2017 North Korean nuclear test
The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) conducted its sixth (and most recent to date) nuclear test on 3 September 2017, stating it had tested a thermonuclear weapon (hydrogen bomb).[6] The United States Geological Survey reported an earthquake of 6.3-magnitude not far from North Korea's Punggye-ri nuclear test site.[7] South Korean authorities said the earthquake seemed to be artificial, consistent with an underground nuclear test.[8] The USGS, as well as China Earthquake Networks Center, reported that the initial event was followed by a second, smaller, earthquake at the site, several minutes later, which was characterized as a collapse of the cavity formed by the initial detonation.[9][10]
| 2017 North Korean nuclear test | |
|---|---|
Graphic from the United States Geological Survey showing the location of seismic activity at the time of the test | |
| Information | |
| Country | North Korea |
| Test site | 41°20′35″N 129°02′10″E / 41.343°N 129.036°E[1] Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site, Kilju County |
| Period | 12:00:01, 3 September 2017 UTC+08:30 (03:30:01 UTC)[1] |
| Number of tests | 1 |
| Max. yield | ~50 kilotons of TNT (210 TJ) based on Korea Meteorological Administration[2] - ~260 kilotons of TNT (1,100 TJ) based on ISRO synthetic-aperture radar analysis[3] |
| Test chronology | |
Nuclear device edit
The North Korean government announced that it had detonated a hydrogen (thermonuclear) bomb that could be loaded onto an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).[11] The announcement stated the warhead had a variable yield "the explosive power of which is adjustable from tens kiloton to hundreds kiloton (sic) ... [and] which can be detonated even at high altitudes for super-powerful EMP attack".[12] A later technical announcement called the device a "two-stage thermo-nuclear weapon" and stated experimental measurements were fully compatible with the design specification, and there had been no leakage of radioactive materials from the underground nuclear test.[13][6]
Photographs of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un inspecting a device resembling a thermonuclear weapon warhead were released a few hours before the test.[14]
Analysts have tended to give credence to North Korea's claim that it was a hydrogen bomb.[15][16] 38 North made a revised estimate for the test yield at 250 kT, making it near the maximum-containable yield for the Punggye-ri test site.[17] Tom Plant, director of proliferation and nuclear policy at the Royal United Services Institute said, "The North Koreans do bluff sometimes, but when they make a concrete claim about their nuclear programme, more often than not it turns out to be true. ... I think the balance is in favour of it being a thermonuclear bomb rather than a conventional atom bomb."[18]
Others have been skeptical that it was a completely successful test of a true hydrogen bomb as North Korea claimed. Determining whether it is a two-stage thermonuclear bomb or a fusion-boosted fission weapon may not be possible without radionucleide emission data.[19][16] The yield estimates of less than 300 kT would be lower than any other nation's first test of a fusion-primary thermonuclear device, which would typically be in the 1000 kT range, while boosted fission weapons and variable-yield nuclear devices can be as low as hundreds of tons, but are not considered true hydrogen bombs; meanwhile the largest pure-fission bomb tested was Ivy King at 500 kT.[20][better source needed] An October 2 Scientific American article said the test was "estimated to have been a 160-kiloton detonation — far below an H-bomb's capabilities."[21] Martin Navias of the Centre for Defence Studies at King's College London noted that the breakthroughs needed to get from a fission to a fusion device would have to be done by the North Koreans on their own – China, Russia, Pakistan, and Iran would not or could not help.[18]
Jane's Information Group estimates a North Korean thermonuclear Teller-Ulam type bomb would weigh between 250–360 kilograms (550–790 lb). [22]
As of January 2018, there have been no official announcements from the United States confirming or contradicting the detonation of a hydrogen bomb. However, on 15 September 2017 John E. Hyten, head of U.S. Strategic Command, said, "When I look at a thing this size, I as a military officer assume that it's a hydrogen bomb."[23]
Earthquake edit
| UTC time | 2017-09-03 03:30:01 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 616640329 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | 3 September 2017 |
| Local time | 12:30 |
| Magnitude | 6.3 mb[1] |
| Depth | 0.0 km (0 mi)[1] |
| Epicenter | 15°01′19″N 93°53′56″W / 15.022°N 93.899°W |
| Type | Nuclear explosion |
| Max. intensity | VI (Strong)[1] |
| Casualties | 12 dead, 150 injured |
The nuclear test caused a 6.3 magnitude earthquake in Punggye village, which resulted in the collapse of several civilian buildings. The explosion from the nuclear test triggered aftershocks within eight minutes, damaging structures in a nearby village. A dozen people were killed and more than 150 people were injured due to the earthquake. Among them several children who were killed when their school collapsed. The North Korean government received harsh criticism after being accused of not warning civilians of the nuclear test as several children were in school when the earthquake took place. The impact also hit local farmers.[24][25]
Yield estimates edit
On the day of the test the chief of the South Korean parliament's defense committee, Kim Young-Woo, stated the nuclear yield was equivalent to about 100 kilotons of TNT (100 kt): "The North's latest test is estimated to have a yield of up to 100 kilotons, though it is a provisional report."[26] The independent seismic monitoring agency NORSAR estimated that the blast had a yield of about 120 kilotons, based on a seismic magnitude of 5.8.[27]
On 4 September, the academics from the University of Science and Technology of China[28] released their findings based on seismic results and concluded that the nuclear test occurred at 41°17′53.52″N 129°4′27.12″E / 41.2982000°N 129.0742000°E at 03:30 UTC, only a few hundred meters from the four previous tests (2009, 2013, January 2016 and September 2016) with the estimated yield at 108.1 ± 48.1 kt.
