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Derna dam collapses

October 25, 2023

The Derna dam collapses were the catastrophic failures of two dams in Derna, Libya on the night of 10–11 September 2023, in the aftermath of Storm Daniel. The dam collapses released an estimated 30 million cubic metres (39 million cubic yards) of water,[4] causing flooding downstream as the Wadi Derna overflowed its banks.[5][6] The floods partially destroyed the city of Derna. As of 18 September, estimates for the number of casualties range from 5,300 to 20,000 people.[7] The event was the second-deadliest dam failure in history, after the 1975 Banqiao Dam failure in China.

Derna dam collapses
DateSeptember 10–11, 2023
LocationDerna District, Libya
CauseStorm Daniel, global warming, engineering flaws, policy errors, possible military damage from the preceding battles. (Background: Libyan Civil War)
Deaths4,000+[1][2][3]
Missing8,540[2][3]
Property damage2 dams collapsed, thousands of properties destroyed

Background Edit

 
View of Derna in December 2020, the second dam is visible on the far centre-left.

Dam construction Edit

The collapsed dams were built under Gaddafi's regime by Yugoslav company Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika[8] from 1973 to 1977 to control flooding,[9] irrigate agricultural lands and provide water to nearby communities.[10] They were described as clay-filled embankment dams with a height of 75 meters (Derna dam) and 45 meters (Mansour dam).[11] The Mansour (or Abu Mansour[11]) dam had a water storage capacity of 1.5 million cubic meters, while the Derna (or Belad[11]) dam upstream had a capacity of 22.5 million cubic meters[11] (1.5 million cubic meters by another source[10]).

Locations Edit

Derna Dam 32°39′34″N 22°34′38″E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32.6594; 22.5772 (Abu Mansour Dam)

Abu Mansour Dam 32°45′49″N 22°38′10″E / 32.7636°N 22.6361°E / 32.7636; 22.6361 (Derna Dam)

Derna, Libya 32°45′49″N 22°38′10″E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.76361; 22.63611 (Derna, Libya)

Political situation Edit

The scale of the disaster in Derna was attributed to decades of neglect of the region by and following the rule of Muammar Gaddafi.[12][13][10] Throughout the 2010s the city was a battleground, during the Libyan civil war, concurrent NATO intervention, and conflicts between rival governments established after Gaddafi's overthrow.[13] After Gaddafi’s overthrow, the city changed hands four times. The city was under the Islamic State's rule from 2014 to 2018.

Warnings Edit

Cracks had been reported in the dams as early as 1998.[14] Derna's deputy mayor said that the dams had not been maintained since 2002 and were not built to withstand such volumes of water.[15] The lack of maintenance occurred despite the allocation[by whom?] of more than 2 million euros for that purpose in 2012 and 2013.[16] However, a Turkish construction firm called Arsel Construction Company Limited claimed that it had been contracted to do maintenance work on the dam and build another one in 2007, and stated on its website that it completed that work in 2012.[17]

As recently as 2022, a researcher at the Omar Al-Mukhtar University in Bayda, Libya had warned in a paper that the dams needed urgent attention, pointing out that there was “a high potential for flood risk”.[18][19] The paper also called officials to urgently carry out maintenance on the dams, prophetically stating that “(in) a huge flood, the results will be catastrophic”.[18][19] The Wadi Derna had been known to be prone to flooding, having experienced four major floods between 1942 and 1986.[19]

Storm Daniel Edit

Main article: Storm Daniel

Immediately before the dam failures, Storm Daniel caused extreme rainfall across northeastern Libya. Between September 4th and September 10th the storm caused torrential rain in Greece and the Balkans, intensified into a Mediterranean cyclone, and moved South across the Mediterranean. On September 10th, the storm made landfall in Libya near the city of Benghazi.[20] Twenty four hour rainfall totals of 150-240mm were recorded across northeastern Libya, and winds reached 70-80mph.[21] Daniel moved east and continued inland before degenerating into a low pressure-area, and the storm dissipated by 12 September.[22]

