1901 Black Sea earthquake
The 1901 Black Sea earthquake (also known in Bulgaria as the Balchik earthquake)[5] was a 7.2 magnitude earthquake,[6] the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the Black Sea.[7] The earthquake epicenter was located in the east of Cape Kaliakra, 30 kilometres (19 mi) off northeast coast of Bulgaria.[8] The mainshock occurred at a depth of 15 km (9.3 mi) and generated a 4–5-metre (13–16 ft) high tsunami[9] that devastated the coastal areas of Romania and Bulgaria.[10][11] In Romania, the earthquake was felt not only throughout Northern Dobruja, but also in Oltenia and Muntenia, and even in southern Moldova.
| UTC time | 1901-03-31 07:12:24 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | n/a |
| USGS-ANSS | n/a |
| Local date | March 31, 1901[1][2] |
| Local time | 09:12:24 |
| Magnitude | 7.2 Mw |
| Depth | 14 km (9 mi) |
| Areas affected | Romania Bulgaria |
| Total damage | 1,200 houses destroyed[3] |
| Max. intensity | MMI X (Extreme)[4] |
| Tsunami | 4–5 m |
| Landslides | Yes |
| Aftershocks | 5 Mw (at 11:30 local time) |
| Casualties | uncertain |
The earthquake was followed by a large number of aftershocks, which continued until 1905; the strongest reached magnitudes of 5.5–6.0 on the Richter scale and were also felt in southern Romania, including Bucharest. After 1905, Pontic seismic activity began to subside, although weak and moderate earthquakes were also reported in subsequent years.
Such events are rare in the Black Sea. In the last 200 years, in the Black Sea region 24 tsunamis occurred, of which two were in the territory of Dobruja. The earliest recorded tsunami in Romania dates from 104, when the city of Callatis, current Mangalia, was badly affected.[12]
Background edit
The off-shore region of Southern Dobruja, especially the epicentral area located in the south of Mangalia, including the Bulgarian off-shore of the Black Sea, has been emphasized over the years, by earthquakes which in certain cases have been violent, reaching magnitudes of 7–7.5 on Richter scale. These are also crustal earthquakes, of low depth (5–30 kilometres (3.1–18.6 mi)), with severe effects on the epicentral area. Sometimes, in case of earthquakes with underwater focus (as those located in the east of Shabla Cape), tsunami waves were generated, like in 1901.
Research studies carried out by experts have shown that Pontic earthquakes with destructive behaviour, comparable to that in 1901, repeat at mean periods of 300–500 years. One of the earliest occurred in the 1st century BC at Kavarna.[13] In AD 853, a tsunami at Varna swept 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) inland over flat coastal plain and travelled 30 kilometres (19 mi) up a river.[14] The Black Sea is considered one of the most violent seas due to its seismic activity.[10]
Impact edit
Felt area edit
The shock was felt throughout Bulgaria, southeast Romania, eastern Serbia and northwest Anatolia, causing great panic in Istanbul and on the Asiatic coast of the Bosphorus and the Marmara. Long period effects lasting about a minute were reported from the Danube valley, from Szeged in Hungary, and from Odessa. The shock was perceptible in Thessaloniki in Macedonia, in Dorohoi in Romania, and throughout the province of Sivas.[15]
Damage edit
The earthquake had devastating consequences in the coastal area of southern Mangalia, many villages being ruined (maximum intensity of X on the Mercalli intensity scale); likewise, the earthquake generated a 4–5 metres (13–16 ft) high tsunami wave and there occurred bank dislocations and other local geomorphological phenomena.[16] Maximum damage was sustained by a small number of villages situated on the alluvial lowlands along the coast between Balchik, Kavarna, Durankulak and Limanu. Slumping of the coast destroyed many landing-places and coastal settlements including the lighthouse at Kaliakra. Largescale landslides along the coast continued to develop for almost two weeks after the earthquake, disrupting communications and causing additional damage.[17] In Bucharest, the seismic intensity was V–VI degrees on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing panic among the population and light damage to buildings.
The Bulgarian province of Dobrich was also severely hit by tsunami. In several localities, including Balchik, homes were rushed by waters.[18] In the village of Momchil, a large landslide buried people's homes on an area of about 30 hectares (74 acres).[19]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Mihaela Dicu (January 21, 2014). "Cutremurele din România (partea I)". Astrele (in Romanian).
- ^ "Romania CAR" (PDF). ESnet.
- ^ "Marinegeohazard project – Key core elements of the early warning system in the Black Sea" (PDF). University of Mining and Geology "St. Ivan Rilski". 2011.
- ^ Karnik, V. (1969). Seismicity of the European Area. Dordrecht: D. Riedel Publishing Co. p. 364.
- ^ Matova, Margarita (July 20, 2000). "Recent geological activity along the northeastern Bnlgarian Black Sea coast". Geological Quarterly.
- ^ , Lithuanian Geological Survey
- ^ "S-a cutremurat Marea Neagră" May 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Jurnalul.ro, August 5, 2009
- ^ Valentin Dimitriu (August 5, 2009). "Cutremure în Marea Neagră: pericol de tsunami?". Ziare.com (in Romanian).
- ^ Altinok, Yildiz (1999). Tsunamis along the coasts of the Black Sea (PDF). Istanbul: Second Balkan Geophysical Congress and Exhibition. pp. 46–47.
- ^ a b Darius Martinescu (November 27, 2008). "Tsunami în Marea Neagră". România Liberă (in Romanian).
- ^ Ranguelov, B.; Gospodinov, D. (1994). Seismic activity after the earthquake of 31 March, 1901 in the Shabla-Kaliakra zone. Bulgarian Geophysical Journal. pp. 44–49.
- ^ Antoaneta Etves (September 8, 2005). "Tsunami de Marea Neagră". 9AM (in Romanian).
- ^ Bryant, Edward (December 12, 2007). Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 15. ISBN 978-3540742739.
- ^ "Seismic risk in Romania"[permanent dead link], Bauhaus-University Weimar
- ^ Ambraseys, N. N.; Adams, R. D. (1987). Seismicity of Turkey and neighbouring regions, 1899–1915. Paris: Annales Geophysicae. pp. 701–726.
- ^ "Cutremure și tsunami în Constanța", Ziua de Constanța, May 1, 2009
- ^ "Significant Earthquake". National Centers for Environmental Information.
- ^ "Tsunami hazard in the Black Sea and the Azov Sea: a new tsunami catalogue", Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
- ^ Margottini, Claudio; Canuti, Paolo; Gassa, Kyoji (2013). Landslide Science and Practice – Volume 7: Social and Economic Impact and Policies. Springer. p. 188. ISBN 978-3-642-31313-4.