Clinostomum marginatum is a species of parasitic fluke (class Trematoda).[1] It is commonly called the "Yellow grub". It is found in many freshwater fish in North America, and no fish so far is immune to this parasite. It is also found in frogs. Clinostomum marginatum can also be found in the mouth of aquatic birds such as herons and egrets. They are commonly present in the esophagus of fish-eating birds and reptiles. Eggs of these trematodes are shed in the feces of aquatic birds and released into water. Aquatic birds become hosts of this parasite by ingesting infected freshwater fish. The metacercariae are found right beneath the skin or in the muscles of host fish.
The life cycle of the fluke consists of two intermediate hosts and one definitive host. The parasite's eggs hatch in the water and the miracidium invades the foot of a snail. The cercaria leaves the snail and encysts in the muscle of the connective tissue of fresh-water fish species or in the muscle of frogs. The metacercarial stage is that is formed is then referred to as the “yellow grub”. The encysted metacercariae appear yellow, with a slightly oval-shaped spot, and are about 3 to 6 mm long. Metacercariae are common in the caudal, dorsal, and pectoral fins; on the inside surface of the operculum, and in the flesh. The adult trematode is found in the mouth and esophagus of herons and other fish-eating birds.
Clinostomum marginatum is a yellow flatworm that can grow up to 6.4 millimetres (0.25 in) in the flesh of freshwater fish or the muscle of frogs. Distinguishing characteristics of this parasite in the "miracidium" stage are three eyespots located on the mid-dorsal line, posterior of lateral papillae. These eyespots are cup-shaped and contain a lens, forming a triangle-shaped appearance on the parasite. They also contain two pairs of flame cells; one pair located on the anterior between the eyespots and lateral papillae and one pair on the posterior side. In addition, they have pairs of large refractive vacuoles, which are found near the flame cells. They differ in structure and physiological phenotypes depending on its habitat. However, specimens found in herons were smooth, had thick teguments, and absorbed food (such as glucose) through facilitated diffusion.
Along with a thick tegument, these flukes were also found to have bacteria on them. The bacteria may play a role in the absorption and metabolism of glucose.
Life cycleedit
For its life cycle to be complete, Clinostomum marginatum requires two intermediate hosts (snail and fish or frog) and one definitive host (bird). The life cycle begins when eggs hatch in the water. The miracidia swims and invades the foot of a snail of the genus Helisoma. They will die in several hours if they cannot find the snail host. While inside the snail, the miracidia undergo several asexual reproduction and the larvae eventually become cercariae. The cercariae form exits the snail and is free swimming in water, in search for a fitting fish host. They burrow inside the fish or frog host, and the cercariae encyst and continue its next larval stage, known as "metacercariae", which are the yellow grubs. The grubs can live within the host for several years until eaten by a bird host. When the parasitized host is eaten, the grub matures in the throat of the bird. The eggs of the parasite known as a metacercariae are then released into the water through the bird's mouth when feeding and become adult flukes. This completes the life cycle.
Food sourceedit
These parasites may feed on the mucus of organs, food content ingested by the host, blood and tissue from eroding epithelial surfaces.
Newman, Thomas I.; Duncan, Don A.; Harp, Thomas K. (1976). "The parasite Clinostomum marginatum in four centrarchids, in California ranch ponds". Res. Note PSW-Rn-314. Berkeley, Ca: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 3 P. 314. OCLC 2787015.
Daly, James; DeYoung, Bruce; Hostetler, Terryl; Keller, Randal (1 January 2002). "Distribution of Clinostomum marginatum (Yellow Grub) Metacercaria in Smallmouth Bass Populations from Crooked Creek in North Central Arkansas". Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science. 56 (1): 42–46.
Hunter, Wanda Sanborn; Hunter, George W. (1935). "Studies on Clinostomum. II. The Miracidium of C. marginatum (Rud.)". The Journal of Parasitology. 21 (3): 186–189. doi:10.2307/3271473. JSTOR 3271473.
. Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009.
Uglem, Gary L.; Larson, Omer R.; Aho, John M.; Lee, Kook J. (1991). "Fine Structure and Sugar Transport Functions of the Tegument in Clinostomum marginatum (Digenea: Clinostomatidae): Environmental Effects on the Adult Phenotype". The Journal of Parasitology. 77 (5): 658–662. doi:10.2307/3282694. JSTOR 3282694. PMID 1919910. INIST4537269.
. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
Aho, John M.; Uglem, Gary L.; Moore, James P.; Larson, Omer R. (1991). "Bacteria Associated with the Tegument of Clinostomum marginatum (Digenea)". The Journal of Parasitology. 77 (5): 784–786. doi:10.2307/3282717. JSTOR 3282717. PMID 1919930.