Collapse Edit

Prior to the storm, residents were prevented from leaving their homes after authorities imposed a precautionary curfew on 10 September 2023.[23][failed verification]

It is believed that the Derna dam, located at the convergence of two river valleys, collapsed initially.[24] The released waters rushed 12 kilometers (seven miles) towards the sea and overwhelmed the Mansur dam, which was already under stress from rising water levels in its reservoir.[4] Residents recalled hearing loud explosions at the time the dams burst.[25]

These waters swept through Derna with video showing the flood reaching the city shortly before 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) on 11 September.[26] Videos posted to social media showed cars being submerged in the deluge.[27] Prime Minister Hamada stated that residential neighborhoods were swept away, while Hamada's aviation minister Hisham Chkiouat said that Derna looked as if it had been hit by a "tsunami". He also said that 25% of the city had "disappeared",[28] with large parts of the city dragged out to the Mediterranean Sea.[23]

Hospitals in the city were rendered inoperable while morgues filled up, prompting bodies to be laid out on sidewalks[29] and in the city's main square. More than 300 bodies were sent to a morgue in Tobruk to cope with the overcrowding.[30] More than 1,000 bodies were later buried in mass graves.[31] Naval teams were dispatched to recover bodies swept out to sea by the floods.[24] Over the succeeding days, at least 200 bodies were found washed up as far as 20 kilometers from Derna.[32] Others were found more than 100 kilometers (60 miles) from the city.[31] One person was rescued after being found 11 nautical miles off the coast of Derna.[33]

 
Floods in Libya, most of the additional rainfall from the storm fell outside Wadi Derna's basin.

Damage and casualties Edit

Casualty estimates of the disaster vary widely. The U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs gave an estimate of 11,300 dead, [33] but later withdrew that number.[34] Othman Abduljalil, the health minister of Libya's Government of National Stability at the time, said 6,000 people were missing in Derna alone.[29] The mayor of Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, told al-Arabiya that the final death toll in the city could range from 18,000 to 20,000, equivalent to a fifth of the city's population.[7][35]

Only three of the city's ten districts escaped the flooding,[36] while five out of seven entry routes into Derna were rendered inaccessible.[37] The collapse of four bridges along the Wadi Derna effectively split the city into two.[38] An analysis by the United Nations showed that more than 2,200 buildings in the city were flooded.[39] Over 40,000 people were 'displaced'.[40]

Aftermath Edit

Domestic reactions Edit

The Libyan Presidential Council based in Tripoli declared the cities of Derna, Shahhat, and Bayda disaster zones,[41] while the Tripoli-based Health Ministry dispatched a plane carrying 14 tons of medical equipment, drugs, body bags, and personnel to Benghazi on 12 September.[42] The House of Representatives (HoR) based in Benghazi, which controls most of the areas affected, declared three days of national mourning, as did the internationally recognized Government of National Unity (GNU) based in Tripoli led by Prime Minister Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.[43] Dbeibah pledged an investigation over the extensive damage, as well as the allotment of 2.5 billion Libyan dinars ($515 million) to help rebuild Derna and Benghazi,[44] while the House of Representatives unveiled a nearly $2-billion budget for relief efforts.[45] Dbeibah also announced the establishment of a meticulous evaluation process for foreign aid, saying that they would "only accept aid that is deemed necessary."[46] On 14 September, Dbeibah took responsibility for the collapse of the dam and the failure to enact its maintenance.[47] On 15 September, Libyan General Prosecutor al-Sediq al-Sour announced that he would open an investigation into the disaster in Derna.[17] Ordinary Libyans also responded to calls for help on social media, with individuals as far away as Zawiya, in GNU-controlled territory west of Tripoli, volunteering to go to Derna to assist in relief efforts.[48]

The first relief convoys arrived in Derna late on 12 September.[49]

