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Bombing of Vienna in World War II
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The city of Vienna in Austria was bombed 52 times during World War II,[citation needed] and 37,000 houses of the city were lost,[citation needed] 20% of the entire city. Only 41 civilian vehicles survived the raids, and more than 3,000 bomb craters were counted.[citation needed]
| Bombing of Vienna | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of World War II | |||||
Vienna after the bombings | |||||
| |||||
| Belligerents | |||||
| United States Soviet Union United Kingdom | Germany | ||||
History
After a lone Soviet air raid conducted on 4 September 1942,[1] Vienna was reached by western Allied bombers in 1944, when the Allied invasion of Italy allowed them to establish an air base at Foggia. Following the Normandy Invasion the greater part of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) was transferred to the West.[citation needed] Remaining Luftwaffe shot down one-tenth of 550 bombers in June 1944.[citation needed]
The air defences of Vienna were aided by a ring of anti-aircraft batteries set up around the city and three pairs of Flak towers. These were large anti-aircraft gun blockhouses built in the city. Due to the increasing lack of fuel, by autumn 1944, artillery on the ground was the only defence against air raids. It typically took some 5,000 small-calibre and 3,400 large-calibre shells to bring down one bomber. During the day, one out of 125 planes was shot down on average. During the night, this dropped to only one out of 145. However, roughly one-third of the bombers and escorts suffered heavy damage. Some Vienna factories were moved to bomb-proof sites such as caves (e.g. the Seegrotte near Hinterbrühl) or hidden in other ways. The military industry boosted its production,[specify] also by use of forced labour of concentration camp inmates and POWs. Bypasses for traffic junctions had been established before the bombings and traffic did not come to a halt until the very last days of the war.
By early 1945 Vienna had already faced 1,800 bombs.[citation needed] In February and March 1945, 80,000 tons of bombs were dropped by US and British aircraft, destroying more than 12,000 buildings, and 270,000 people were left homeless.[citation needed]
List of raids
| Date | Target/Topic | |
|---|---|---|
| September 4, 1942 | First air raid on Vienna during World War II | Petlyakov Pe-8 bombers flew a 3,200-kilometre (2,000 mi) round trip also reaching Budapest, Königsberg and Breslau[1] |
| March 17, 1944 | Floridsdorf | The first American air raid on Vienna targeted the Floridsdorf refinery and mined the Danube.[citation needed] |
| June 16, 1944 | Floridsdorf | B-17s bombed the Floridsdorf [sic] oil refinery[verification needed] On this date the 464 BG bombed an oil-blending plant at Vienna. |
| June 16, 1944 | Kagran | B-17s bombed the Kagran [sic][verification needed] oil refinery[3] |
| June 16, 1944 | Lobau | B-24s bombed the Lobau oil refinery. |
| June 16, 1944 | Schwechat | B-24s bombed the oil refinery at Schwechat in Vienna (Schwechat became a separate city in 1954). |
| June 16, 1944 | Winterhafen | B-24s bombed the Winterhafen oil depot. An underground storage installation was just west of Mainz.[1] |
| June 26, 1944 | Floridsdorf | The Floridsdorf oil refinery and marshalling yard were bombed. |
| June 26, 1944 | Korneuburg | The 461 BG bombed "a refinery in the open country near the small town of Korneuburg".[4] |
| June 26, 1944 | Lobau | |
| June 16, 1944 | Schwechat | The Heinkel firm's Heinkel-Süd Schwechat aircraft factory, and Schwechat oil refinery were bombed. |
| June 16, 1944 | Winterhafen | Winterhafen oil refinery bombed. |
| July 8, 1944 | Floridsdorf | The 464[2] 2009-03-16 at the Wayback Machine and 465th Bombardment Groups earned Distinguished Unit Citations.[5]: 48 |
| July 8, 1944 | Floridsdorf & Zwolfaxing | The 464 BG[6] and 465 BG earned Distinguished Unit Citations,[5] as the Heinkel-Süd plant in Floridsdorf was hit, destroying the third prototype of the He 177B four engined bomber, and possibly damaging the incomplete fourth prototype He 177B airframe.[7] |
| July 16, 1944 | [specify] | The 32 BS bombed a Vienna oil refinery. |
| August 21, 1944 | [specify] | The 484 BG received its second DUC for bombing an underground oil storage installation at Vienna.[3] 2009-03-16 at the Wayback Machine |
| August 22, 1944 | Korneuburg | B-24s bombed the oil refinery at Korneuburg. The 485 BG bombed the "Korneuburg [sic] Oil Storage". |
| August 22, 1944 | Lobau | B-24s bombed the oil refinery at Lobau. The 461 BG bombed the underground oil storage at the refinery. |
| August 23, 1944 | Vösendorf | 472 B-24s and B-17s supported by P-51s and P-38s bombed the South industrial area of Vienna, including the Vösendorf oil refinery. |
