Leon Warnerke (26 May 1837 – 7 October 1900) was a Polish civil engineer and inventor in the field of photography, independence activist, revolutionary and successful forger. Leon Warnerke was a pseudonym; his real name was Władysław Małachowski.
Władysław Małachowski's dates and places of birth and death are unconfirmed. He graduated from the Institute of Communication Engineers in St. Petersburg in 1859, then worked in Vilnius on the construction of the Petersburg-Warsaw Railway. In 1863 he joined the January Uprising and then became a member of the National Government in Vilnius. After the collapse of the uprising, the police, on the orders of general M. Murawjow, issued an arrest warrant for Małachowski with a reward of 10 thousand zlotys, as a result of which he was forced to flee the country. He escaped with his wife on board an English ship to Great Britain, carrying a false passport in the name of Warnerke. Around 1870, he settled with his wife and daughter in London, and under a changed name - Leon Warnerke, began research and design in the field of photography.[1] He lived in both London and St Petersburg, establishing a factory, the "Photographic Laboratory Varnerke and Co.", St. Petersburg, at 31 Voznesensky Ave.,[2] which manufactured his photographic materials.[3]
Inventor
Roll film
Wernerke's 1875 Roll-film camera
Warnerke is credited in 1875 with discovering the tanning effect of pyrogallic acid when used in the development of collodion, and an improvement of "dry" collodion emulsion, which he poured on a paper substrate in the form of a film layer.[4] He covered the smooth tissue paper successively with several layers of pure collodion and a solution of gum arabic, which through the formed a base for a photosensitive collodion or gelatin emulsion thick enough to be easily separated from the paper and permanently transferred to a moistened glass plate. The negative thus obtained could be used to make a positive, just like a glass negative.[5] This photosensitive material was produced by Warnerke's own company in sheets and rolls, from which rolls were cut into 100 photos for a single loading. Though, Warnerke achieved satisfactory results, the high production costs mitigated against greater than moderate commercial success.[6]
In 1875, Warnerke constructed a camera equipped with a special cassette for the film he produced in loads of 100 photos. A monorail bellows camera, it was one of the first cameras in the world that permitted taking such a large number of photos on a single load. Warnerke's construction was 9 years ahead of the 1884 invention of roll film by George W. Eastman and Fr. Hannibal Goodwin. Warnerke's camera had a small window of orange glass in the rear wall through which could be read the number of the negative's frame and position each precisely as the film was wound through; a device commonly used in later, modern cameras.
In 1881, Warnerke constructed another model of a photographic film camera, this time reduced to 40 negatives. The film used in this model was perforated with small holes at intervals of one shot. Because the sensitive gelatin emulsion had no paper backing, the orange window had to be replaced in this model with a tiny alarm bell triggered by an electrical contact being made through the perforations, which sounded after each frame moved to the appropriate point for taking a photo. The battery was inside the film roll. Warnerke's idea was later used by Eastman's company.
Sensitometry
Warnerke's achievements include the sensitometer,[7] the first effective means of measuring plate speed, developed in 1880, which in the following year was recognized as a standard by a special commission and became the basis for standardisation in the field of photosensitive materials.[8] A reliable speed rating number for a given emulsion could be calculated against the known sensitivity of a collodion plate.[3] Warnerke's sensitometer was equipped with an energised phosphorescent block of calcium sulphide for his exposing source through a glass plate with 25 square fields of increasing density, so that the light absorption coefficient increased twice every three degrees, similar to the scale of the modern DIN system. Sensitivity in Warnerke degrees was a measure used in England almost until the end of the 19th century, but abandoned by 1920.
From 1889 Warnerke manufactured silver chloride gelatin papers for photographic printing.[3]
Networking
Apart from his inventive and entrepreneurial activity, Warnerke maintained contacts with other designers and inventors in the field of photography,[8] as well as with photographic organizations and societies in various European countries. It was thanks to Warnerke that the photographic community in London had the opportunity to learn about the latest achievements on the continent, such as the latest achievements of the Lumière brothers in the field of colour photography,[9] or the Gabriel Lippmann interference method.[10]
Forger
Warnerke was a successful forger of several eastern European currencies, Russian roubles in particular, for which he was charged in Marseilles, though not convicted.[11][12] His supposed death in 1900 at the age of 63 he may also have faked to avoid arrest.
Legacy
The preserved collections and valuable instruments of Warnerke, in the possession of the inventor's daughter, were incinerated during World War II in the bombing of London by the Luftwaffe.
^Romer, Witold (1966). "Wladyslaw Malachowski-Leon, Warnerke, polski wynalazca w dziedzinie fotografii". Kwartalnik Historii Nauki I Techniki. XI (1–2): 55–70.
^"PHOTOHISTORY - Г.Абрамов, "Этапы развития отечественного фотоаппаратостроения"". photohistory.ru. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
^ abcdR., Peres, Michael (2008). The concise Focal encyclopedia of photography from the first photo on paper to the digital revolution. Focal Press/Elsevier. ISBN978-1-136-10181-6. OCLC 1162063001.
