on System V Release 3 2 ISC was AT amp T s Principal Publisher for System V 4 on the Intel platform 7 ISC was also involved in the development of VM IX Unix as a guest OS in VM 370 and enhancements to IX 370 a TSS 370 based Unix system that IBM originally developed jointly with AT amp T ca 1980 8 They also developed the AIX 1 0 Advanced Interactive eXecutive for the IBM RT PC again under contract to IBM although IBM awarded the development contract for AIX version 2 of AIX 386 and AIX 370 to the competing Locus Computing Corporation 9 PC IX edit nbsp PC IX for the IBM PC running in a virtual machineNot to be confused with NEC s PC UX Although observers in the early 1980s expected that IBM would choose Microsoft Xenix or a version from AT amp T Corporation as the Unix for its microcomputer 10 PC IX was the first Unix implementation for the IBM PC XT available directly from IBM 11 According to Bob Blake the PC IX product manager for IBM their primary objective was to make a credible Unix system not try to IBM ize the product PC IX is System III Unix 12 PC IX was not however the first Unix port to the XT Venix 86 preceded PC IX by about a year although it was based on the older Version 7 Unix 13 The main addition to PC IX was the INed screen editor from ISC INed offered multiple windows and context sensitive help paragraph justification and margin changes although it was not a fully fledged word processor PC IX omitted the System III FORTRAN compiler and the tar file archiver and did not add BSD tools like vi or the C shell One reason for not porting these was that in PC IX individual applications were limited to a single segment of 64 kB of RAM 12 To achieve good filesystem performance PC IX addressed the XT hard drive directly rather than doing this through the BIOS which gave it a significant speed advantage compared to MS DOS 12 a Because of the lack of true memory protection in the 8088 chips IBM only sold single user licenses for PC IX 12 The PC IX distribution came on 19 floppy disks and was accompanied by a 1 800 page manual 15 Installed PC IX took approximately 4 5 MB of disk space 11 An editorial by Bill Machrone in PC Magazine at the time of PC IX s launch flagged the 900 price as a show stopper given its lack of compatibility with MS DOS applications 16 PC IX was not a commercial success 17 although BYTE in August 1984 described it as a complete usable single user implementation that does what can be done with the 8088 noting that PC IX on the PC outperformed Venix on the PDP 11 23 18 INTERACTIVE UNIX System edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp INTERACTIVE UNIX with Looking Glass interface under QEMU nbsp INTERACTIVE UNIX 4 1a connected remotely via the wx3270 terminal emulator nbsp Interactive Unix manualPC IX was succeeded by 386 ix in 1985 a System VR3 derivative Later versions were termed INTERACTIVE UNIX System V 386 and based on System V 3 2 though with elements of BSD added Its SVR3 2 kernel meant diminished compatibility with other Unix ports in the early nineties but the INTERACTIVE UNIX System was praised by a PC Magazine reviewer for its stability 19 After its acquisition of Interactive Sun Microsystems continued to maintain INTERACTIVE UNIX System offering it as a low end alternative to its System V 4 based Solaris even when the latter had been ported to x86 based desktop machines 19 The last version was System V 386 Release 3 2 Version 4 1 1 released in July 1998 Official support ended on July 23 2006 five years after Sun withdrew the product from sale Until version ISA 3 0 1 INTERACTIVE UNIX System supported only 16 MB of RAM In the next versions it supported 256 MB RAM and the PCI bus EISA versions always supported 256 MB RAM See also editCoherent operating system Notes edit This also makes it incompatible with most modern virtualization software except dedicated emulators that fully emulate the XT hard drive controller 14 References edit Ware Willis H 2008 Rand and the Information Evolution A History in Essays and Vignettes RAND Corporation p 123 ISBN 978 0 8330 4513 3 a b Salus Peter H 2005 Chapter 15 Commercial UNIXes to BSDI The Daemon the Gnu and the Penguin Groklaw Sten A O Thore 31 October 1995 The diversity complexity and evolution of high tech capitalism PDF Kluwer Academic Publishers p 78 ISBN 9780792396390 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 02 17 SunSoft To Acquire INTERACTIVE Intel Software Division Of Kodak SunFLASH Vol 33 26 Sun Microsystems 1991 09 26 Retrieved 2006 04 12 Kodak sells Interactive to US subsidiary of Canada s SHL Systemhouse Retrieved 2008 09 30 dead link Krause Carolyn Lyon Barbara Zucker Alex Clark Bill 1981 Winter 1981 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review 14 1 18 INTERACTIVE Systems Corp of Reston Va has inked a distribution agreement with Government Micro Resources Software Industry Report 1991 03 18 Retrieved 2006 04 12 dead link Felton W A Miller G L Milner J M 1984 A UNIX System Implementation for System 370 PDF AT amp T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 63 8 Patricia Keefe July 6 1986 IBM Locus to co develop PS 2 AIX system Computerworld The Newsweekly of Information Systems Management Computerworld 8 ISSN 0010 4841 Fiedler Ryan October 1983 The Unix Tutorial Part 3 Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace BYTE p 132 Retrieved 30 January 2015 a b James R Groff Paul N Weinberg 13 November 1984 IBM s UNIX formula for your PC PC Mag Ziff Davis Inc 159 160 ISSN 0888 8507 a b c d McMahon Marilyn Putnam Robert 1984 04 02 A First Look at PC IX InfoWorld pp 39 42 Retrieved 25 February 2016 Zachmann Mark S 12 June 1984 A Venerable UNIX PC Magazine Vol 3 no 11 New York Ziff Davis p 246 ISSN 0888 8507 Retrieved 2021 03 13 via Google Books VenturCom s implementation of UNIX Version 7 quietly released a year before PC IX is a competent and nearly complete version with good documentation PCE can now run PC IX and Xenix Robin Webster 10 July 1984 Gurus powwow on UNIX but few applications exist PC Mag Ziff Davis Inc 43 ISSN 0888 8507 Bill Machrone 29 May 1984 Fact or Fiction PC Magazine 84 ISSN 0888 8507 Peter H Salus Nearly 20 Years ago in U SE NIX login 28 6 December 2003 1 Hinnant David F Aug 1984 Benchmarking UNIX Systems BYTE pp 132 135 400 409 Retrieved 23 February 2016 a b Vaughan Nichols Steven J 15 June 1993 Interactive Unix PC Magazine p 240 Further reading editWilliam B Twitty 1984 UNIX on the IBM PC Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0 13 939075 3 Covers and compares PC IX Xenix and Venix Maurice J Bach The Design of the UNIX Operating System ISBN 0 13 201799 7 Prentice Hall 1986 IBM has snubbed both Microsoft s multimillion dollar investment in Xenix and AT amp T s determination to establish System V as the dominant version on Unix InfoWorld 20 Feb 1984 IBM s latest hot potato PC Mag 20 Mar 1984 External links editInteractive Unix Documentation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Interactive Systems Corporation amp oldid 1188866129, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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