On 5 September, the Japanese government gave a yield estimate of about 160 kilotons, based on analysing Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization seismic data, replacing an early estimate of 70 kilotons.[29]
On 6 September, an early assessment by U.S. Intelligence that the yield was 140 kilotons, with an undisclosed margin of error, was reported.[30] On 13 September, U.S. Intelligence was reported referring to an early yield estimate range of 70 to 280 kilotons made by the Air Force Technical Applications Center.[31]
On 12 September, NORSAR revised its estimate of the earthquake magnitude upward to 6.1, matching that of the CTBTO, but less powerful than the USGS estimate of 6.3. Its yield estimate was revised to 250 kilotons, while noting the estimate had some uncertainty and an undisclosed margin of error.[32][33]
On 13 September, an analysis of before and after synthetic-aperture radar satellite imagery of the test site was published suggesting the test occurred under 900 metres (3,000 ft) of rock and the yield "could have been in excess of 300 kilotons".[34]
In October 2019 a paper by the Indian Space Research Organization was published using satellite interferometric synthetic-aperture radar data to analyse surface deformations using Bayesian modelling to reduce uncertainties. It found that the explosion depth was 542 ± 30 metres below Mount Mantap, and the yield was 245–271 kilotons.[3][35]
Reactions edit
The United Nations Security Council met in an open emergency meeting on 4 September 2017, at the request of the US, South Korea, Japan, France and the UK.[36]
Canada, China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, and the United States voiced strong criticism of the nuclear test.[37][38][39][40][41]
US President Donald Trump wrote on Twitter: "North Korea has conducted a major nuclear test. Their words and actions continue to be very hostile and dangerous to the United States".[42][43] Trump was asked whether the U.S. would attack North Korea and replied: "We'll see."[44] Defense Secretary James Mattis warned North Korea that it would be met with a "massive military response" if it threatened the United States or its allies.[45]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d e "M 6.3 Explosion – 22 km ENE of Sungjibaegam, North Korea". USGS. 3 September 2017. from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ "North Korea nuclear test: what we know so far". Guardian. 3 September 2017. from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ a b K M Sreejith; Ritesh Agrawal; A S Rajawat (January 2020). "Constraints on the location, depth and yield of the 2017 September 3 North Korean nuclear test from InSAR measurements and modelling". Geophysical Journal International. Oxford University Press. 220 (1): 345–351. doi:10.1093/gji/ggz451.
- ^ "Search Results". USGS.
- ^ "North Korea's Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site: Analysis Reveals Its Potential for Additional Testing with Significantly Higher Yields". 38North. 10 March 2017.