^Warnerke, Leon (July 1875). "A new method of using paper in place of glass for negatives in dry-plate photography". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 100 (1): 67–72. doi:10.1016/S0016-0032(75)90609-2.
^Warnerke, Leon (20 November 1885). "Proceedings of the Society. Applied Chemistry & Physics Section. Thursday, March tith, 1886; Capt. W. DE W. ABNEY, F.R.S., in the chair. The paper read was 'Films and paper as substitutes for glass in photography' by Leon Warneke". Journal of the Society of Arts. London. 34: 471.
^ abHannavy, John (2008). Encyclopedia of nineteenth-century photography. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-97235-2. OCLC 123968757.
^Warnerke, Leon (1881). "On Sensitometers". British Journal of Photography. 28 (1881): 96–97, 108–109.
^ abEder, J.M. (1945). "LXIII. Calculation of Exposure, Determination of Photographic Speeds, Sensitometry, and the Laws Governing Density". History of Photography. Columbia University Press: 449–457. doi:10.7312/eder91430-066. ISBN9780231883702.
^Warnerke, Leon (1894). Photographs in natural colors, by the process of L. Lumière. Smithsonian Inst. OCLC 1026642840.
^Warnerke, Leon (March 1979). "The Scientific and Technical Group of The Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain". The Journal of Photographic Science. 27 (2): 72. doi:10.1080/00223638.1979.11738015. ISSN 0022-3638.
^Johnson, Peter (12 September 1991). "Builder cashes in on faked roubles". The Times.
^Лобов, Андрей Вадимович (17 October 2019). "Образ российского фальшивомонетчика в царской России и за рубежом (1861–1917)" (PDF). Общество: философия, история, культура (10): 68–74. doi:10.24158/fik.2019.10.10. S2CID 213167631.
^Royal Photographic Society. Progress medal. Web-page listing people, who have received this medal since 1878 (. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2013.): "Instituted in 1878, this medal is awarded in recognition of any invention, research, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense. This award also carries with it an Honorary Fellowship of The Society. […] 1882 Leon Warnerke […]"
External links
Leyshon, William E. 1984-2001. "Photographs from the 19th Century: A Process Identification Guide" (PDF). Retrieved 10 April 2006.
March 03, 2023
leon, warnerke, 1837, october, 1900, polish, civil, engineer, inventor, field, photography, independence, activist, revolutionary, successful, forger, pseudonym, real, name, władysław, małachowski, contents, early, career, inventor, roll, film, sensitometry, n. Leon Warnerke 26 May 1837 7 October 1900 was a Polish civil engineer and inventor in the field of photography independence activist revolutionary and successful forger Leon Warnerke was a pseudonym his real name was Wladyslaw Malachowski Contents 1 Early career 2 Inventor 2 1 Roll film 2 2 Sensitometry 3 Networking 4 Forger 5 Legacy 6 Awards 7 References 8 External linksEarly career Edit Uladzislaŭ Malachoŭski Leon Warnerze in 1850 Wladyslaw Malachowski s dates and places of birth and death are unconfirmed He graduated from the Institute of Communication Engineers in St Petersburg in 1859 then worked in Vilnius on the construction of the Petersburg Warsaw Railway In 1863 he joined the January Uprising and then became a member of the National Government in Vilnius After the collapse of the uprising the police on the orders of general M Murawjow issued an arrest warrant for Malachowski with a reward of 10 thousand zlotys as a result of which he was forced to flee the country He escaped with his wife on board an English ship to Great Britain carrying a false passport in the name of Warnerke Around 1870 he settled with his wife and daughter in London and under a changed name Leon Warnerke began research and design in the field of photography 1 He lived in both London and St Petersburg establishing a factory the Photographic Laboratory Varnerke and Co St Petersburg at 31 Voznesensky Ave 2 which manufactured his photographic materials 3 Inventor EditRoll film Edit Wernerke s 1875 Roll film camera Warnerke is credited in 1875 with discovering the tanning effect of pyrogallic acid when used in the development of collodion and an improvement of dry collodion emulsion which he poured on a paper substrate in the form of a film layer 4 He covered the smooth tissue paper successively with several layers of pure collodion and a solution of gum arabic which through the formed a base for a photosensitive collodion or gelatin emulsion thick enough to be easily separated from the paper and permanently transferred to a moistened glass plate The negative thus obtained could be used to make a positive just like a glass negative 5 This photosensitive material was produced by Warnerke s own company in sheets and rolls from which rolls were cut into 100 photos for a single loading Though Warnerke achieved satisfactory results the high production costs mitigated against greater than moderate commercial success 6 In 1875 Warnerke constructed a camera equipped with a special cassette for the film he produced in loads of 100 photos A monorail bellows camera it was one of the first cameras in the world that permitted taking such a large number of photos on a single load Warnerke s construction was 9 years ahead of the 1884 invention of roll film by George W Eastman and Fr Hannibal Goodwin Warnerke s camera had a small window of orange glass in the rear wall through which could be read the number of the negative s frame and position each precisely as the film was wound through a device commonly used in