Baltimore riot of 1968
The Baltimore riot of 1968 was a period of civil unrest that lasted from April 6 to April 14, 1968, in Baltimore. The uprising included crowds filling the streets, burning and looting local businesses, and confronting the police and national guard.
| Baltimore riot of 1968 | |
|---|---|
| Part of the King assassination riots | |
| Date | April 6, 1968 – April 14, 1968 |
| Location | 39°17′41″N 76°36′22″W / 39.29472°N 76.60611°WCoordinates: 39°17′41″N 76°36′22″W / 39.29472°N 76.60611°W |
| Caused by | Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. |
| Methods | Rioting, race riots, protests, looting, attacks |
| Parties to the civil conflict | |
| Casualties | |
| Death(s) | 6 |
| Injuries | 700 |
| Arrested | 5,800+ |
The immediate cause of the riot was the April 4 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee, which triggered unrest in over 100 cities across the United States. These events are sometimes described as the Holy Week Uprising.[1]
Spiro Agnew, the Governor of Maryland, called out thousands of National Guard troops and 500 Maryland State Police to quell the disturbance. When it was determined that the state forces could not control the rebellion, Agnew requested Federal troops from President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Background
Between World War II and 1968, Baltimore had changed demographically. The total population remained constant, but the black percentage of the total population had grown, while other populations shrank (a shift of 200,000 people). Black communities had sub-par housing, high rates of infant mortality, and more crime. They also suffered disproportionately from the decline in Baltimore's manufacturing sector. Black unemployment was more than double the national rate, and even higher in especially poor communities. Those who did have jobs were paid less and worked in unsafe conditions.[1]
Course of events
With the spread of civil disturbances across the nation, Maryland National Guard troops were called up for state duty on April 5, 1968, in anticipation of disturbances in Baltimore or the suburban portions of Maryland bordering Washington, D.C.[2]
Black Baltimore was quiet on April 5, despite riots in nearby Washington, D.C.[3] One white student at UMBC reported a quiet scene, with noticeable sadness, but little violence or unrest: April 5, "in many cases, was just another day".[4]
Baltimore remained peaceful into the day on April 6. Three hundred people gathered peacefully around noon for a memorial service, which lasted until 2 pm without incident. Street traffic began to increase. A crowd formed on Gay St. in East Baltimore, and by 5 pm some windows on the 400 block had been smashed. Police began to move in. People began to report fires after 6 pm. Soon after, the city declared a 10 pm curfew and called in 6,000 troops from the national guard. Sales of alcohol and firearms were immediately banned.[3] At this point, some reports described about a thousand people in the crowd, which moved north on Gay St. up to Harford Rd. and Greenmount Ave. Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro III was unable to respond effectively. Around 8 pm, Governor Agnew declared a state of emergency.[1]
Many Black Businesses managed to avoid the destruction by painting the words "Soul Brother" on their doors or windows, and the rioters knew not to attack that business.[5]
By the morning of April 7, reports to the White House described five deaths, 300 fires, and 404 arrests. Unrest also broke out on Pennsylvania Ave in West Baltimore.[1] At one point, white counter-rioters assembled near Patterson Park; they dispersed after National Guard troops prevented them from entering a black neighborhood.[1]
Violence decreased after April 9, and the Baltimore Orioles played their opening game the next day, though the April 12 James Brown concert remained cancelled.[1] On the afternoon of April 9, federal troops dispersed crowds at a permitted peace rally, apparently unaware that General Gelston had issued a permit for the event. The situation was defused by Major William "Box" Harris, the highest-ranking police officer in the city.[1]
Military response
When violent protest broke out in Baltimore on April 6, nearly the entire Maryland National Guard, both Army and Air, were called up to deal with the unrest. The notable exceptions were the state's air defense units (which manned surface-to-air missile sites around the state), those units already on duty in the Washington, D.C., area, and a unit positioned in Cambridge, Maryland (the site of race riots in 1963 and 1967). The Adjutant General of Maryland, Major General George M. Gelston, commanded the National Guard force and also was given control of local and state police forces in the city (approximately 1,900 police officers).[6]
