The 1896 Sanriku earthquake (明治三陸地震, Meiji Sanriku Jishin) was one of the most destructive seismic events in Japanese history.[3] The 8.5 magnitude earthquake occurred at 19:32 (local time) on June 15, 1896, approximately 166 kilometres (103 mi) off the coast of Iwate Prefecture, Honshu. It resulted in two tsunami waves which destroyed about 9,000 homes and caused at least 22,000 deaths.[4] The waves reached a then-record height of 38.2 metres (125 ft); this would remain the highest on record until waves from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake exceeded that height by more than 2 metres (6 ft 7 in).[5]
From the tsunami records the estimated tsunami's magnitude is (Mt = 8.2),[6] much greater than expected for the seismic magnitude estimated from the observed seismic intensity (Ms=7.2).[2] This earthquake is now regarded as being part of a distinct class of seismic events, the tsunami earthquake.[7]
The unusual disparity between the magnitude of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami may be due to a combination of factors:[2]
the tsunami was caused by a slope failure triggered by the earthquake
the rupture velocity was unusually low
Scientists believe the effect of subducted sediment beneath the accretionary wedge was responsible for a slow rupture velocity. The effects of a 20° dipping fault along the top of the subducting plate was found to match both the observed seismic response and tsunami, but required a displacement of 10.4 m.[2] The displacement was reduced to a more reasonable value after the extra uplift caused by the deformation of sediments in the wedge and a shallower fault dip of 10° was considered. This revised fault model gave a magnitude of Mw =8.0–8.1. A figure much closer to the estimated actual tsunami magnitude.[8] A magnitude of 8.5 on the moment magnitude scale has also been estimated for this event.[1]
Tsunamiedit
On the evening of June 15, 1896, communities along the Sanriku coast in northern Japan were celebrating a Shinto holiday and the return of soldiers from the First Sino-Japanese War. After a small earthquake, there was little concern because it was so weak and many small tremors had also been felt in the previous few months. However, 35 minutes later the first tsunami wave struck the coast, followed by a second a few minutes later.[3][9] The damage was particularly severe because the tsunamis coincided with high tides. Most deaths occurred in Iwate and Miyagi although casualties were also recorded from Aomori and Hokkaido.
The power of the tsunami was great: large numbers of victims were found with broken bodies or missing limbs.[3] As was their normal practise each evening, the local fishing fleets were all at sea when the tsunamis struck. In the deepwater, the wave went unnoticed. Only when they returned the next morning did they discover the debris and bodies.[10]
Wave heights of up to 9 meters (30 ft) were also measured in Hawaii. They destroyed wharves and swept several houses away.[4][11]
The word tsunami (from tsu "harbor" and nami "waves") was coined due to this disaster.[12]
Legacyedit
Preventive coastal measures were not implemented until after another tsunami struck in 1933. Due to higher levels of tsunami awareness, fewer casualties were recorded following the 1933 Sanriku earthquake.[3] Nevertheless, the earthquake of 11 March 2011 caused a huge tsunami that resulted in thousands of deaths across the same region and the nuclear disaster at Fukushima.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake.
^ abNishimura, T.; Miura S.; Tachibana K.; Hashimoto K.; Sato T.; Hori S.; Murakami E.; Kono T.; Nid K.; Mishina M.; Hirasawa T. & Miyazaki S. (2000). "Distribution of seismic coupling on the subducting plate boundary in northeastern Japan inferred from GPS observations". Tectonophysics. 323 (3–4): 217–238. Bibcode:2000Tectp.323..217N. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00108-6.
^ abcdeTanioka, Yuichiro; Sataka K. (1996). . Geophysical Research Letters. 23 (3): 1549–1552. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23.1549T. doi:10.1029/96GL01479. hdl:2027.42/95213. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
^ abcdeNakao, Masayuki. . Archived from the original on 2008-12-23. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
^ abUSGS. "Today in Earthquake History: June 15". Retrieved 2009-10-18.
