2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary

Further information: Electronic voting § Online voting, Electronic voting in the United States, and 2000 United States presidential election

In March 2000 the Arizona Democratic Party ran its Presidential Primary over the internet using the private company Election.com.^[1] The announcement received significant press coverage around the world, covered in virtually every country and medium as a test of whether internet voting could actually work in a statewide election.^[2]

2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary

← 1996 March 11, 2000 (2000-03-11) 2004 →
← UT MI →
29 delegates to the Democratic National Convention (24 pledged, 5 unpledged) The number of pledged delegates received is determined by the popular vote
Candidate Al Gore Bill Bradley (withdrawn) Home state Tennessee New Jersey Delegate count 40 7 Popular vote 67,582 16,383 Percentage 77.89% 18.88%

Voting Rights Act lawsuits

Several attempts were made to stop the election, including a lawsuit instigated by the Virginia-based Voting Integrity Project,^[3] which claimed that Internet voting would disadvantage African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans, all protected classes under the Voting Rights Act. The Voting Integrity Project, along with two African American and two Hispanic plaintiffs, claimed that by allowing Internet voting, minority groups, which at that time had less access to the internet, would have their collective voting power proportionately reduced.^[4] The plaintiff's sought an injunction to stop the election.^[5] The lawsuit, along with other factors, was depleting the resources of the Arizona Democratic Party. The court had to determine if the voting rights act applied, since this election was being conducted by the Democratic Party itself, not the state or country government; the plaintiff's argued it was. The court also had to decide if the election was unfairly diluting the minority vote, given the plaintiffs' claims that whites were more likely to vote over the internet than non-whites. Several organizations filed amicus briefs in support of the Democratic Party and the Internet election, including the Benjamin E. Mayes National Education Resource Center, the Center of Government Studies, and Professor Charles Nesson of Harvard Law School.^[6] On March 2, 2000 Judge Paul G. Rosenblatt, of the United States District Court in Phoenix, issued its decision. While the court agreed with the plaintiffs that this was a public election,^[7] it also noted in its decision that there were other ways to vote, including absentee ballot by mail, and voting at polling places, and thus there was no basis to stop the election. The court denied the request for an injunction to stop the election.^[7][8]

Civil rights concerns

Serious concerns about internet were also raised by civil rights organizations around the United States.^[9][10] Native American support is particularly important in Arizona, where they numbered more than 250,000.^[11] The states two most prominent leaders were Apache leader John Lewis, president of the Inter-Tribal Counsel, and Kelsey A. Begaye President of the Navajo Nation. The outreach efforts by Election.com CEO, Joe Mohen, and the Arizona Democratic Party to Native Americans were particularly successful, such that the Voting Integrity Project was unable to recruit even one Native American to be a plaintiff in their case, and The Navajo leadership, including President Kelsey Begaye, prominent Native American leaders posed for Television Cameras when they later voted over the internet.^[12]

On February 24, 2000, the Department of Justice granted pre-clearance for the election.^[13][14]

Security threats

Many public threats by hackers were made that they would bring down the election. These threats ranged from to denial of service attacks^[15] and voter identity theft. The election software was audited by KPMG.^[16] While the original plan was to use VeriSign digital certificates,^[17] though ultimately PINs were mailed to each voter and a challenge–response authentication system (such as birth date, place of birth, or social security number) was used as well.^[18] One magazine columnist, Howard Mortman, even hired a computer hacker to attempt to disrupt the election.^[19]

Voting period

The week of the election, online voting was allowed beginning Tuesday March 7 through Friday March 10.^[20] The following Saturday March 11, voting would be allowed at Polling Places only, through personal computers.^[21] There were some minor problems, in that a few polling places did not open on schedule, and some users with older browsers could not vote.^[22] The election went off successfully, with voter turnout increasing more than 500%^[23] over the 1996 Primary.^[24] Contrary to expectations, Native American turnout also increased more than 500% and African American and Latino turnout both went up more than 800%,^{[citation needed]} defying those who claimed that minorities would not use the internet to cast votes. The results were certified by the State Board of Elections.^[25] There were many other "firsts"; news footage showing a middle-aged quadriplegic man in Arizona who cast his first unassisted, secret ballot using the Internet.^[26] election.com reported no hacking during the election.^[27][28] Shortly after, Mohen was featured on the cover of the Industry Standard Magazine.^[29]

