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Tudhaliya III

April 25, 2024

Tudhaliya III was a king of the Hittite Empire. In academic literature, this name can refer to two separate individuals. One is known under the Hurrian name Tasmi-Sarri. He could also be referred to as Tudhaliya II or Tudhaliya III.

The other was a short-lived king of the Hittite Empire (New Kingdom) ca. 1370 BC (middle chronology) [1]: 230  or 1344 BC (short chronology) also known as Tudhaliya the Younger (Amelie Kuhrt refers to him as Tudhaliya III).

This Tudhaliya the Younger was the son of Arnuwanda I, and the brother of Suppiluliuma I. He is not explicitly known to have been king at all.

According to Kuhrt (2020), Tudhaliya III (or II) was the successor of Arnuwanda I. Further, Suppiluliuma I was the son and eventual heir of Tudhaliya II/III.[2]: 252 

Tudhaliya II or III edit

Military situation edit

At the time Tudhaliya II/III inherited the kingdom, the Hittites were under attack.

While still at Hattusa, Tudhaliya wrote some letters to Masat Huyuk. Masat was later destroyed during Tudhaliya's reign, but it was then rebuilt under Suppiluliuma I.[3]

Two documents were found there that bear his seal together with the name of Great Queen Šatandu-Ḫepa, his first wife (it:Satanduhepa). His second wife Tadu-Ḫepa is better known, and she survived as Great Queen into the reign of Suppiluliuma I. It seems that it was at some point during Tudhaliya’s reign that the capital was burnt down by the enemies of Kaska, and he had to move the capital elsewhere. This was the time known in literature as the ‘concentric invasions’ of Hatti.[4]

Tudhaliya chose to make the city of Samuha, "an important cult centre located on the upper course of the Marassantiya river"[5]: 160  as a temporary home for the Hittite royal court sometime after his abandonment of Hattusa in the face of attacks against his kingdom by the Kaska, Hayasa-Azzi and other enemies of his state.

Nevertheless, Samuha too was, in its turn, seized by the forces from the country of Azzi,[5]: 160  so the capital had to be moved to Sapinuwa.[6]

At this time, the kingdom of Hatti was so besieged by fierce attacks from its enemies that many neighbouring powers expected it to soon collapse. The Egyptian pharaoh, Amenhotep III, even wrote to Tarhundaradu, king of Arzawa: "I have heard that everything is finished and that the country of Hattusa is paralysed." (EA 31, 26–27)[7]

However, Tudhaliya managed to rally his forces; indeed, the speed and determination of the Hittite king may have surprised Hatti's enemies including the Kaska and Hayasa-Azzi.[5]: 160–162 

Defeat of Hayasa-Azzi edit

Tudhaliya sent his general Suppiluliuma, who would later serve as king himself under the title Suppiluliuma I, to Hatti's northeastern frontiers, to defeat Hayasa-Azzi. The Hayasans initially retreated from a direct battle with the Hittite commander. The Hittitologist Trevor R. Bryce notes, however, that Tudhaliya and Suppiluliuma eventually:

... invaded Hayasa-Azzi and forced a showdown with its king Karanni (or Lanni) near the city of Kumaha. The passage (in the 'Deeds of Suppiluliuma') recording the outcome of this battle is missing. But almost certainly, the Hittite campaign resulted in the conquest of Hayasa-Azzi, for subsequently Suppiluliuma established it as a Hittite vassal state, drawing up a treaty with Hakkana, its current ruler.[8][5]: 162–163 

The Hayasans were now obliged to repatriate all captured Hittite subjects and cede "the border [territory] which Suppiluliuma claimed belonged to the Land of Hatti."[5]: 163 

Tudhaliya the Younger edit

Some Hittite texts also refer to 'Tudhaliya the child' or, as an alternate translation, 'Tudhaliya the Young(er)'.

According to Bilgin (2018) (based on the words of Mursili II), Tudhaliya the Younger, was the son and the intended heir of Tudhaliya II/III. Yet he was ‘eliminated’ by his brother Suppiluliuma I on his way to kingship. And so he was killed by a group of officers that included his successor Suppiluliuma I.[9] So Tudhaliya the Younger was the brother of Suppiluliuma.

There is some difficulty concerning numbering of the Tudhaliyas (and Hattusilis) of the Hittite empire. This Tudhaliya the Younger is normally not included in Hittite king lists; his father will often be seen listed in modern literature as Tudhaliya II or III.