^. .nhk.or.jp. 13 August 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
^Abe, K. (1981). "Physical size of tsunamigenic earthquakes of the northwestern Pacific". Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 27 (3): 194–205. Bibcode:1981PEPI...27..194A. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90016-9.
^Kanamori, H. (1972). (PDF). Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 6 (5): 346–359. Bibcode:1972PEPI....6..346K. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(72)90058-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-14.
^Tanioka, Y.; Seno T. (2001). (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 28 (17): 3389–3392. Bibcode:2001GeoRL..28.3389T. doi:10.1029/2001GL013149. S2CID 56014660. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
^Corkill, Edan, "Heights of survival", Japan Times, 12 June 2011, pp. 9–10.
^Kusky, Timothy M. (2003). Geological hazards: a sourcebook. Greenwood Press. p. 312. ISBN978-1-57356-469-4.
^Hatori, Tokutaro (1963). (PDF). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute. 41: 49–59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-06.
^Harper, Douglas. "tsunami (n.)". The Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
January 01, 1970
1896, sanriku, earthquake, confused, with, 1896, rikuu, earthquake, 明治三陸地震, meiji, sanriku, jishin, most, destructive, seismic, events, japanese, history, magnitude, earthquake, occurred, local, time, june, 1896, approximately, kilometres, coast, iwate, prefec. Not to be confused with 1896 Rikuu earthquake The 1896 Sanriku earthquake 明治三陸地震 Meiji Sanriku Jishin was one of the most destructive seismic events in Japanese history 3 The 8 5 magnitude earthquake occurred at 19 32 local time on June 15 1896 approximately 166 kilometres 103 mi off the coast of Iwate Prefecture Honshu It resulted in two tsunami waves which destroyed about 9 000 homes and caused at least 22 000 deaths 4 The waves reached a then record height of 38 2 metres 125 ft this would remain the highest on record until waves from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake exceeded that height by more than 2 metres 6 ft 7 in 5 1896 Sanriku earthquakeDevastation caused by the tsunami at Sanriku Local dateJune 15 1896 1896 06 15 Local time19 32 30 JST UTC 09 00 Magnitude8 5 Mw 7 2 Ms 1 2 DepthShallowEpicenter39 30 N 144 00 E 39 5 N 144 0 E 39 5 144 0TypeMegathrustAreas affectedEmpire of Japan United StatesTotal damageTsunamiTsunamiUp to 38 2 m 125 ft in Ryori Kesen Iwate TōhokuCasualties22 066 people dead or missing 3 From the tsunami records the estimated tsunami s magnitude is Mt 8 2 6 much greater than expected for the seismic magnitude estimated from the observed seismic intensity Ms 7 2 2 This earthquake is now regarded as being part of a distinct class of seismic events the tsunami earthquake 7 Contents 1 Geology 1 1 Magnitude 2 Tsunami 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 ReferencesGeology edit nbsp Houses heavily damaged by the earthquake The epicenter lies just to the west of the Japan Trench the surface expression of the west dipping subduction zone The trench forms part of the convergent boundary between the Pacific and Eurasian plates 2 Magnitude edit The unusual disparity between the magnitude of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami may be due to a combination of factors 2 the tsunami was caused by a slope failure triggered by the earthquake the rupture velocity was unusually low Scientists believe the effect of subducted sediment beneath the accretionary wedge was responsible for a slow rupture velocity The effects of a 20 dipping fault along the top of the subducting plate was found to match both the observed seismic response and tsunami but required a displacement of 10 4 m 2 The displacement was reduced to a more reasonable value after the extra uplift caused by the deformation of sediments in the wedge and a shallower fault dip of 10 was considered This revised fault model gave a magnitude of Mw 8 0 8 1 A figure much closer to the estimated actual tsunami magnitude 8 A magnitude of 8 5 on the moment magnitude scale has also been estimated