The United Nations noted that the rival governments had been coordinating with each other regarding the relief efforts.[50] On 13 September, a GNU ministerial delegation left Tripoli to assess the damage in Derna. At the same time, reports emerged of the Libyan National Army – commanded by Khalifa Haftar – preventing journalists from entering the city and confiscating their phones.[51] Haftar himself promised promotions to soldiers who participated in the relief efforts.[52]

On 13 September, evacuations were advised by authorities for the town of Tocra, west of Derna, after they warned that a dam in the area was at risk of collapse.[53]

On 14 September, the port of Derna was reopened to vessels with a draft of no more than 6.5 meters delivering humanitarian aid,[54] while electricity was restored to the western part of the city.[55] On the same day, the Libyan Ambulance and Emergency Service announced that remaining residents of Derna were to be evacuated and the city closed except for search-and-rescue teams.[56] The Libyan disease control agency reported on 15 September that at least 150 people had contracted diarrhea in Derna after drinking contaminated water.[17]

International reactions Edit

Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi said that he would deploy the country's military in coordination with eastern Libyan forces to help in relief operations.[57] He also declared three days of national mourning for the victims of the floods as well as those of the 2023 Moroccan earthquake on 8 September.[58] A military delegation led by armed forces chief of staff Osama Askar went to eastern Libya on 12 September to meet with Khalifa Haftar. The delegation included 25 rescue teams and three military aircraft carrying humanitarian supplies.[59] The bodies of 84 Egyptians who were killed in Derna were repatriated from Tobruk and buried on 13 September.[60]

Following a request from the president of the Libyan Presidential Council, Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria sent eight Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft carrying humanitarian aid that included food supplies, medical equipment, clothing, and tents.[61][62]

On 12 September, Italy activated its civil protection departments, with Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani stating an assessment team was on their way.[63] Anne-Claire Legendre, a spokesperson for France's foreign ministry, announced that the country was ready to respond to requests made by Libya's government.[64] EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the organization was on stand-by to bring support, while the commission's president Ursula von der Leyen expressed condolences. Member states Germany, Romania and Finland subsequently sent aid. The World Health Organization sent a shipment consisting of 40 tons of aid to Libya. The United Nations allocated $10 million for disaster relief.[65]

Tunisia, Germany, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates additionally pledged humanitarian assistance to Libya.[66][29][23][67]

In the weeks following the disaster, journalists from around the world reported great difficulty getting into the city, being turned away at airports or needing authorization to enter. Many rescue workers were similary restricted. [68]

Global awareness of dam collapse risk Edit

The dam failures in Libya heightened awareness of the risk of dam collapses around the world. Specific attention was given to Mullaperiyar Dam in India, which is at risk of failure.[69]

Protests and prosecution Edit

Protesters have called for officials in Libya's eastern government to be sacked for failing to maintain the dam or issue an evacuation. On 18 September, the home of Derna's mayor Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi was burnt down.[70]

On 25 September, the mayor of Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi, and several other officials were detained over mismanagement and negligence accusations following the Derna dam collapse.[71]

