Blue stain fungi (also known as sap stain fungi) is a vague term including various fungi that cause dark staining in sapwood.[1] The staining is most often blue, but could also be grey or black. Because the grouping is based solely on symptomatics, it is not a monophyletic grouping.
Depending on the author, the group can include between 100–250 species of ascomycetes and so-called deuteromycetes. They are usually divided into three different groups:[1]
Importance of the symbiotic relationship between blue stain fungi and bark beetles.
Symbiotic association between bark beetles and species of blue stain fungi is a well-known and studied phenomenon in the forestry pathology. Some bark beetle species like Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) feed on phloem layer just underneath the bark of a lodgepole pines when they are developing from larval to adult stage. Mountain Pine Beetle carry the spores of at least 2 known blue stain fungi species, Ophiostoma clavigerum and Ophiostoma montium.[2] These spores are carried on the exoskeleton of the beetles from one tree to another and aid the insects in overcoming defence mechanisms of different pine species. After the beetles initiate their attack and bore through the bark spores are released. These spores immediately start to multiply and block important conductive vessels within the tree tissues. The tree loses its ability to produce resin and to defend itself.[3]
Trade and pulp production problems associated with blue stain fungi
Developing spores of the blue stain fungi are a concern in packaging materials used for shipping from Canada to Australia. Potential of introducing invasive species of fungi.[4]
According to Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada the wood infected with the blue stain fungus have a high proportion of fines that are not suitable for pulp production. [5]
Economic importance
Spalting in beech
The major economic damage caused by the blue stain fungi is aesthetic because of the usually undesirable discoloration of wood. Some of the fungi have also been shown to have detrimental effects on the strength properties of infected wood.[6] Conversely, in some cases the staining is desirable in fine wood crafting applications where it is called spalting.
References
^ abSchmidt, Olaf (2006). Wood and Tree Fungi. Springer. p. 125. ISBN3-540-32138-1.
^Safranyik, Les (2006). The Mountain Pine Beetle A Synthesis of Biology, Management, and Impacts on Lodgepole Pine. Pacific Forestry Centre 506 West Burnside Road Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 1M5: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre Victoria, BC Canada. pp. 256, 257. ISBN0-662-42623-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^"Fungi: Not just a mushroom". Parks Canada. from the original on 2017-11-27.
^Howard, Christopher. "Approach to blue stain fungi on ISPM 15‐certified wood packaging in Australia" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-24.
^Safranyik, Les (2006). The Mountain Pine Beetle A Synthesis of Biology, Management, and Impacts on Lodgepole Pine. Pacific Forestry Centre 506 West Burnside Road Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 1M5: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre Victoria, BC Canada. pp. 256, 257. ISBN0-662-42623-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^Zabel, Robert (1992). Wood Microbiology. Decay and Its Prevention. Academic Press. p. 333-343. ISBN0-12-775210-2.
External links
Stem Decays and Stains
February 22, 2023
blue, stain, fungi, also, known, stain, fungi, vague, term, including, various, fungi, that, cause, dark, staining, sapwood, staining, most, often, blue, could, also, grey, black, because, grouping, based, solely, symptomatics, monophyletic, grouping, contents. Blue stain fungi also known as sap stain fungi is a vague term including various fungi that cause dark staining in sapwood 1 The staining is most often blue but could also be grey or black Because the grouping is based solely on symptomatics it is not a monophyletic grouping Contents 1 Included species 2 Economic importance 3 References 4 External linksIncluded species EditDepending on the author the group can include between 100 250 species of ascomycetes and so called deuteromycetes They are usually divided into three different groups 1 Ascomycete fungi from the genera Ceratocystis Ophiostoma Ceratocystiopsis Grosmannia These are usually transmitted between trees by bark beetles of the subfamily Scolytinae Several black yeasts including Hormonema dematioides Aureobasidium pullulans Rhinocladiella atrovirens and Phialophora species Several dark molds such as Alternaria alternata Cladosporium sphaerospermum and C cladosporioides Importance of the symbiotic relationship between blue stain fungi and bark beetles Symbiotic association between bark beetles and species of blue stain fungi is a well known and studied phenomenon in the forestry pathology Some bark beetle species like Mountain Pine Beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae feed on phloem layer just underneath the bark of a lodgepole pines when they are developing from larval to adult stage Mountain Pine Beetle carry the spores of at least 2 known blue stain fungi species Ophiostoma clavigerum and Ophiostoma montium 2 These spores are carried on the exoskeleton of the beetles from one tree to another and aid the insects in overcoming defence mechanisms of different pine species After the beetles initiate their attack and bore through the bark spores are released These spores immediately start to multiply and block important conductive vessels within the tree tissues The tree loses its ability to produce resin and to defend itself 3 Trade and pulp production problems associated with blue stain fungiDeveloping spores of the blue stain fungi are a concern in packaging materials used for shipping from Canada to Australia Potential of introducing invasive species of fungi 4 According to Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada the wood infected with the blue stain fungus have a high proportion of fines that are not suitable for pulp production 5 Economic importance Edit Spalting in beech The major economic damage caused by the blue stain fungi is aesthetic because of the usually undesirable discoloration of wood Some of the fungi have also been shown to have detrimental effects on the strength properties of infected wood 6 Conversely in some cases the staining is desirable in fine wood crafting applications where it is called spalting References Edit a b Schmidt Olaf 2006 Wood and Tree Fungi Springer p 125 ISBN 3 540 32138 1 Safranyik Les 2006 The Mountain Pine Beetle A Synthesis of Biology Management and Impacts on Lodgepole Pine Pacific Forestry Centre 506 West Burnside Road Victoria British Columbia V8Z 1M5 Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre Victoria BC Canada pp 256 257 ISBN 0 662 42623 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Fungi Not just a mushroom Parks Canada Archived from the original on 2017 11 27 Howard Christopher Approach to blue stain fungi on ISPM 15 certified wood packaging in Australia PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2021 04 24 Safranyik Les 2006 The Mountain Pine Beetle A Synthesis of Biology Management and Impacts on Lodgepole Pine Pacific Forestry Centre 506 West Burnside Road Victoria British Columbia V8Z 1M5 Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre Victoria BC Canada pp 256 257 ISBN 0 662 42623 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location link Zabel Robert 1992 Wood Microbiology Decay and Its Prevention Academic Press p 333 343 ISBN 0 12 775210 2 External links EditStem Decays and Stains Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blue stain fungi amp oldid 1128699786, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