for this event 1 Tsunami editOn the evening of June 15 1896 communities along the Sanriku coast in northern Japan were celebrating a Shinto holiday and the return of soldiers from the First Sino Japanese War After a small earthquake there was little concern because it was so weak and many small tremors had also been felt in the previous few months However 35 minutes later the first tsunami wave struck the coast followed by a second a few minutes later 3 9 The damage was particularly severe because the tsunamis coincided with high tides Most deaths occurred in Iwate and Miyagi although casualties were also recorded from Aomori and Hokkaido The power of the tsunami was great large numbers of victims were found with broken bodies or missing limbs 3 As was their normal practise each evening the local fishing fleets were all at sea when the tsunamis struck In the deepwater the wave went unnoticed Only when they returned the next morning did they discover the debris and bodies 10 Wave heights of up to 9 meters 30 ft were also measured in Hawaii They destroyed wharves and swept several houses away 4 11 The word tsunami from tsu harbor and nami waves was coined due to this disaster 12 Legacy editPreventive coastal measures were not implemented until after another tsunami struck in 1933 Due to higher levels of tsunami awareness fewer casualties were recorded following the 1933 Sanriku earthquake 3 Nevertheless the earthquake of 11 March 2011 caused a huge tsunami that resulted in thousands of deaths across the same region and the nuclear disaster at Fukushima See also edit869 Sanriku earthquake 1933 Sanriku earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami List of earthquakes in Japan List of historical earthquakes Seismicity of the Sanriku coastReferences edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1896 Meiji Sanriku earthquake a b Nishimura T Miura S Tachibana K Hashimoto K Sato T Hori S Murakami E Kono T Nid K Mishina M Hirasawa T amp Miyazaki S 2000 Distribution of seismic coupling on the subducting plate boundary in northeastern Japan inferred from GPS observations Tectonophysics 323 3 4 217 238 Bibcode 2000Tectp 323 217N doi 10 1016 S0040 1951 00 00108 6 a b c d e Tanioka Yuichiro Sataka K 1996 Fault parameters of the 1896 Sanriku Tsunami Earthquake estimated from Tsunami Numerical Modeling Geophysical Research Letters 23 3 1549 1552 Bibcode 1996GeoRL 23 1549T doi 10 1029 96GL01479 hdl 2027 42 95213 Archived from the original on 2011 05 31 Retrieved 2009 10 19 a b c d e Nakao Masayuki The Great Meiji Sanriku Tsunami June 15 1896 at the Sanriku coast of the Tohoku region Archived from the original on 2008 12 23 Retrieved 2009 10 18 a b USGS Today in Earthquake History June 15 Retrieved 2009 10 18 March 11th tsunami a record 40 5 metres high NHK nhk or jp 13 August 2011 Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 Retrieved 15 June 2018 Abe K 1981 Physical size of tsunamigenic earthquakes of the northwestern Pacific Phys Earth Planet Inter 27 3 194 205 Bibcode 1981PEPI 27 194A doi 10 1016 0031 9201 81 90016 9 Kanamori H 1972 Mechanism of tsunami earthquakes PDF Phys Earth Planet Inter 6 5 346 359 Bibcode 1972PEPI 6 346K doi 10 1016 0031 9201 72 90058 1 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 06 14 Tanioka Y Seno T 2001 Sediment effect on tsunami generation of the 1896 Sanriku tsunami earthquake PDF Geophysical Research Letters 28 17 3389 3392 Bibcode 2001GeoRL 28 3389T doi 10 1029 2001GL013149 S2CID 56014660 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2009 10 19 Corkill Edan Heights of survival Japan Times 12 June 2011 pp 9 10 Kusky Timothy M 2003 Geological hazards a sourcebook Greenwood Press p 312 ISBN 978 1 57356 469 4 Hatori Tokutaro 1963 On the Tsunamis along the Island of Hawaii PDF Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute 41 49 59 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 10 06 Harper Douglas tsunami n The Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved 4 March 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1896 Sanriku earthquake amp oldid 1221673286, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