later modern cameras In 1881 Warnerke constructed another model of a photographic film camera this time reduced to 40 negatives The film used in this model was perforated with small holes at intervals of one shot Because the sensitive gelatin emulsion had no paper backing the orange window had to be replaced in this model with a tiny alarm bell triggered by an electrical contact being made through the perforations which sounded after each frame moved to the appropriate point for taking a photo The battery was inside the film roll Warnerke s idea was later used by Eastman s company Sensitometry Edit Warnerke s achievements include the sensitometer 7 the first effective means of measuring plate speed developed in 1880 which in the following year was recognized as a standard by a special commission and became the basis for standardisation in the field of photosensitive materials 8 A reliable speed rating number for a given emulsion could be calculated against the known sensitivity of a collodion plate 3 Warnerke s sensitometer was equipped with an energised phosphorescent block of calcium sulphide for his exposing source through a glass plate with 25 square fields of increasing density so that the light absorption coefficient increased twice every three degrees similar to the scale of the modern DIN system Sensitivity in Warnerke degrees was a measure used in England almost until the end of the 19th century but abandoned by 1920 From 1889 Warnerke manufactured silver chloride gelatin papers for photographic printing 3 Networking EditApart from his inventive and entrepreneurial activity Warnerke maintained contacts with other designers and inventors in the field of photography 8 as well as with photographic organizations and societies in various European countries It was thanks to Warnerke that the photographic community in London had the opportunity to learn about the latest achievements on the continent such as the latest achievements of the Lumiere brothers in the field of colour photography 9 or the Gabriel Lippmann interference method 10 Forger EditWarnerke was a successful forger of several eastern European currencies Russian roubles in particular for which he was charged in Marseilles though not convicted 11 12 His supposed death in 1900 at the age of 63 he may also have faked to avoid arrest Legacy EditThe preserved collections and valuable instruments of Warnerke in the possession of the inventor s daughter were incinerated during World War II in the bombing of London by the Luftwaffe Awards EditMalachowski was awarded the Progress Medal of the Photographic Society of Great Britain known as Royal Photographic Society today in 1882 13 6 3 References Edit Romer Witold 1966 Wladyslaw Malachowski Leon Warnerke polski wynalazca w dziedzinie fotografii Kwartalnik Historii Nauki I Techniki XI 1 2 55 70 PHOTOHISTORY G Abramov Etapy razvitiya otechestvennogo fotoapparatostroeniya photohistory ru Retrieved 23 August 2022 a b c d R Peres Michael 2008 The concise Focal encyclopedia of photography from the first photo on paper to the digital revolution Focal Press Elsevier ISBN 978 1 136 10181 6 OCLC 1162063001 Warnerke Leon July 1875 A new method of using paper in place of glass for negatives in dry plate photography Journal of the Franklin Institute 100 1 67 72 doi 10 1016 S0016 0032 75 90609 2 Warnerke Leon 20 November 1885 Proceedings of the Society Applied Chemistry amp Physics Section Thursday March tith 1886 Capt W DE W ABNEY F R S in the chair The paper read was Films and paper as substitutes for glass in photography by Leon Warneke Journal of the Society of Arts London 34 471 a b Hannavy John 2008 Encyclopedia of nineteenth century photography London Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 97235 2 OCLC 123968757 Warnerke Leon 1881 On Sensitometers British Journal of Photography 28 1881 96 97 108 109 a b Eder J M 1945 LXIII Calculation of Exposure Determination of Photographic Speeds Sensitometry and the Laws Governing Density History of Photography Columbia University Press 449 457 doi 10 7312 eder91430 066 ISBN 9780231883702 Warnerke Leon 1894 Photographs in natural colors by the process of L Lumiere Smithsonian Inst OCLC 1026642840 Warnerke Leon March 1979 The Scientific and Technical Group of The Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain The Journal of Photographic Science 27 2 72 doi 10 1080 00223638 1979 11738015 ISSN 0022 3638 Johnson Peter 12 September 1991 Builder cashes in on faked roubles The Times Lobov Andrej Vadimovich 17 October 2019 Obraz rossijskogo falshivomonetchika v carskoj Rossii i za rubezhom 1861 1917 PDF Obshestvo filosofiya istoriya kultura 10 68 74 doi 10 24158 fik 2019 10 10 S2CID 213167631 Royal Photographic Society Progress medal Web page listing people who have received this medal since 1878 Progress Medal the Royal Photographic Society Archived from the original on 22 August 2012 Retrieved 19 April 2013 Instituted in 1878 this medal is awarded in recognition of any invention research publication or other contribution which has resulted in an important advance in the scientific or technological development of photography or imaging in the widest sense This award also carries with it an Honorary Fellowship of The Society 1882 Leon Warnerke External links EditLeyshon William E 1984 2001 Photographs from the 19th Century A Process Identification Guide PDF Retrieved 10 April 2006 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Leon Warnerke amp oldid 1113011059, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