References Edit

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October 25, 2023
derna, collapses, were, catastrophic, failures, dams, derna, libya, night, september, 2023, aftermath, storm, daniel, collapses, released, estimated, million, cubic, metres, million, cubic, yards, water, causing, flooding, downstream, wadi, derna, overflowed, . The Derna dam collapses were the catastrophic failures of two dams in Derna Libya on the night of 10 11 September 2023 in the aftermath of Storm Daniel The dam collapses released an estimated 30 million cubic metres 39 million cubic yards of water 4 causing flooding downstream as the Wadi Derna overflowed its banks 5 6 The floods partially destroyed the city of Derna As of 18 September estimates for the number of casualties range from 5 300 to 20 000 people 7 The event was the second deadliest dam failure in history after the 1975 Banqiao Dam failure in China Derna dam collapsesDateSeptember 10 11 2023LocationDerna District LibyaCauseStorm Daniel global warming engineering flaws policy errors possible military damage from the preceding battles Background Libyan Civil War Deaths4 000 1 2 3 Missing8 540 2 3 Property damage2 dams collapsed thousands of properties destroyed Contents 1 Background 1 1 Dam construction 1 1 1 Locations 1 2 Political situation 1 3 Warnings 1 4 Storm Daniel 2 Collapse 3 Damage and casualties 4 Aftermath 4 1 Domestic reactions 4 2 International reactions 4 3 Global awareness of dam collapse risk 4 4 Protests and prosecution 5 ReferencesBackground Edit nbsp View of Derna in December 2020 the second dam is visible on the far centre left Dam construction Edit The collapsed dams were built under Gaddafi s regime by Yugoslav company Hidrotehnika Hidroenergetika 8 from 1973 to 1977 to control flooding 9 irrigate agricultural lands and provide water to nearby communities 10 They were described as clay filled embankment dams with a height of 75 meters Derna dam and 45 meters Mansour dam 11 The Mansour or Abu Mansour 11 dam had a water storage capacity of 1 5 million cubic meters while the Derna or Belad 11 dam upstream had a capacity of 22 5 million cubic meters 11 1 5 million cubic meters by another source 10 Locations Edit Derna Dam 32 39 34 N 22 34 38 E 32 6594 N 22 5772 E 32 6594 22 5772 Abu Mansour Dam Abu Mansour Dam 32 45 49 N 22 38 10 E 32 7636 N 22 6361 E 32 7636 22 6361 Derna Dam Derna Libya 32 45 49 N 22 38 10 E 32 76361 N 22 63611 E 32 76361 22 63611 Derna Libya Political situation Edit The scale of the disaster in Derna was attributed to decades of neglect of the region by and following the rule of Muammar Gaddafi 12 13 10 Throughout the 2010s the city was a battleground during the Libyan civil war concurrent NATO intervention and conflicts between rival governments established after Gaddafi s overthrow 13 After Gaddafi s overthrow the city changed hands four times The city was under the Islamic State s rule from 2014 to 2018 Warnings Edit Cracks had been reported in the dams as early as 1998 14 Derna s deputy mayor said that the dams had not been maintained since 2002 and were not built to withstand such volumes of water 15 The lack of maintenance occurred despite the allocation by whom of more than 2 million euros for that purpose in 2012 and 2013 16 However a Turkish construction firm called Arsel Construction Company Limited claimed that it had been contracted to do maintenance work on the dam and build another one in 2007 and stated on its website that it completed that work in 2012 17 As recently as 2022 a researcher at the Omar Al Mukhtar University in Bayda Libya had warned in a paper that the dams needed urgent attention pointing out that there was a high potential for flood risk 18 19 The paper also called officials to urgently carry out maintenance on the dams prophetically stating that in a huge flood the results will be catastrophic 18 19 The Wadi Derna had been known to be prone to flooding having experienced four major floods between 1942 and 1986 19 Storm Daniel Edit Main article Storm Daniel Immediately before the dam failures Storm Daniel caused extreme rainfall across northeastern Libya Between September 4th and September 10th the storm caused torrential rain in Greece and the Balkans intensified into a Mediterranean cyclone and moved South across the Mediterranean On September 10th the storm made landfall in Libya near the city of Benghazi 20 Twenty four hour rainfall totals of 150 240mm were recorded across northeastern Libya and winds reached 70 80mph 21 Daniel moved east and continued inland before degenerating into a low pressure area and the storm dissipated by 12 September 22 Collapse EditPrior to the storm residents were prevented from leaving their homes after authorities imposed a precautionary curfew on 10 September 2023 23 failed verification It is believed that the Derna dam located at the convergence of two river valleys collapsed initially 24 The released waters rushed 12 kilometers seven miles towards the sea and overwhelmed the