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1957 Mongolia earthquake

November 29, 2023

An earthquake occurred in southern Mongolia on December 4, 1957, measuring Mw 7.8–8.1 and assigned XII (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale. Surface faulting was observed in the aftermath with peak vertical and horizontal scarp reaching 9 m (30 ft). Because of the extremely sparse population in the area, this event, despite its magnitude, was not catastrophic. However, 30 people died and the towns of Dzun Bogd, Bayan-leg and Baruin Bogd were completely destroyed.

1957 Mongolia earthquake
Ulaanbaatar
UTC time1957-12-04 03:37:53
ISC event887636
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local dateDecember 4, 1957 (1957-12-04)
Local time11:37:53
MagnitudeMw 7.8–8.1, Ms 8.0–8.5[i]
Depth20.0 km[8]
Epicenter45°11′20″N 99°22′05″E / 45.189°N 99.368°E / 45.189; 99.368
Areas affectedMongolian People's Republic
Max. intensityXII (Extreme)[7]
AftershocksYes, Ms  6.5[7] & M 6.8[9]
Casualties30[10]

Tectonic setting edit

As the Indian Plate collides with the Eurasian Plate, the force of the collision causes deformation.[11] A primary effect of this collision is the uplift of the Himalayas; however, deformation extends further.[12] In Mongolia, escape tectonics created a network of active faults to support the strike-slip stresses.[13] During this earthquake, two main faults sustained a rupture: the thrust Gurvan Bulag fault, and the related strike-slip Bogd fault.[14][12] The Gurvan Bulag has a slip rate of 1.05 ± 0.25 mm (0.0413 ± 0.0098 in)/yr for the vertical component, with slip rate increasing at the end of the Pleistocene epoch.[14] Paleoseismological investigation revealed that the average recurrence interval of earthquakes like the 1957 event on the fault had decreased from 50 kyr[ii] to 3-14 kyr in the late Pleistocene.[14] The Bogd fault is a large left-lateral strike-slip fault.[12] It is split into five distinct segments.[12] Slip rates vary between segments, but it is between 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in)/yr overall.[12] Recurrence intervals of 1957 type events on the Bogd fault have been calculated at around 1,000 years.[15] Other large (Mw8.0+) earthquakes had struck Mongolia in the previous half century, including the 1905 Tsetserleg, 1905 Bolnai, and 1931 Fuyun earthquakes. Some studies indicate that these earthquakes triggered each other, with the earlier ones triggering the later events.[16][17]

Earthquake edit

The earthquake struck southern Mongolia at 11:37:53 local time on December 4, 1957. Rupture was complex, with multiple scenarios proposed. The original hypothesis was that the earthquake occurred along the strike-slip Bogd fault and ruptured for 560 km (350 mi),[1] however, the more recently adopted conclusion is that there was a 250–300 km (160–190 mi)[15] long strike-slip rupture at a width of 20–30 km (12–19 mi) with 100 km (62 mi) of simultaneous reverse faulting in a roughly east-west direction.[14][18][19][13] Offsets from surface rupture reached up to 8.85 m (29.0 ft) of strike-slip rupture,[18] with 9 m (30 ft) vertical offsets,[15] and an average slip of 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft).[13][14] According to a study on the earthquake's surface rupture, the authors consider the rupture the "world's best preserved surface rupture of a great earthquake".[20] The average slip decreased from west to east.[12] Ruptured fault splays were observed up to 30 km (19 mi) away from the main fault trace.[13] Large aftershocks struck the epicentral region after the mainshock. Shortly after the mainshock, a Ms  6.5 event struck.[7] On April 7, 1958, another large earthquake measuring M 6.8 struck, located in the epicentral region of the mainshock.[9]

Impact edit

Despite attaining the maximum value on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale of XII (Extreme), the earthquake did not cause significant disruption to population centers owing to its remote and unpopulated location.[21] Dzun Bogd, Bayan-leg and Baruin Bogd, however, were destroyed.[9] Due to good weather, shepherds of these herding communities were outside, which limited the death toll to 30.[9][21] Major geological effects were also observed. Surface offsets reaching 9 m (30 ft) of both strike-slip and vertical motion were observed after the event.[18][15] Subsidence was also observed. At the Bakhar Mountains [ceb], a 15 km (9.3 mi) long and 800 m (2,600 ft) wide portion of the earth subsided due to the earthquake.[9] In the Bitüüt valley, a large landslide was triggered.[20]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ M 7 3/4 - 8,[1] Mw  7.78-7.95,[2][3] Mw  8.1,[4] Ms  8.0,[5] Ms  8.3,[6] Ms  8.5[7]
  2. ^ kyr = thousand years