The combined National Guard and police force proved unable to contain the uprising. On Sunday, April 7, federal troops were requested, and the President invoked the Insurrection Act of 1807. Late that evening, elements of the XVIII Airborne Corps at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, began arriving on the scene, while several Marine units from Camp Lejeune were put on standby status. With the intervention of federal forces, the Maryland National Guard was called into federal duty, resulting in a shift from state control (reporting to the Governor of Maryland) to federal control (reporting through the Army chain of command to the President). The federal force, Task Force Baltimore, was organized into three brigades and a reserve. These were (roughly), the XVIII Airborne Corps troops, the Maryland National Guard, and troops from the 197th Infantry Brigade from Fort Benning, Georgia (which arrived two days later). The 1,300 troops of the Maryland Air National Guard were organized in a provisional battalion and used to guard critical infrastructure throughout the city, as well as an ad hoc detention facility at the Baltimore Civic Center.[7] Task Force Baltimore peaked at 11,570 Army and National Guard troops on April 9, of which all but about 500 were committed to riot control duties.[8]
Unrest continued for several days as the Task Force sought to reassert control. Early on April 12, federal troops began to depart and by 6 pm that evening responsibility for riot control returned to the National Guard. At midnight Task Force Baltimore ceased to exist and the remainder of federal troops were withdrawn. Maryland National Guard troops remained on duty in the city until April 14, when Agnew declared the emergency over and sent them home.[8]
After action reports credited both the National Guard and active Army forces for being extremely disciplined and restrained in dealing with the disturbance, with only four shots fired by National Guard troops and two by active Army troops.[9] These forces had received orders to avoid firing their weapons, as part of an intentional strategy to decrease fatalities.[1]
A total of 10,956 troops had been deployed.[1]
Organization of Task Force Baltimore
- Task Force XVIII Abcar
- 4th Battalion, 39th Artillery Regiment
- 4th Battalion, 73rd Artillery Regiment
- 47th Engineer Battalion
- Task Force 197
- 1st Battalion, 29th Infantry Regiment
- 1st Battalion, 58th Infantry Regiment
- 5th Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment
- Task Force Oscar[10]
- Task Force Emergency Headquarters Brigade
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, EOH
- 1st Battalion, 175th Infantry Regiment
- 2nd Battalion, 115th Infantry Regiment (later detached to TF Abcar)
- 729th Maintenance Battalion (Now 729th Support Battalion, MDANG)
- 2nd Battalion, 110th Field Artillery Regiment
- C Company, 728th Maintenance Battalion (Now 728th Support Battalion, PAANG)
- 110th Collection, Classification and Salvage Company
- B Company, 19th Special Forces Group
- C Company, 103rd Medical Battalion
- 1204th Transportation Company
- Task Force Third Brigade
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 3rd Brigade
- 2nd Battalion, 175th Infantry Regiment
- 1st Battalion, 115th Infantry Regiment
- 121st Engineer Battalion
- Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 115th Military Police Battalion
- 200th Military Police Company
- 1229th Transportation Company
- B Troop, 1st Squadron, 223rd Cavalry
- C Company, 103rd Engineer Battalion
- Admin Section, 28th Admin Company
- Task Force Troops
- 135th Air Commando Group
- 175th Tactical Fighter Group
- 136th Evacuation Hospital
- D Troop, 1st Squadron, 223rd Cavalry
- 229th Army Band
- 29th Military Police Company
- 2nd Platoon, 28th Military Police Company
- 2nd Platoon, B Company, 228th Supply and Transportation Battalion
- 2nd Forward Supply Section, A Company, 228th Supply and Transportation Battalion
- Task Force Emergency Headquarters Brigade
- Other participating forces:
- 50th Signal Battalion
Outcome
Damage
In the next few days,[when?] 6 people died, 700 were injured, and 5,800 were arrested. 1,000 small businesses were damaged or robbed.[11] Property damages, assessed financially, were more severe in DC ($15 million), Baltimore ($12 million), and Chicago ($10 million) than in any other cities.[1]
In addition, an active Army soldier died in a traffic accident while redeploying from the city. Rioters set more than 1,200 fires during the disturbance. Damage was estimated at over $12 million (equivalent to $77.5 million today).