Osborn, Henry Leslie (1911). "On the Distribution and Mode of Occurrence in the United States and Canada of Clinostomum Marginatum, a Trematode Parasitic in Fish, Frogs and Birds". Biological Bulletin. 20 (6): 350–366. doi:10.2307/1535898. JSTOR 1535898. S2CID 87674500.
Hopkins, Sewell H. (1933). "Note on the Life History of Clinostomum marginatum (Trematoda)". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 52 (2): 147–149. doi:10.2307/3222189. JSTOR 3222189.
Dzikowski, R.; Levy, M. G.; Poore, M. F.; Flowers, J. R.; Paperna, I. (April 2004). "Clinostomum complanatum and Clinostomum marginatum (Rudolphi, 1819) (Digenea: Clinostomidae) Are Separate Species Based on Differences in Ribosomal DNA". Journal of Parasitology. 90 (2): 413–414. doi:10.1645/GE-159R. PMID 15165071. S2CID 30216977.
Calhoun, D.M.; Leslie, K. L.; Riepe, T.B.; Achatz, T.J.; McDevitt-Galles, T.; Tkach, V.V.; Johnson, P.T.J. (2020). "Patterns of Clinostomum marginatum infection in fishes and amphibians: integration of field, genetic, and experimental approaches". Journal of Helminthology. 94: e44. doi:10.1017/S0022149X18001244. PMID 30827281. S2CID 73472378.
Caffara, Monica; Locke, Sean A.; Gustinelli, Andrea; Marcogliese, David J.; Fioravanti, Maria L. (October 2011). "Morphological and Molecular Differentiation of Clinostomum complanatum and Clinostomum marginatum (Digenea: Clinostomidae) Metacercariae and Adults". Journal of Parasitology. 97 (5): 884–891. doi:10.1645/GE-2781.1. PMID 21711099. S2CID 24585407.
Lorio, Wendell J. (1 December 1989). "Experimental Control of Metacercariae of the Yellow Grub Clinostomum marginatum in Channel Catfish". Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 1 (4): 269–271. doi:10.1577/1548-8667(1989)001<0269:ECOMOT>2.3.CO;2.
April 27, 2024
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This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations December 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Clinostomum marginatum is a species of parasitic fluke class Trematoda 1 It is commonly called the Yellow grub It is found in many freshwater fish in North America and no fish so far is immune to this parasite It is also found in frogs Clinostomum marginatum can also be found in the mouth of aquatic birds such as herons and egrets They are commonly present in the esophagus of fish eating birds and reptiles Eggs of these trematodes are shed in the feces of aquatic birds and released into water Aquatic birds become hosts of this parasite by ingesting infected freshwater fish The metacercariae are found right beneath the skin or in the muscles of host fish Clinostomum marginatum Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda Order Diplostomida Family Clinostomidae Genus Clinostomum Species C marginatum Binomial name Clinostomum marginatum Rudolphi 1819 Yellow perch infected with Clinostomum The life cycle of the fluke consists of two intermediate hosts and one definitive host The parasite s eggs hatch in the water and the miracidium invades the foot of a snail The cercaria leaves the snail and encysts in the muscle of the connective tissue of fresh water fish species or in the muscle of frogs The metacercarial stage is that is formed is then referred to as the yellow grub The encysted metacercariae appear yellow with a slightly oval shaped spot and are about 3 to 6 mm long Metacercariae are common in the caudal dorsal and pectoral fins on the inside surface of the operculum and in the flesh The adult trematode is found in the mouth and esophagus of herons and other fish eating birds Contents 1 Morphology 2 Life cycle 3 Food source 4 References 4 1 General referencesMorphology editClinostomum marginatum is a yellow flatworm that can grow up to 6 4 millimetres 0 25 in in the flesh of freshwater fish or the muscle of frogs Distinguishing characteristics of this parasite in the miracidium stage are three eyespots located on the mid dorsal line posterior of lateral papillae These eyespots are cup shaped and contain a lens forming a triangle shaped appearance on the parasite They also contain two pairs of flame cells one pair located on the anterior between the eyespots and lateral papillae and one pair on the posterior side In addition they have pairs of large refractive vacuoles which are found near the flame cells They differ in structure and physiological phenotypes depending on its habitat However specimens found in herons were smooth had thick teguments and absorbed food such as glucose through facilitated diffusion Along with a thick tegument these flukes were also found to have bacteria on