References edit

  1. ^ a b Ben-Menahem & Toksöz 1962, p. 1943.
  2. ^ Rizza et al. 2011, p. 918.
  3. ^ Molnar & Qidong 1984, p. 6210.
  4. ^ "M 8.1 - 153 km SW of Bayanhongor, Mongolia". United States Geological Survey. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  5. ^ Okal 1976.
  6. ^ Kanamori 1977.
  7. ^ a b c d Aptikaev & Erteleva 2019.
  8. ^ Vergnolle, Pollitz & Calais 2003.
  9. ^ a b c d e Rothé 1969.
  10. ^ Bath 1973.
  11. ^ Rizza et al. 2011, p. 898.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Rizza et al. 2011.
  13. ^ a b c d Molnar & Qidong 1984.
  14. ^ a b c d e Ritz et al. 2003.
  15. ^ a b c d Baljinnyam et al. 1993.
  16. ^ Chéry, Carretier & Ritz 2001.
  17. ^ Pollitz, Vergnolle & Calais 2003.
  18. ^ a b c Chen & Molnar 1977.
  19. ^ Ben-Menahem 1977.
  20. ^ a b Kurushin et al. 1998.
  21. ^ a b . United States Geological Survey. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.

Sources

  • Aptikaev, F. F.; Erteleva, O. O. (June 7, 2019). "Standing Waves in Epicentral Areas of Earthquakes". Seismic Instruments. 55 (3): 235–243. Bibcode:2019SeisI..55..235A. doi:10.3103/S0747923919030010. S2CID 195175708. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  • Baljinnyam, I.; Bayasgalan, A.; Borisov, B. A.; Cisternas, Armando; Dem'yanovich, M. G.; Ganbaatar, L.; Kochetkov, V. M.; Kurushin, R. A.; Molnar, Peter; Philip, Hervé; Vashchilov, Yu. Ya. (January 1, 1993). "Ruptures of Major Earthquakes and Active Deformation in Mongolia and Its Surroundings". Geological Society of America. Geological Society of America Memoirs. 181: 1–60. doi:10.1130/MEM181-p1. ISBN 0-8137-1181-9. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  • Bath, Markus (1973). Introduction to Seismology. the University of Michigan: Wiley. ISBN 9780470056608.
  • Ben-Menahem, Ari (December 1977). "Renormalization of the magnitude scale". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 15 (4): 315–340. Bibcode:1977PEPI...15..315B. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(77)90095-4. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  • Ben-Menahem, Ari; Toksöz, M. Nafi (May 1962). "Source-mechanism from spectra of long-period seismic surface-waves: 1. The Mongolian earthquake of December 4, 1957". Journal of Geophysical Research. 67 (5): 1943–1955. Bibcode:1962JGR....67.1943B. doi:10.1029/JZ067i005p01943. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  • Chen, Wang-Ping; Molnar, Peter (July 10, 1977). "Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia". Journal of Geophysical Research. 82 (20): 2945–2969. Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2945C. doi:10.1029/JB082i020p02945. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  • Chéry, Jean; Carretier, Sébastian; Ritz, Jean-François (December 30, 2001). "Postseismic stress transfer explains time clustering of large earthquakes in Mongolia". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 194 (1–2): 277–286. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.194..277C. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00552-0. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  • Kanamori, Hiroo (July 10, 1977). "The energy release in great earthquakes". Journal of Geophysical Research. 82 (20): 2981–2987. Bibcode:1977JGR....82.2981K. doi:10.1029/JB082i020p02981. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  • Kurushin, R. A.; Bayasgalan, A.; Ölziybat, M.; Enhtuvshin, B.; Molnar, Peter; Bayarsayhan, Ch.; Hudnut, Kenneth W.; Lin, Jian (July 1, 1998). The Surface Rupture of the 1957 Gobi-Altay, Mongolia, Earthquake. Geological Society of America. doi:10.1130/SPE320. ISBN 9780813723204. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  • Molnar, Peter; Qidong, Denq (July 10, 1984). "Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in central and eastern Asia". Journal of Geophysical Research. 89 (B7): 6203–6227. Bibcode:1984JGR....89.6203M. doi:10.1029/JB089iB07p06203. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  • Okal, Emile A. (September 1976). "A surface-wave investigation of the rupture mechanism of the Gobi-Altai (December 4, 1957) earthquake". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 12 (4): 319–328. Bibcode:1976PEPI...12..319O. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(76)90027-3. hdl:2060/19760012553. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  • Ritz, Jean-François; Bourlès, D.; Brown, E. T.; Carretier, Sébastian; Chéry, Jean; Entuvshin, B.; Galsan, P.; Finkel, R. C.; Hanks, T. C.; Kendrick, K. J.; Philip, H.; Raisbeck, G.; Schlupp, A.; Schwartz, D. P.; Yiou, F. (March 20, 2003). "Late Pleistocene to Holocene slip rates for the Gurvan Bulag thrust fault (Gobi-Altay, Mongolia) estimated with 10Be dates". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (B3): 2162. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2162R. doi:10.1029/2001JB000553.
  • Rizza, M.; Ritz, Jean-François; Braucher, R.; Vassallo, R.; Prentice, C.; Mahan, S.; McGill, S.; Chauvet, A.; Marco, S.; Todbileg, M.; Demberel, S.; Bourlès, D. (September 3, 2011). "Slip rate and slip magnitudes of past earthquakes along the Bogd left-lateral strike-slip fault (Mongolia)". Geophysical Journal International. 186 (3): 897–927. Bibcode:2011GeoJI.186..897R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05075.x.
  • Rothé, Jean Pierre (1969). The Seismicity of the earth: 1953-1965. Paris, France: UNESCO. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  • Vergnolle, Mathilde; Pollitz, Fred; Calais, Eric (October 25, 2003). "Constraints on the viscosity of the continental crust and mantle from GPS measurements and postseismic deformation models in western Mongolia". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (B10): 2502. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2502V. doi:10.1029/2002JB002374. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  • Pollitz, Fred; Vergnolle, Mathilde; Calais, Eric (October 25, 2003). "Fault interaction and stress triggering of twentieth century earthquakes in Mongolia". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (B10): 2503. Bibcode:2003JGRB..108.2503P. doi:10.1029/2002JB002375.