Of the arrests, 3,488 were for curfew violations, 955 for burglary, 665 for looting, 391 for assault, and 5 for arson.[8]
Legacy
One of the major outcomes of the uprising was the attention Agnew received when he criticized local black leaders for not doing enough to help stop the disturbance. These statements caught the attention of Richard Nixon, who was looking for someone on his ticket who could counter George Wallace's American Independent Party third party campaign. Agnew became Nixon's vice presidential running mate in 1968.[12]
The uprising had broken out mainly in the black neighborhoods of East and West Baltimore[13] in which extensive property damage and looting occurred. Many of the businesses destroyed in the uprising were located along the main commercial avenues of the neighborhoods and were often owned by people of a Jewish background.[citation needed]
Media and academic coverage of the events has been thin, partly because the event remains emotional for those involved.[14]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Levy, Peter B. (2011). "The Dream Deferred: The Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968". In Jessica I. Elfenbein; Thomas L. Hollowak; Elizabeth M. Nix (eds.). Baltimore '68 : riots and rebirth in an American city. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-4399-0662-0.
- ^ Risen, Clay (2009). "April 5: 'The Occupation of Washington'". A nation on fire : America in the wake of the King assassination. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-17710-5.
Long before rioting broke out in Baltimore, Governor Spiro Agnew and his staff worried that their biggest threat came from Washington; at 11:00 P.M. on Friday, he alerted the Maryland National Guard and called General George Gelston to duty, deploying him not to Baltimore but to the state armory in Silver Spring, a D.C. suburb. The Guard even had an emergency plan, Operation Tango, for riots that spread north from the District.
- ^ a b Feinstein, Barbara. "Baltimore '68 Events Timeline". Baltimore 68: Riot & Rebirth. University of Baltimore. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ Carney, Thomas (2011). "6. Thomas Carney: Oral History; edited by Linda Shopes". In Jessica I. Elfenbein; Thomas L. Hollowak; Elizabeth M. Nix (eds.). Baltimore '68 : riots and rebirth in an American city. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-4399-0662-0.
- ^ [https:www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtgJVxgiLkk&t=1348s ""1968 Baltimore Riots WJZ-TV Raw Footage Reel.""]. Youtube. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ Scheips, Paul J. The role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1945-1992. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 318.
- ^ Minami, Wayde R. . Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
- ^ a b c Scheips, Paul J. The role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1945-1992. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 332.
- ^ Scheips, Paul J. The role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1945-1992. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 333.
- ^ OPLAN 2, TF Oscar, 131500 Apr 68
- ^ Harriss, Margery (3 April 1998). "Recalling Baltimore's 1968 Riots". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ Witcover, Jules (1972). White Knight: The Rise of Spiro Agnew. New York: Random House. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-394-47216-4.
- ^ "Baltimore '68: Riots and Rebirth". archives.ubalt.edu. Retrieved Oct 20, 2019.
- ^ Elfeinbein, Jessica I. (2011). "Preface". In Jessica I. Elfenbein; Thomas L. Hollowak; Elizabeth M. Nix (eds.). Baltimore '68: riots and rebirth in an American city. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-4399-0662-0.
Further reading
- Levy, Peter B. "The Dream Deferred: The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968," Maryland Historical Magazine (2013) 108#1 pp 57–78.
- Minami, Wayde R. Baltimore Riot Was Maryland Air Guard's Largest Mobilization,
- Nix, Elizabeth, and Jessica Elfenbein, eds., Baltimore '68: Riots and Rebirth in an American City (2011), excerpt
- Peterson, John J. Into the Cauldron, Clavier House, 1973
- Scheips, Paul J. The role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1945–1992. United States Army Center of Military History.
- Ross Jr., Joseph B. In the Shadows of the Flames - Baltimore's 1968 Riots, (2013) [1]
External links
- University of Baltimore 1968 Riot site, "Baltimore '68: Riots and Rebirth", "http://archives.ubalt.edu/bsr/", includes extensive timeline of events.
- Maryland State Archives Document Packet, prepared by Edward C. Papenfuse and Mercer Neale, with the Assistance of the Staff of the Maryland State Archives, "Is Baltimore Burning?", "http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/stagser/s1259/121/2395/html/0000.html". Includes original documents, news footage, and suggestions for further research.