Operation Rösselsprung (1942)
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Rösselsprung was a plan by the German Kriegsmarine to intercept an Arctic convoy in mid-1942. It was the German Navy's largest operation of its type and arguably the most successful since it resulted in the near-destruction of Convoy PQ 17. Ironically, that success was entirely indirect, as no Rösselsprung ship caught sight of the convoy or fired a shot at it. PQ 17's losses were instead caused by U-boat and aircraft attacks. Despite not making contact with the convoy a number of the Rösselsprung ships were damaged in the course of the operation, notably the heavy cruiser Lützow, which ran aground in thick fog and needed three months of repairs.
Background edit
The name Rösselsprung refers to the Knight’s Move in Chess. It was an attempt to intercept the arctic convoy expected in late June 1942, which would be Convoy PQ 17. Two naval forces were assembled and held in readiness: the first, at Trondheim, comprised the battleship Tirpitz, the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper and six destroyers under the command of Admiral Otto Schniewind; the second, at Narvik, was composed of the heavy cruisers Lützow and Admiral Scheer and six destroyers under the command of Vice-Admiral Oskar Kummetz.
A patrol line of U-boats was established in the Norwegian Sea north-east of Jan Mayen island; code-named Eisteufel (Ice Devil), the group comprised six boats and increased later to eight. An advance line of three boats was also established in the Denmark Strait, east of Iceland, to give early warning of the convoy's departure. The plan was that when the convoy was sighted, the two battle groups would move north and concentrate at Altenfjord, where they would re-fuel and await the order to attack with the aim to intercept the convoy in the region of Bear Island.
Rösselsprung was handicapped by complex command arrangements, with authority to go at each stage resting with Hitler and a contradictory mission statement; the forces were instructed to attack and destroy the convoy but also to avoid any action that would lead to damage to the capital ships, particularly Tirpitz.
Action edit
PQ 17 left Hvalfjörður on 27 June 1942 but it was not detected by the advance patrol. No warning of PQ 17 was raised until 1 July, when it was spotted by U-456 of Eisteufel; by this time the convoy was already past Jan Mayen Island, and was closing with QP 13.
With the complex decision-making process binding Rösselsprung, no move was made until 2 July; Tirpitz, Hipper and four destroyers left Trondheim at 20:00 on 2 July, while Lutzow and Scheer with their five destroyers left Narvik at 12:30 on 3 July. The journeys were taken through channels between the Norwegian Islands and the main coastline, sometimes known as the Western Leads. The Leads are sheltered and hidden but tricky to navigate and the battle groups encountered trouble almost immediately; three of Tirpitz's escorting destroyers ran onto rocks and were forced to return to port. Tirpitz and Hipper with one remaining destroyer arrived at Vestfjord, off Narvik, on 3 July and at Altenfjord at 10:00 on 4 July. Kummetz’s battle group also had trouble. Lutzow ran aground in Tjel Sund and was also forced to retire, Kummetz shifting his flag to Scheer; they also arrived at Altenfjord on 4 July.
The northwards move by Tirpitz and Hipper had been detected by Allied Intelligence and the Admiralty took the controversial decision to scatter the convoy, which commenced at 22:15 on 4 July. Without the mutual protection provided by sailing in convoy, the ships would be easy prey to the aircraft and U-boats that would beset them. Over the next six days, twenty ships werelost, totalling 24 from the convoy altogether.
The German naval signals intelligence service (B-Dienst) quickly realized that the convoy was scattering and Schniewind requested permission to sortie. Again, the extended chain of command hindered movement, permission not being received until 15:00 on 5 July and then only with the caveat to avoid action with the British capital ships. The U-boats of Eisteufel were instructed to leave the attack on the convoy ships to concentrate on finding and attacking the Home Fleet, particularly the carrier HMS Victorious.
At 15:00, the flotilla, now consisting of Tirpitz, Hipper and Scheer, with seven destroyers and two torpedo boats, left Altenfjord and headed north-west toward the ships of PQ 17. Almost immediately, they were sighted by the Soviet submarine K-21 (Commander Nikolai Lunin), who sent a sighting report. Lunin attacked and claimed a hit on Tirpitz, but it is not confirmed by Western sources. An hour later, the fleet was sighted by a British Catalina and again after another two hours by British submarine HMS Unshaken.
Both sighting reports were detected by B-Dienst and at 21:30, Erich Raeder, concerned that the fleet was steaming into a trap, ordered a recall just six hours after it had sailed.
Conclusion edit
Despite indirectly causing the catastrophic losses to PQ 17, the Rösselsprung operation was a disappointing performance by the German capital ships. Also, Tirpitz,[why?] Lutzow and the three destroyers spent a considerable time in dock for repairs. That made the Kriegsmarine unable to mount such an extensive operation again in the Arctic campaign, and it never saw a comparable naval success.
References edit
- Kemp, Paul (2000). Convoy!: Drama in Arctic Waters. Cassell. ISBN 1-85409-130-1.
- Schofield, B.B. (1984). The Russian Convoys. Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-28388-X.
Further reading edit
- Boog, H.; Rahn, W.; Stumpf, R.; Wegner, B. (2001). The Global War: Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943. Germany in the Second World War. Vol. VI. Translated by Osers, E.; Brownjohn, J.; Crampton, P.; Willmot, L. (Eng. Trans. Oxford University Press, London ed.). Potsdam: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History). ISBN 0-19-822888-0.