External links edit

  • The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.

November 29, 2023
1957, mongolia, earthquake, earthquake, occurred, southern, mongolia, december, 1957, measuring, assigned, extreme, modified, mercalli, intensity, scale, surface, faulting, observed, aftermath, with, peak, vertical, horizontal, scarp, reaching, because, extrem. An earthquake occurred in southern Mongolia on December 4 1957 measuring Mw 7 8 8 1 and assigned XII Extreme on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale Surface faulting was observed in the aftermath with peak vertical and horizontal scarp reaching 9 m 30 ft Because of the extremely sparse population in the area this event despite its magnitude was not catastrophic However 30 people died and the towns of Dzun Bogd Bayan leg and Baruin Bogd were completely destroyed 1957 Mongolia earthquakeUlaanbaatarUTC time1957 12 04 03 37 53ISC event887636USGS ANSSComCatLocal dateDecember 4 1957 1957 12 04 Local time11 37 53MagnitudeMw 7 8 8 1 Ms 8 0 8 5 i Depth20 0 km 8 Epicenter45 11 20 N 99 22 05 E 45 189 N 99 368 E 45 189 99 368Areas affectedMongolian People s RepublicMax intensityXII Extreme 7 AftershocksYes Ms 6 5 7 amp M 6 8 9 Casualties30 10 Contents 1 Tectonic setting 2 Earthquake 3 Impact 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksTectonic setting editAs the Indian Plate collides with the Eurasian Plate the force of the collision causes deformation 11 A primary effect of this collision is the uplift of the Himalayas however deformation extends further 12 In Mongolia escape tectonics created a network of active faults to support the strike slip stresses 13 During this earthquake two main faults sustained a rupture the thrust Gurvan Bulag fault and the related strike slip Bogd fault 14 12 The Gurvan Bulag has a slip rate of 1 05 0 25 mm 0 0413 0 0098 in yr for the vertical component with slip rate increasing at the end of the Pleistocene epoch 14 Paleoseismological investigation revealed that the average recurrence interval of earthquakes like the 1957 event on the fault had decreased from 50 kyr ii to 3 14 kyr in the late Pleistocene 14 The Bogd fault is a large left lateral strike slip fault 12 It is split into five distinct segments 12 Slip rates vary between segments but it is between 0 5 1 mm 0 020 0 039 in yr overall 12 Recurrence intervals of 1957 type events on the Bogd fault have been calculated at around 1 000 years 15 Other large Mw8 0 earthquakes had struck Mongolia in the previous half century including the 1905 Tsetserleg 1905 Bolnai and 1931 Fuyun earthquakes Some studies indicate that these earthquakes triggered each other with the earlier ones triggering the later events 16 17 Earthquake editThe earthquake struck southern Mongolia at 11 37 53 local time on December 4 1957 Rupture was complex with multiple scenarios proposed The original hypothesis was that the earthquake occurred along the strike slip Bogd fault and ruptured for 560 km 350 mi 1 however the more recently adopted conclusion is that there was a 250 300 km 160 190 mi 15 long strike slip rupture at a width of 20 30 km 12 19 mi with 100 km 62 mi of simultaneous reverse faulting in a roughly east west direction 14 18 19 13 Offsets from surface rupture reached up to 8 85 m 29 0 ft of strike slip rupture 18 with 9 m 30 ft vertical offsets 15 and an average slip of 3 4 m 9 8 13 1 ft 13 14 According to