See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.
  2. ^ Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.
  3. ^ Karen Radner, Nadine Moeller, D. T. Potts, eds (2022), The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume III: From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC. Oxford University Press - Dassow, p.571
  4. ^ -- hittites.info (2007), at archive.org
  5. ^ a b c d e Bryce, Trevor R. (1998). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. It should be mentioned that Bryce's Tudhaliya III is equivalent to Wikipedia's Tudhaliya II. There is some disagreement among Hittitologists over the precise number of kings named Tudhaliya.
  6. ^ It should be mentioned that there is some disagreement on the order in which Samuha and Sapinuwa became capitals. Samuha could have been the first substitute capital, and then Sapinuwa – or it could have been the other way around.
  7. ^ William L. Moran, The Amarna Letters, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, p. 101
  8. ^ CTH 42
  9. ^ Tayfun Bilgin (2018), Officials and Administration in the Hittite World. ISBN 9781501509773, 1501509772. 523 pp. De Gruyter. p.29

External links edit

    Regnal titles
    Preceded by Hittite king
    ca. 1370 BC     		Succeeded by

    April 25, 2024
    tudhaliya, king, hittite, empire, academic, literature, this, name, refer, separate, individuals, known, under, hurrian, name, tasmi, sarri, could, also, referred, tudhaliya, other, short, lived, king, hittite, empire, kingdom, 1370, middle, chronology, 1344, . Tudhaliya III was a king of the Hittite Empire In academic literature this name can refer to two separate individuals One is known under the Hurrian name Tasmi Sarri He could also be referred to as Tudhaliya II or Tudhaliya III The other was a short lived king of the Hittite Empire New Kingdom ca 1370 BC middle chronology 1 230 or 1344 BC short chronology also known as Tudhaliya the Younger Amelie Kuhrt refers to him as Tudhaliya III This Tudhaliya the Younger was the son of Arnuwanda I and the brother of Suppiluliuma I He is not explicitly known to have been king at all According to Kuhrt 2020 Tudhaliya III or II was the successor of Arnuwanda I Further Suppiluliuma I was the son and eventual heir of Tudhaliya II III 2 252 Contents 1 Tudhaliya II or III 1 1 Military situation 1 1 1 Defeat of Hayasa Azzi 2 Tudhaliya the Younger 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksTudhaliya II or III editMilitary situation edit At the time Tudhaliya II III inherited the kingdom the Hittites were under attack While still at Hattusa Tudhaliya wrote some letters to Masat Huyuk Masat was later destroyed during Tudhaliya s reign but it was then rebuilt under Suppiluliuma I 3 Two documents were found there that bear his seal together with the name of Great Queen Satandu Ḫepa his first wife it Satanduhepa His second wife Tadu Ḫepa is better known and she survived as Great Queen into the reign of Suppiluliuma I It seems that it was at some point during Tudhaliya s reign that the capital was burnt down by the enemies of Kaska and he had to move the capital elsewhere This was the time known in literature as the concentric invasions of Hatti 4 Tudhaliya chose to make the city of Samuha an important cult centre located on the upper course of the Marassantiya river 5 160 as a temporary home for the Hittite royal court sometime after his abandonment of Hattusa in the face of attacks against his kingdom by the Kaska Hayasa Azzi and other enemies of his state Nevertheless Samuha too was in its turn seized by the forces from the country of Azzi 5 160 so the capital had to be moved to Sapinuwa 6 At this time the kingdom of Hatti was so besieged by fierce attacks from its enemies that many neighbouring powers expected it to soon collapse The Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III even wrote to Tarhundaradu king of Arzawa I have heard that everything is finished and that the country of Hattusa is paralysed EA 31 26 27 7 However Tudhaliya managed to rally his forces indeed the speed and determination of the Hittite king may have surprised Hatti s enemies including the Kaska and Hayasa Azzi 5 160 162 Defeat of Hayasa Azzi edit Tudhaliya sent his general Suppiluliuma who would later serve as king himself under the title Suppiluliuma I to Hatti s northeastern frontiers to defeat Hayasa Azzi The Hayasans initially retreated from a direct battle with the Hittite commander The Hittitologist Trevor R Bryce notes however that Tudhaliya and Suppiluliuma eventually invaded Hayasa Azzi and forced a showdown with its king Karanni or Lanni near the city of Kumaha The passage in the Deeds of Suppiluliuma recording the outcome of this battle is missing But almost certainly the Hittite campaign resulted in the conquest of Hayasa Azzi for subsequently Suppiluliuma established it as a Hittite vassal state drawing up a treaty with Hakkana its current ruler 8 5 162 163 The Hayasans were now obliged to repatriate all captured Hittite subjects and cede the border territory which Suppiluliuma claimed belonged to the Land of Hatti 5 163 Tudhaliya the Younger editSome Hittite texts also refer to Tudhaliya the child or as an