Mansur dam which was already under stress from rising water levels in its reservoir 4 Residents recalled hearing loud explosions at the time the dams burst 25 These waters swept through Derna with video showing the flood reaching the city shortly before 03 00 EET UTC 2 00 on 11 September 26 Videos posted to social media showed cars being submerged in the deluge 27 Prime Minister Hamada stated that residential neighborhoods were swept away while Hamada s aviation minister Hisham Chkiouat said that Derna looked as if it had been hit by a tsunami He also said that 25 of the city had disappeared 28 with large parts of the city dragged out to the Mediterranean Sea 23 Hospitals in the city were rendered inoperable while morgues filled up prompting bodies to be laid out on sidewalks 29 and in the city s main square More than 300 bodies were sent to a morgue in Tobruk to cope with the overcrowding 30 More than 1 000 bodies were later buried in mass graves 31 Naval teams were dispatched to recover bodies swept out to sea by the floods 24 Over the succeeding days at least 200 bodies were found washed up as far as 20 kilometers from Derna 32 Others were found more than 100 kilometers 60 miles from the city 31 One person was rescued after being found 11 nautical miles off the coast of Derna 33 nbsp Floods in Libya most of the additional rainfall from the storm fell outside Wadi Derna s basin Damage and casualties EditCasualty estimates of the disaster vary widely The U N Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs gave an estimate of 11 300 dead 33 but later withdrew that number 34 Othman Abduljalil the health minister of Libya s Government of National Stability at the time said 6 000 people were missing in Derna alone 29 The mayor of Derna Abdulmenam Al Ghaithi told al Arabiya that the final death toll in the city could range from 18 000 to 20 000 equivalent to a fifth of the city s population 7 35 Only three of the city s ten districts escaped the flooding 36 while five out of seven entry routes into Derna were rendered inaccessible 37 The collapse of four bridges along the Wadi Derna effectively split the city into two 38 An analysis by the United Nations showed that more than 2 200 buildings in the city were flooded 39 Over 40 000 people were displaced 40 Aftermath EditDomestic reactions Edit The Libyan Presidential Council based in Tripoli declared the cities of Derna Shahhat and Bayda disaster zones 41 while the Tripoli based Health Ministry dispatched a plane carrying 14 tons of medical equipment drugs body bags and personnel to Benghazi on 12 September 42 The House of Representatives HoR based in Benghazi which controls most of the areas affected declared three days of national mourning as did the internationally recognized Government of National Unity GNU based in Tripoli led by Prime Minister Abdulhamid al Dbeibah 43 Dbeibah pledged an investigation over the extensive damage as well as the allotment of 2 5 billion Libyan dinars 515 million to help rebuild Derna and Benghazi 44 while the House of Representatives unveiled a nearly 2 billion budget for relief efforts 45 Dbeibah also announced the establishment of a meticulous evaluation process for foreign aid saying that they would only accept aid that is deemed necessary 46 On 14 September Dbeibah took responsibility for the collapse of the dam and the failure to enact its maintenance 47 On 15 September Libyan General Prosecutor al Sediq al Sour announced that he would open an investigation into the disaster in Derna 17 Ordinary Libyans also responded to calls for help on social media with individuals as far away as Zawiya in GNU controlled territory west of Tripoli volunteering to go to Derna to assist in relief efforts 48 The first relief convoys arrived in Derna late on 12 September 49 The United Nations noted that the rival governments had been coordinating with each other regarding the relief efforts 50 On 13 September a GNU ministerial delegation left Tripoli to assess the damage in Derna At the same time reports emerged of the Libyan National Army commanded by Khalifa Haftar preventing journalists from entering the city and confiscating their phones 51 Haftar himself promised promotions to soldiers who participated in the relief efforts 52 On 13 September evacuations were advised by authorities for the town of Tocra west of Derna after they warned that a dam in the area was at risk of collapse 53 On 14 September the port of Derna was reopened to vessels with a draft of no more than 6 5 meters delivering humanitarian aid 54 while electricity was restored to the western part of the city 55 On the same day the Libyan Ambulance and Emergency Service announced that remaining residents of Derna were to be evacuated and the city closed except for search and rescue teams 56 The Libyan disease control agency reported on 15 September that at least 150 people had contracted diarrhea in Derna after drinking contaminated water 17 International reactions Edit Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi said that he would deploy the country s military in coordination with eastern Libyan forces to help in relief operations 57 He also declared three days of national mourning for the victims of the floods as well as those of the 2023 Moroccan earthquake on 8 September 58 A military delegation led by armed forces chief of staff Osama Askar went to eastern Libya on 12 September to meet with Khalifa Haftar The delegation included 25 rescue teams and three military aircraft carrying humanitarian supplies 59 The bodies of 84 Egyptians who were killed in Derna were repatriated from Tobruk and buried on 13 September 60 Following a request from the president of the Libyan Presidential Council Mohamed al Menfi Algeria sent eight Ilyushin Il 76 aircraft carrying humanitarian aid that included food supplies medical equipment clothing and tents 61 62 On 12 September Italy activated its civil protection departments with Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani stating an assessment team was on their way 63 Anne Claire Legendre a spokesperson for France s foreign ministry announced that the country was ready to respond to requests made by Libya s government 64 EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the organization was on stand by to bring support while the commission s president Ursula von der Leyen expressed condolences Member states Germany Romania and Finland subsequently sent aid The World Health Organization sent a shipment consisting of 40 tons of aid to Libya The United Nations allocated 10 million for disaster relief 65 Tunisia Germany Qatar Iran Malta Turkey and the United Arab Emirates additionally pledged humanitarian assistance to Libya 66 29 23 67 In the weeks following the disaster journalists from around the world reported great difficulty getting into the city being turned away at airports or needing authorization to enter Many rescue workers were similary restricted 68 Global awareness of dam collapse risk Edit The dam failures in Libya heightened awareness of the risk of dam collapses around the world Specific attention was given to Mullaperiyar Dam in India which is at risk of failure 69 Protests and prosecution Edit Protesters have called for officials in Libya s eastern government to be sacked for failing to maintain the dam or issue an evacuation On 18 September the home of Derna s mayor Abdulmenam al Ghaithi was burnt down 70 On 25 September the mayor of Derna Abdulmenam al Ghaithi and several other officials were detained over mismanagement and negligence accusations following the Derna dam collapse 71 References Edit Libya floods Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna Sky News Archived from the original on 2023 09 15 Retrieved 2023 09 17 a b Libya Flood update Flash Update No 7 23 September 2023 as of 4pm local time EN AR reliefweb int 24 September 2023 Retrieved 26 September 2023 a b Libya Flood Response Humanitarian Update As of 10 October 2023 EN AR reliefweb int 11 October 2023 Retrieved 13 October 2023 a b Why did Derna s dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya Aljazeera 2023 09 13 Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 13 Magdy Samy 12 September 2023 10 000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods AP News Archived from the original on 12 September 2023 Retrieved 12 September 2023 Libya Flash Floods In Derna Barron s 12 September 2023 Archived from the original on 12 September 2023 Retrieved 12 September 2023 a b Libya floods Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna Sky News Archived from the original on 2023 09 15 Retrieved 2023 09 17 Wadi Derna www hidrotehnika rs Archived from the original on 15 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 15 Derna The Libyan city known for rebellion and neglect dw com Archived from the original on 15 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 15 a b c Libya s deadly dam collapse was decades in the making France 24 2023 09 13 Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 13 a b c d Libya was mired in chaos and corruption For years warnings the Derna dams may burst went unheeded Associated Press 18 September 2023 Archived from the original on 18 September 2023 Retrieved 18 September 2023 Pietromarchi Virginia 2023 09 14 Natural disaster or man made why was Libya so vulnerable to floods Aljazeera Archived from the original on 15 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 14 a b Chibelushi Wedaeli 2023 09 13 Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly BBC Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 13 Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath France 24 2023 09 17 Archived from the original on 17 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 17 Deputy mayor of Derna Libya s flooded city describes situation Al Jazeera 2023 09 13 Archived from the original on 13 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 14 Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple Associated Press 2023 09 14 Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 14 a b c Disaster of epic proportions Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse Aljazeera 16 September 2023 Archived from the original on 16 September 2023 Retrieved 16 September 2023 a b Ashoor Abdelwanees A R 2022 07 26 SCS CN نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service SCS CN model PDF Journal of Pure amp Applied Sciences in Arabic Sebha University Press published 2022 11 27 21 2 90 100 doi 10 51984 jopas v21i2 ISSN 2521 9200 Archived from the original on 15 September 2023 Retrieved 15 September 2023 a b c Pielke Jr Roger A 2023 09 13 Trends in Flooding in Africa The Honest Broker Archived from the original on 16 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 15 Storm Daniel s deadly flooding spreads to Libya weatherzone com au Archived from the original on 15 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 16 Weather tracker Libya floods caused by Storm Daniel medicane The Guardian 2023 09 15 ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 2023 09 17 Retrieved 2023 09 18 Hurricane Daniel dissipates 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before death toll reaches 11 300 Africanews 14 September 2023 Archived from the original on 16 September 2023 Retrieved 15 September 2023 We will only accept necessary aid Libya s PM Africanews 13 September 2023 Archived from the original on 13 September 2023 Retrieved 13 September 2023 Libya floods PM takes shared responsibility for dam failures Africanews 14 September 2023 Archived from the original on 15 September 2023 Retrieved 13 September 2023 For a divided Libya disastrous floods have become a rallying cry for unity Associated Press 17 September 2023 Archived from the original on 17 September 2023 Retrieved 17 September 2023 Whole families drowned in Libya s flood Many didn t realize the danger until they heard dams burst Associated Press 14 September 2023 Archived from the original on 15 September 2023 Retrieved 14 September 2023 Libyan rivals co ordinating over flood relief BBC 14 September 2023 Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 14 September 2023 Rival governments cooperate to aid Libya s flood victims as misery piles on Aljazeera 14 September 2023 Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 14 September 2023 Libya investigates dams collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11 000 Associated Press 16 September 2023 Archived from the original on 16 September 2023 Retrieved 16 September 2023 Smith Patrick Cobiella Kelly 2023 09 13 Bodies wash ashore in Libya as devastated city races to count its dead NBC News Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 14 UN says most Libya flood deaths could have been avoided as reports emerge of how 7 meter wave wiped out buildings CNN 14 September 2023 Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 14 September 2023 GECOL restores electricity to western Derna Libya Observer 2023 09 14 Archived from the original on 16 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 16 Search teams look for 10 000 missing in flooded Libyan city after death toll 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Service 13 September 2023 Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 13 September 2023 Algeria launches air bridge to deliver aid to Libya following devastating floods Libya Observer 2023 09 13 Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 13 International Aid Arrives In Flood hit Libya Barron s 2023 09 16 Archived from the original on 18 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 18 Libya floods Europe promises help with thousands dead and missing POLITICO 2023 09 12 Archived from the original on 12 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 12 Fears mount of surging death toll in Libya flood disaster Africanews 2023 09 12 Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 13 Libya floods Europe promises help with thousands dead and missing POLITICO 2023 09 12 Archived from the original on 12 September 2023 Retrieved 2023 09 12 73 helpers in Libya to help after Storm Daniel disaster the Malta Independent Archived from the original on 14 September 2023 Retrieved 13 September 2023 Gasteli Nissim 17 Oct 2023 Libya An information black hole after the Derna floods Le Monde Retrieved 19 October 2023 Klemm Josh Winkler Isabella 2023 09 17 Opinion Is the Disaster in Libya Coming Soon to an Aging Dam Near You The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 2023 09 17 Retrieved 2023 09 17 Libya flood Derna mayor s house burnt down in protests BBC News 19 September 2023 Archived from the original on 19 September 2023 Retrieved 19 September 2023 Libya says Derna mayor other officials detained after flood Reuters 25 September 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Derna dam collapses amp oldid 1180951018, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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