a study on the earthquake s surface rupture the authors consider the rupture the world s best preserved surface rupture of a great earthquake 20 The average slip decreased from west to east 12 Ruptured fault splays were observed up to 30 km 19 mi away from the main fault trace 13 Large aftershocks struck the epicentral region after the mainshock Shortly after the mainshock a Ms 6 5 event struck 7 On April 7 1958 another large earthquake measuring M 6 8 struck located in the epicentral region of the mainshock 9 Impact editDespite attaining the maximum value on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale of XII Extreme the earthquake did not cause significant disruption to population centers owing to its remote and unpopulated location 21 Dzun Bogd Bayan leg and Baruin Bogd however were destroyed 9 Due to good weather shepherds of these herding communities were outside which limited the death toll to 30 9 21 Major geological effects were also observed Surface offsets reaching 9 m 30 ft of both strike slip and vertical motion were observed after the event 18 15 Subsidence was also observed At the Bakhar Mountains ceb a 15 km 9 3 mi long and 800 m 2 600 ft wide portion of the earth subsided due to the earthquake 9 In the Bituut valley a large landslide was triggered 20 See also edit nbsp Asia portal nbsp Earth sciences portalList of earthquakes in 1957Notes edit M 7 3 4 8 1 Mw 7 78 7 95 2 3 Mw 8 1 4 Ms 8 0 5 Ms 8 3 6 Ms 8 5 7 kyr thousand yearsReferences edit a b Ben Menahem amp Toksoz 1962 p 1943 Rizza et al 2011 p 918 Molnar amp Qidong 1984 p 6210 M 8 1 153 km SW of Bayanhongor Mongolia United States Geological Survey United States Geological Survey Retrieved January 10 2023 Okal 1976 Kanamori 1977 a b c d Aptikaev amp Erteleva 2019 Vergnolle Pollitz amp Calais 2003 a b c d e Rothe 1969 Bath 1973 Rizza et al 2011 p 898 a b c d e f Rizza et al 2011 a b c d Molnar amp Qidong 1984 a b c d e Ritz et al 2003 a b c d Baljinnyam et al 1993 Chery Carretier amp Ritz 2001 Pollitz Vergnolle amp Calais 2003 a b c Chen amp Molnar 1977 Ben Menahem 1977 a b Kurushin et al 1998 a b Summary of the earthquake United States Geological Survey United States Geological Survey Archived from the original on June 26 2015 Retrieved June 25 2015 Sources Aptikaev F F Erteleva O O June 7 2019 Standing Waves in Epicentral Areas of Earthquakes Seismic Instruments 55 3 235 243 Bibcode 2019SeisI 55 235A doi 10 3103 S0747923919030010 S2CID 195175708 Retrieved October 23 2022 Baljinnyam I Bayasgalan A Borisov B A Cisternas Armando Dem yanovich M G Ganbaatar L Kochetkov V M Kurushin R A Molnar Peter Philip Herve Vashchilov Yu Ya January 1 1993 Ruptures of Major Earthquakes and Active Deformation in Mongolia and Its Surroundings Geological Society of America Geological Society of America Memoirs 181 1 60 doi 10 1130 MEM181 p1 ISBN 0 8137 1181 9 Retrieved November 10 2022 Bath Markus 1973 Introduction to Seismology the University of Michigan Wiley ISBN 9780470056608 Ben Menahem Ari December 1977 Renormalization of the magnitude scale Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 15 4 315 340 Bibcode 1977PEPI 15 315B doi 10 1016 0031 9201 77 90095 4 Retrieved November 10 2022 Ben Menahem Ari Toksoz M Nafi May 1962 Source mechanism from spectra of long period seismic surface waves 1 The Mongolian earthquake of December 4 1957 Journal of Geophysical Research 67 5 1943 1955 