| September 10, 1944 | [specify] | 344 B-17s and B-24s bomb 5 ordnance depots and the SE industrial area in Vienna and 2 oil refineries in the area. |
| September 10, 1944 | Schwechat | The 32 BS bombed the Schwechat oil refinery. |
| October 7, 1944 | Lobau | The Lobau oil refinery was bombed. On this date, the 741st Bombardment Squadron flew over Vienna to hit an oil refinery.[8]: 162 |
| October 7, 1944 | Schwechat | |
| October 7, 1944 | Winterhafen | The 485 BG bombed the "Winterhafen Oil Storage". |
| October 11, 1944 | Floridsdorf | |
| October 13, 1944 | Floridsdorf | |
| October 17, 1944 | [specify] | The industrial area of Vienna was bombed. |
| November 4 & 7, 1944 | Floridsdorf | The 32 BS bombed. |
| November 5, 1944 | Floridsdorf | The 485 BG bombed the oil refinery. |
| November 15, 1944 | US intelligence reported in February 1945 that the Vienna area had no fuel since November 15.[9]: 5 | |
| November 18, 1944 | [specify] | The 32 BS bombed a Vienna oil refinery. |
| November 19, 1944 | Winterhafen | The 32 BS bombed the "Winterhafen" oil storage. |
| December 2, 1944 | Floridsdorf | |
| December 18, 1944 | Floridsdorf | |
| December 27, 1944 | Vösendorf | |
| January 1945 | The Lipizzan horses of the Spanish Riding School were evacuated. | |
| February 7, 1945 | [Expand] | 680 B-17s and B-24s bombed oil refineries at Schwechat, Floridsdorf, Korneuburg, and Kagran refineries in the Vienna, Austria area. |
| February 7, 1945 | Floridsdorf oil refinery | |
| February 7, 1945 | Kagran | The Kagran oil refinery was bombed "in the Vienna, Austria area". |
| February 7, 1945 | Korneuburg | The Korneuburg oil refinery was bombed "in the Vienna, Austria area". |
| February 7, 1945 | Lobau | The 32 BS bombed the Lobau oil refinery. |
| February 7, 1945 | Schwechat oil refinery | |
| February 14, 1945 | Floridsdorf | |
| February 14, 1945 | Lobau | |
| February 14, 1945 | Schwechat | |
| February 15, 1945 | Korneuburg | |
| February 20, 1944 | Schwechat | |
| February 20, 1945 | Lobau | The Lobau oil refinery and the Floridsdorf marshalling yard at Vienna were bombed. "The attack was outstandingly successful, resulting in severe damage to the boiler house, virtual destruction of the distillation unit pump house, the fractionating tower probably hit, and serious damage to tankage and rail sidings.[10] |
| March 12, 1945 | Floridsdorf | B-24s and B-17s bombed the Floridsdorf oil refinery. The 747 bombers and 229 fighter planes caused heavy damage to the city centre and the Vienna State Opera and the Burgtheater burnt, and the Albertina, the Heinrichshof (on Ringstraße) and the Messepalast (Trade Fair Palace) were heavily damaged. The Philipphof (a block of apartments opposite to the Albertina and the State Opera House) collapsed, burying some 200 people who had sought shelter from the raid in its cellars. Most of the victims have never been unearthed and the Mahnmal gegen Krieg und Faschismus (English: Memorial against War and Fascism) has been erected there. |
| March 14, 1945 | During the briefing for bombing the Vienna oil refinery, the briefing officer told crews to avoid the St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Vienna State Opera, the Schönbrunn Palace and other historic buildings and schools. Due to weather, the alternate target (Wiener Neustadt marshaling yards) was bombed.[8]: 228–9 | |
| March 15, 1945 | [Expand] | 109 B-17s bomb the oil refinery at Ruhland (the Fifteenth's deepest penetration into Germany). 103 others bomb the alternate target, the refinery at Kolín, Czechoslovakia. 470+ other bombers attack targets in Austria, including Moosbierbaum, Schwechat, and Vienna/Floridsdorf oil refineries. |
| March 16, 1945 | Floridsdorf | |
| March 16, 1945 | Korneuburg | |
| March 1945 (mid) | 300 bombs were dropped on the Tiergarten Schönbrunn, the world's oldest zoo. 2,000 animals out of 3,500 died including a bull rhino, a favourite of the zoo-keepers. | |
| March 16, 1945 | Schwechat | |
| March 20, 1945 | [Expand] | In Austria, 760+ B-17s and B-24s, with fighter escort, hit the Korneuburg and Kagran oil refineries. |
| March 21, 1945 | [specify] | 3 oil refineries and a goods depot bombed at Vienna. |
| March 21, 1945 | Floridsdorf | The 32 BS bombed. |
| March 22, 1945 | [specify] | 2 Vienna oil refineries were bombed. |
| March 23, 1945 | [specify] | Vienna oil refinery(ies) bombed. On April 2, Soviet troops began the Vienna Offensive. |
| March 30, 1945 | North Goods Depot | In the last Lone Wolf mission, 11 x aircraft using PFF strike Wien North Goods yard between 1034 ~ 1220 hrs. |
| April 16, 1945 | "The advances of our ground forces have brought to a close the strategic air war waged by the United States Strategic Air Forces and the Royal Air Force Bomber Command." (Spaatz dispatch to Doolittle and Twining).[11] |
References
- ^ a b Bremen, Vienna, Budapest get fierce mass air raid by William Dickinson, British United Press, 5 September 1942