alternate translation Tudhaliya the Young er According to Bilgin 2018 based on the words of Mursili II Tudhaliya the Younger was the son and the intended heir of Tudhaliya II III Yet he was eliminated by his brother Suppiluliuma I on his way to kingship And so he was killed by a group of officers that included his successor Suppiluliuma I 9 So Tudhaliya the Younger was the brother of Suppiluliuma There is some difficulty concerning numbering of the Tudhaliyas and Hattusilis of the Hittite empire This Tudhaliya the Younger is normally not included in Hittite king lists his father will often be seen listed in modern literature as Tudhaliya II or III vteHittite New Kingdom royal family tree Himuili a Tudhaliya I II b Nikkalmati c Arnuwanda I c Asmunikal c Hattusili II d Tudhaliya III e Daduhepa f Zida g Tudhaliya the Young h Henti g 1 Suppiluliuma I h 2 Tawananna i Arnuwanda II g Telipinu j Sarri Kusuh k l Zannanza m Gassulawiya n 1 Mursili II g 2 Tanuhepa o Talmi Sarruma p Sahurunuwa k q Muwatalli II o Halpasulupi r Massanauzzi s Hattusili III t Puduhepa u Ini Tesub k v Urhi Tesub o Kurunta w Nerikkaili x numerous daughters y and sons z Tudhaliya IV aa Talmi Tesub k ab Arnuwanda III ac Suppiluliuma II ac ad Kuzi Tesub ae 1 1st spouse 2 2nd spouse Small caps indicates a Great King LUGAL GAL of the Land of Hatti italic small caps indicates a Great Queen or Tawananna Dashed lines indicate adoption Solid lines indicate marriage if horizontal or parentage if vertical References Trevor Bryce 1997 The Kingdom of the Hittites Oxford England Clarendon Press Trevor Bryce 2012 The World of the Neo Hittite Kingdoms Oxford England Oxford University Press Volkert Haas 2006 Die hethitische Literatur Berlin Germany de Gruyter Notes Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I II was the son of Himuili and thus a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II Bryce 1997 p 131 Bryce 1997 does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I II was one king or two p 133 a b c Bryce 1997 p 139 The existence of Hattusili II is doubtful Bryce 1997 pp 153 154 Bryce 1997 p 158 Bryce 1997 p 172 a b c d Bryce 1997 p 174 a b Bryce 1997 p 168 Also known as Malnigal daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia Bryce 1997 p 173 Great priest in Kizzuwadna and king lugal of Aleppo Bryce 1997 p 174 a b c d King lugal of Carchemish Bryce 1997 pp 174 203 204 Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh s widow probably Ankhesenpaaten the widow of Tutankhamun Bryce 1997 pp 196 198 Bryce 1997 p 227 a b c Bryce 1997 p 230 Bryce 1997 p 220 Bryce 1997 p 222 Haas 2006 p 91 Massanauzzi married Masturi king of the Seha River Land Bryce 1997 p 313 Bryce 1997 p 296 Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri Bryce 1997 p 273 Bryce 1997 pp 346 363 King lugal of Tarhuntassa Bryce 1997 p 296 apparently later Great King of Hatti Bryce 1997 p 354 Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina king of Amurru Bryce 1997 p 294 Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II one was given the Egyptian name Ma hor nefrure Another Gassuwaliya married into the royal house of Amurru Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa king of Amurru after his father Bentesina From Bryce 1997 pp 294 and 312 Bryce 1997 p 332 Bryce 1997 p 363 Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess known by her title of Great Princess dumu sal gal Bryce 1997 pp 294 331 Bryce 1997 p 363 a b Bryce 1997 p 361 Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti King and then Great King of Carchemish Bryce 1997 pp 384 385 See also edit nbsp Asia portal History of the HittitesReferences edit Kuhrt Amelie 2020 The Ancient Near East c 3000 330 BC Volume One Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 75548 4 Kuhrt Amelie 2020 The Ancient Near East c 3000 330 BC Volume One Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 75548 4 Karen Radner Nadine Moeller D T Potts eds 2022 The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Volume III From the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC Oxford University Press Dassow p 571 Middle Empire history hittites info 2007 at archive org a b c d e Bryce Trevor R 1998 The Kingdom of the Hittites Oxford University Press It should be mentioned that Bryce s Tudhaliya III is equivalent to Wikipedia s Tudhaliya II There is some disagreement among Hittitologists over the precise number of kings named Tudhaliya It should be mentioned that there is some disagreement on the order in which Samuha and Sapinuwa became capitals Samuha could have been the first substitute capital and then Sapinuwa or it could have been the other way around William L Moran The Amarna Letters Johns Hopkins University Press 1992 p 101 CTH 42 Tayfun Bilgin 2018 Officials and Administration in the Hittite World ISBN 9781501509773 1501509772 523 pp De Gruyter p 29External links editReign of Suppiluliuma I discussing Tudhaliya Regnal titles Preceded byTudhaliya II Hittite kingca 1370 BC Succeeded bySuppiluliuma I Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tudhaliya III amp oldid 1145236672, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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