Bibcode 1962JGR 67 1943B doi 10 1029 JZ067i005p01943 Retrieved November 9 2022 Chen Wang Ping Molnar Peter July 10 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia Journal of Geophysical Research 82 20 2945 2969 Bibcode 1977JGR 82 2945C doi 10 1029 JB082i020p02945 Retrieved November 10 2022 Chery Jean Carretier Sebastian Ritz Jean Francois December 30 2001 Postseismic stress transfer explains time clustering of large earthquakes in Mongolia Earth and Planetary Science Letters 194 1 2 277 286 Bibcode 2001E amp PSL 194 277C doi 10 1016 S0012 821X 01 00552 0 Retrieved November 11 2022 Kanamori Hiroo July 10 1977 The energy release in great earthquakes Journal of Geophysical Research 82 20 2981 2987 Bibcode 1977JGR 82 2981K doi 10 1029 JB082i020p02981 Retrieved November 10 2022 Kurushin R A Bayasgalan A Olziybat M Enhtuvshin B Molnar Peter Bayarsayhan Ch Hudnut Kenneth W Lin Jian July 1 1998 The Surface Rupture of the 1957 Gobi Altay Mongolia Earthquake Geological Society of America doi 10 1130 SPE320 ISBN 9780813723204 Retrieved January 10 2023 Molnar Peter Qidong Denq July 10 1984 Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in central and eastern Asia Journal of Geophysical Research 89 B7 6203 6227 Bibcode 1984JGR 89 6203M doi 10 1029 JB089iB07p06203 Retrieved November 9 2022 Okal Emile A September 1976 A surface wave investigation of the rupture mechanism of the Gobi Altai December 4 1957 earthquake Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 12 4 319 328 Bibcode 1976PEPI 12 319O doi 10 1016 0031 9201 76 90027 3 hdl 2060 19760012553 Retrieved November 9 2022 Ritz Jean Francois Bourles D Brown E T Carretier Sebastian Chery Jean Entuvshin B Galsan P Finkel R C Hanks T C Kendrick K J Philip H Raisbeck G Schlupp A Schwartz D P Yiou F March 20 2003 Late Pleistocene to Holocene slip rates for the Gurvan Bulag thrust fault Gobi Altay Mongolia estimated with 10Be dates Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B3 2162 Bibcode 2003JGRB 108 2162R doi 10 1029 2001JB000553 Rizza M Ritz Jean Francois Braucher R Vassallo R Prentice C Mahan S McGill S Chauvet A Marco S Todbileg M Demberel S Bourles D September 3 2011 Slip rate and slip magnitudes of past earthquakes along the Bogd left lateral strike slip fault Mongolia Geophysical Journal International 186 3 897 927 Bibcode 2011GeoJI 186 897R doi 10 1111 j 1365 246X 2011 05075 x Rothe Jean Pierre 1969 The Seismicity of the earth 1953 1965 Paris France UNESCO Retrieved November 11 2022 Vergnolle Mathilde Pollitz Fred Calais Eric October 25 2003 Constraints on the viscosity of the continental crust and mantle from GPS measurements and postseismic deformation models in western Mongolia Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B10 2502 Bibcode 2003JGRB 108 2502V doi 10 1029 2002JB002374 Retrieved November 11 2022 Pollitz Fred Vergnolle Mathilde Calais Eric October 25 2003 Fault interaction and stress triggering of twentieth century earthquakes in Mongolia Journal of Geophysical Research 108 B10 2503 Bibcode 2003JGRB 108 2503P doi 10 1029 2002JB002375 External links editThe International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and or authoritative data for this event Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1957 Mongolia earthquake amp oldid 1187278686, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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