- ^ . Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. UK Crown. Archived from the original on 2009-04-17. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
1944: January Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, February Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive March Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, April 2006-02-21 at the Wayback Machine, May 2013-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, June Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, July Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, August Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, September 2004-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, October Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, November Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, December June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
1945 January Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, February Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, March Archived 2007-07-06 at the UK Government Web Archive, April 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine - ^ McKillop, Jack. . Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
1944: January 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, February 2014-12-27 at the Wayback Machine, March 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, April 2009-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, May 2012-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, June 2009-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, July 2013-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, August 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, September 2009-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, October 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, November 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, December 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
1945: January 2009-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, February 2013-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, March 2013-06-02 at the Wayback Machine, April 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, May 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, June 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, July 2010-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, August 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine, September 2009-02-11 at the Wayback Machine - ^ Mission histories for Bombardment Groups:
- 301 BG/"32 BS": Thompson, Boyd. . 32nd Bomb Squadron, 1942 -1945. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- "461 BG": "Chapter IX Target: German Oil, June 1944". 461st.org.
- "464 BG": "Our Missions: The 464 BG Mission List".[permanent dead link]
- "486 BG": "Prologue: The Stories Behind the Numbers". Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- "487 BG": "487th Bomb Group (H): Combat Missions". Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- 301 BG/"32 BS": Thompson, Boyd. . 32nd Bomb Squadron, 1942 -1945. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ^ a b Polk, David (December 1991). World War II Army Airborne Troop Carriers. Turner Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-56311-040-5. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
- ^ Griehl, Manfred; Dressel, Joachim (1998). Heinkel He 177-277-274. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publishing. p. 170. ISBN 1-85310-364-0.
- ^ a b Ambrose, Stephen E. (2001). The Wild Blue: The Men and boys who flew the B-24s over Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 162, 228–9. ISBN 0-7432-0339-9.
- ^ (PDF). Enemy Oil Intelligence Committee. February 6, 1945. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- "Memorandum": 19 of pdf.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - "Minutes": 20 of pdf.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - "Annex": 27 of pdf.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - "Weekly Survey No. 31". Economic Advisory Branch. 2 February 1945: 32 of pdf.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - "Table I, Estimated Output …". 6 February 1945: 33 of pdf.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - "Table II …". 6 February 1945: 34 of pdf.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - "Table III Output Production Status …": 35–7 of pdf.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
- "Memorandum": 19 of pdf.
- ^ Twining, Nathan (Foreword) (February 1945). "Attack on Vienna/Lobau Oil Refinery: 20 February 1945". Lobau Oil Refinery. Fifteenth Air Force (available at USAHEC). Retrieved 2009-03-11.
UNCLASSIFIED [from SECRET] … on 9 Feb 88
- ^ Jablonski, Edward (1971). Volume 1 (Tragic Victories), Book II (The Big League). Airpower. pp. 115–6.
External links
- The German air defense in Vienna