them The bacteria may play a role in the absorption and metabolism of glucose Life cycle editFor its life cycle to be complete Clinostomum marginatum requires two intermediate hosts snail and fish or frog and one definitive host bird The life cycle begins when eggs hatch in the water The miracidia swims and invades the foot of a snail of the genus Helisoma They will die in several hours if they cannot find the snail host While inside the snail the miracidia undergo several asexual reproduction and the larvae eventually become cercariae The cercariae form exits the snail and is free swimming in water in search for a fitting fish host They burrow inside the fish or frog host and the cercariae encyst and continue its next larval stage known as metacercariae which are the yellow grubs The grubs can live within the host for several years until eaten by a bird host When the parasitized host is eaten the grub matures in the throat of the bird The eggs of the parasite known as a metacercariae are then released into the water through the bird s mouth when feeding and become adult flukes This completes the life cycle nbsp Food source editThese parasites may feed on the mucus of organs food content ingested by the host blood and tissue from eroding epithelial surfaces References edit Clinostomum marginatum CABI Compendium 2022 01 07 Retrieved 2024 01 18 General references edit Newman Thomas I Duncan Don A Harp Thomas K 1976 The parasite Clinostomum marginatum in four centrarchids in California ranch ponds Res Note PSW Rn 314 Berkeley Ca U S Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 3 P 314 OCLC 2787015 Daly James DeYoung Bruce Hostetler Terryl Keller Randal 1 January 2002 Distribution of Clinostomum marginatum Yellow Grub Metacercaria in Smallmouth Bass Populations from Crooked Creek in North Central Arkansas Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 56 1 42 46 Hunter Wanda Sanborn Hunter George W 1935 Studies on Clinostomum II The Miracidium of C marginatum Rud The Journal of Parasitology 21 3 186 189 doi 10 2307 3271473 JSTOR 3271473 Yellow Grub Clinostomum Trematoda Department of Natural Resources and Environment Archived from the original on 14 March 2009 Uglem Gary L Larson Omer R Aho John M Lee Kook J 1991 Fine Structure and Sugar Transport Functions of the Tegument in Clinostomum marginatum Digenea Clinostomatidae Environmental Effects on the Adult Phenotype The Journal of Parasitology 77 5 658 662 doi 10 2307 3282694 JSTOR 3282694 PMID 1919910 INIST 4537269 What makes fish grubby Archived from the original on 9 March 2015 Retrieved 1 December 2010 Aho John M Uglem Gary L Moore James P Larson Omer R 1991 Bacteria Associated with the Tegument of Clinostomum marginatum Digenea The Journal of Parasitology 77 5 784 786 doi 10 2307 3282717 JSTOR 3282717 PMID 1919930 Osborn Henry Leslie 1911 On the Distribution and Mode of Occurrence in the United States and Canada of Clinostomum Marginatum a Trematode Parasitic in Fish Frogs and Birds Biological Bulletin 20 6 350 366 doi 10 2307 1535898 JSTOR 1535898 S2CID 87674500 Hopkins Sewell H 1933 Note on the Life History of Clinostomum marginatum Trematoda Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 52 2 147 149 doi 10 2307 3222189 JSTOR 3222189 Dzikowski R Levy M G Poore M F Flowers J R Paperna I April 2004 Clinostomum complanatum and Clinostomum marginatum Rudolphi 1819 Digenea Clinostomidae Are Separate Species Based on Differences in Ribosomal DNA Journal of Parasitology 90 2 413 414 doi 10 1645 GE 159R PMID 15165071 S2CID 30216977 Calhoun D M Leslie K L Riepe T B Achatz T J McDevitt Galles T Tkach V V Johnson P T J 2020 Patterns of Clinostomum marginatum infection in fishes and amphibians integration of field genetic and experimental approaches Journal of Helminthology 94 e44 doi 10 1017 S0022149X18001244 PMID 30827281 S2CID 73472378 Caffara Monica Locke Sean A Gustinelli Andrea Marcogliese David J Fioravanti Maria L October 2011 Morphological and Molecular Differentiation of Clinostomum complanatum and Clinostomum marginatum Digenea Clinostomidae Metacercariae and Adults Journal of Parasitology 97 5 884 891 doi 10 1645 GE 2781 1 PMID 21711099 S2CID 24585407 Lorio Wendell J 1 December 1989 Experimental Control of Metacercariae of the Yellow Grub Clinostomum marginatum in Channel Catfish Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 1 4 269 271 doi 10 1577 1548 8667 1989 001 lt 0269 ECOMOT gt 2 3 CO 2 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Clinostomum marginatum amp oldid 1220908913, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