Results

2000 Arizona Democratic presidential primary

Candidate	Vote^[30]		Pledged delegates^[31]
	#	%
Al Gore	67,582	77.89%	40
Bill Bradley (withdrawn)	16,383	18.88%	7
Uncommitted	1,439	1.66%	0
Heather A. Harder	1,358	1.57%	0
Total valid votes	86,762	100%	47

Ongoing debate

The Arizona Democratic primary has been called the "first legally binding public election to offer internet voting".^[32][33] However, the Arizona Democratic Party and the private company administering the election argued in federal court that it was a private election outside of federal jurisdiction.^[34] Still others, such as the Internet Policy Institute, have classified the primary, as a "hybrid between public and private elections... not run by state election officials, but were still subject to some aspects of state and federal election law."^[35] And there were some glitches such as that certain Macintosh browsers did not work.^[36] Nonetheless, the 2000 Arizona Internet vote was hailed worldwide as a landmark case of using the Internet at a major election.^[37]

References

1. "Arizona Democratic Party Selects Votation.com to Hold World's First Legally-Binding Public Election Over the Internet". Business Wire. December 16, 1999. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
2. Berman, Dennis (February 28, 2000). . BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
3. Fairley Raney, Rebecca (January 22, 2000). "Suit Seeks to Block Net Vote in Arizona". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
4. . Reuters. CNN. November 1, 2000. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
5. U.S. Department of State Web Site Report to Congress
6. Memorandum and Order by Judge Paul Rosenblatt, March 2, 2000, Voting Integrity Project, Lucious Bain, et al, vs. Mark Fleisher and the Arizona Democratic Party, US District Court, District of Arizona, Page 17
7. Memorandum and Order by Judge Paul Rosenblatt, March 2, 2000, Voting Integrity Project, Lucious Bain, et al, vs. Mark Fleisher and the Arizona Democratic Party, US District Court, District of Arizona
8. Fairley Raney, Rebecca (March 1, 2000). "Judge Lets Internet Primary in Arizona Proceed". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
9. Wilhelm, Anthony, Digital Nation: Towards and Inclusive Society, MIT Press, 2004, pages 67-73
10. De la Garza, Rodolfo, and DeSipio, Louis, Muted Voices, Latinos and the 2000 Elections, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, pages 151-153
11. References 2000 Census 2009-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
12. Jones, Jeff (March 10, 2000). . Gallup Independent. Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
13. Jacobus, Patricia (February 25, 2000). "DOJ gives OK to Arizona online primary vote". CNET Networks. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
14. Letter from Joseph Rich, Chief of the Voting Section of the Department of Justice, to Joseph Sandler, Sandler and Reiff, and the Arizona Democratic Party, dated February 24,2 2000
15. PBS NewsHour
16. Anderiesz, Mike; SA Mathieson (June 7, 2001). "Click here for your candidate". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
17. Jack, Jack (December 16, 1999). . Jack. PC World. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
18. Mohen, Joe. "The Fine Points of Online Voting". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
19. Ledbetter, James (2000-03-10). . The Industry Standard. Archived from the original on 25 June 2001. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
20. Wilhelm, Anthony, Digital Nation: Toward and Inclusive Information Society, MIT Press 2004, pages 67-73
21. Avaliktos, Neal (2004). The Election Process Revisited. New York: Nova Publishers. ISBN 1-59454-054-3.
22. Slate
23. BNET Australia
24. Lee, Lydia (March 20, 2000). . Salon.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
25. Garson, David, Handbook of Public Information Systems, CRC Press, 2005 Page 266
26. Info Sentry
27. University of Vermont Legislative Research
28. Mohen, Joe; Julia Glidden (January 2001). "The case for internet voting" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 44 (1): 72. doi:10.1145/357489.357511. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
29. Ledbetter, James (2000-03-27). "Net Out the Vote". The Industry Standard. Retrieved 2009-05-22.
30. "2000 Presidential Democratic Primary Election Results - Arizona". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
31. "Arizona Democrat Delegation 2000". www.thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
32. Thinking Outside the Ballot Box, Lippert and Ojumu, Journal of Organizational and End User Computing page 60
33. World Almanac for Kids
34. Voting Integrity Project v Fleisher, cv 00-109-PHX
35. Report of the National Workshop for Internet Voting, sponsored by the National Science Foundation^{[permanent dead link]}
36. Internet Voting in Practice 2010-01-25 at the Wayback Machine University of North Carolina
37. Australian Electoral Commission