- ^ a b Kemp, Ted (3 September 2017). "North Korea hydrogen bomb: Read the full announcement from Pyongyang". CNBC News. from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- ^ "North Korea confirms sixth nuclear test". CNN. 3 September 2017. from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ "North Korea conducts another nuclear test, neighbors say". The Washington Post. 3 September 2017. from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ "North Korea claims successful hydrogen bomb test". Deutsche Welle. 3 September 2017. from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ "North Korea nuclear test: 'Tunnel collapse' may provide clues". BBC News. 3 September 2017. from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ "North Korea says it successfully tested hydrogen bomb, marking sixth nuclear test since 2006". ABC News. 3 September 2017. from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ "Sixth Nuclear Test Detected at Punggye-ri, Declared to be a Hydrogen Bomb". 38 North. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. 3 September 2017. from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- ^ Ankit Panda, Vipin Narang (5 September 2017). "Welcome to the H-Bomb Club, North Korea". The Diplomat. from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
- ^ Hanham, Melissa (3 September 2017). "Kim inspects 'nuclear warhead': A picture decoded". BBC News. from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ Albert, Eleanor (3 January 2018). "North Korea's Military Capabilities". Council on Foreign Relations. from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ a b Sample, Ian (4 September 2017). "Did North Korea just test a hydrogen bomb?". The Guardian. from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ Pabian, Frank V; Bermudez, Joseph S Jr; Liu, Jack (12 September 2017). "North Korea's Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site: Satellite Imagery Shows Post-Test Effects and New Activity in Alternate Tunnel Portal Areas". 38 North. US-Korea Institute at Johns Hopkins SAIS. from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ a b Freeman, Colin (28 September 2017). "North Korea: How did a small, dirt-poor pariah state build its own H-bomb?". The Daily Telegraph. from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
The Chinese wouldn't help them today, nor would the Russians, and neither Pakistan nor Iran have the necessary level of expertise. ... I would say they've done it independently, just moving forward a bit at a time
- ^ "North Korea Nuclear Technology & Nuclear Weapons Program". James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. NTI. 2017. § "Recent Developments and Current Status". from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ Carey Sublette, ed. (14 October 2006). "Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons". Nuclear Weapons Archive. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ Greenemeier, Larry (2 October 2017). "Known Unknowns: The Dangers of North Korea's H-Bomb Threat". Scientific American. Retrieved 12 March 2018. While this assertion appears to be the author's, it is preceded and followed with quotations from Edwin Lyman of the Union of Concerned Scientists' Global Security Program.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "U.S. nuclear commander assumes North Korea tested H-bomb Sept. 3". CBS News. Associated Press. 15 September 2017. from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "North Korean Citizens Killed, Homes Lost Because of Earthquakes Caused By Nuclear Missle [sic] Tests". Koreaboo. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "Report: N. Korea's Last Nuclear Test Caused Quake That Killed Dozens". Voice of America. 26 November 2017. from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- ^ "N. Korea's apparent sixth nuke test estimated to have yield of 100 kilotons: lawmaker". Yonhap. 3 September 2017. from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ . NORSAR. 3 September 2017. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ . Lianxing Wen's Geography. University of Science and Technology of China. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ "North Korean nuke test put at 160 kilotons as Ishiba urges debate on deploying U.S. atomic bombs". The Japan Times. 5 September 2017. from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ^ Panda, Ankit (6 September 2017). "US Intelligence: North Korea's Sixth Test Was a 140 Kiloton 'Advanced Nuclear' Device". The Diplomat. from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ^ Michelle Ye Hee Lee (13 September 2017). "North Korea nuclear test may have been twice as strong as first thought". Washington Post. from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
- ^ "The nuclear explosion in North Korea on 3 September 2017: A revised magnitude assessment". NORSAR. 12 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
- ^ Frank V. Pabian; Joseph S. Bermudez Jr.; Jack Liu (12 September 2017). "North Korea's Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site: Satellite Imagery Shows Post-Test Effects and New Activity in Alternate Tunnel Portal Areas". 38 North. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
- ^ Jeffrey Lewis; et al. (13 September 2017). "Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imagery of North Korea's Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site". Arms Control Wonk. from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
- ^ "17 Hiroshimas: North Korean nuke test literally shifted mountain, says ISRO". Press Trust of India. 18 November 2019. from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2019 – via The New Indian Express.
- ^ Pamela Falk (3 September 2017). "U.N. Security Council calls emergency meeting after latest North Korea test". CBS News. from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ Eric Talmadge; Foster Klug; Youkyung Lee; Kim Tong-hyung; Gillian Wong; Mari Yamaguchi (3 September 2017). . Chiangrai Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ "Statement by the Prime Minister of Canada in response to North Korea's latest testing of a nuclear weapon". Office of the Prime Minister (Press release). 3 September 2017.
- ^ "Philippines, Indonesia condemn North Korea missile". SunStar Manila. 29 August 2017. from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ . Channel NewsAsia. 3 September 2017. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ "Malaysia strongly condemns North Korea's missile test". The Star. 4 September 2017. from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ Donald J. Trump [@realDonaldTrump] (3 September 2017). "North Korea has conducted a major Nuclear Test. Their words and actions continue to be very hostile and dangerous to the United States..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "North Korea nuclear test: Trump condemns 'hostile' move". BBC News. 3 September 2017. from the original on 27 November 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ Graham Russell; Tom McCarthy; Nicola Slawson; Melissa Davey (4 September 2017). "North Korea nuclear test: South Korea says it expects more missile launches – live". The Guardian. from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
- ^ "Mattis warns North Korea of 'massive military response' if it threatens US". The Hill. 3 September 2017. from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
External links edit
- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.