Kaei (嘉永) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. "year name") after Kōka and before Ansei. This period spanned the years from February 1848 through November 1854.[1] The reigning emperor was Kōmei-tennō (孝明天皇).
February 28, 1848Kaei gannen (嘉永元年): The era name of Kaei (meaning "eternal felicity")[2] was created to mark the beginning of the reign of the Emperor Kōmei.
The era name is derived from an aphorism in the Book of Song: "A wise Emperor receives much help, One who esteems comfort is on the outside" (思皇享多祐、嘉楽永無央).
Events of the Kaei Eraedit
July 1848 (Kaei 1): Ranald MacDonald, (b. 1824, Astoria, Oregon) left the whaler Plymouth in a small boat and landed on Rishiri Island. He was arrested and sent from Rishiri to Nagasaki where he was incarcerated; MacDonald began teaching English to 14 scholars, including Einosuke Moriyama, who later became an interpreter for the Japanese government when Matthew C. Perry entered Japan in 1854 (thus, in Japan, MacDonald is regarded as "The first native-speaking English teacher in Japanese history).[3]
1849 (Kaei 2): Medical practice of vaccination introduced by Dutch physician, Dr. Mohnike, at Dejima.[4]
July 1853 (Kaei 6): Commodore Matthew Perry, commanding the United States Navy's East Indies fleet, arrives in Japanese waters with four ships.[5]
"Immediately, on signing and exchanging copies of the treaty, Commodore Perry presented the first commissioner, Prince Hayashi, with an American flag stating that this gift was the highest expression of national courtesy and friendship he could offer. The prince was deeply moved, and expressed his gratitude with evident feeling. The commodore next presented the other commissioners with gifts he had especially reserved for them. All business now having been concluded to the satisfaction of both delegations, the Japanese commissioners invited Perry and his officers to enjoy a feast and entertainment especially prepared for the celebration." -- from American eyewitness account of the event[7]
May 2, 1854 (Kaei 7, the 6th day of the 4th month): Fire broke out in the Sentō, and the conflagration spread to the Imperial palace. Both were destroyed. The emperor took refuge at Shimokam and afterwards went to Shōgon-in.[8]
November 4–7, 1854 (Kaei 7): Great Nankaidō earthquakes and tsunamis kill 80,000 people. An earthquake and tsunami struck Shimoda on the Izu peninsula; and because the port had just been designated as the prospective location for a U.S. consulate, some construed the natural disasters as demonstration of the displeasure of the kami.[9]
1854 (Kaei 7, 27th day of the 11th month): The era name was changed to Ansei (meaning "tranquil government"), which was meant to herald the beginning of a peaceful period. The impetus and explanation for this change of era names was said to have been the burning of the Palace in Kyoto in the preceding summer.[2]
^Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Kaei" Japan Encyclopedia, p. 444, p. 444, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012-05-24 at archive.today.
^ abSatow, Ernest Mason. (1905). Japan 1853-1864, Or, Genji Yume Monogatari, p. 11.
^Ranald MacDonald, The Narrative of His Life, 1824-1894
^Whitney, Willis Norton. (1885). "Notes on the history of medical progress in Japan", Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, pp. 839-843.
^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869, p. 323.
^Sewall, John. (1905). The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas, p. lxiv; Cullen, Louis. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 178 n11.
^Sewall, p. lxxiii; Hawks, Francis. (1856). Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, Vol. I, pp. 377-380.
Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN9780743264655; OCLC 67774380
Hawks, Francis. (1856). Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in Senate Executive Documents, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session. OCLC 366454
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869. Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 559477127
Satow, Ernest Mason. (1905). Japan 1853-1864, Or, Genji Yume Monogatari. Tokyo: Naigwai Shuppan Kyokwai. OCLC 643621953
Sewall, John S. (1905). The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas, Bangor, Maine: Chas H. Glass & Co. OCLC 296627697
Whitney, Willis Norton. (1885). "Notes on the history of medical progress in Japan", Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, [reprinted from Vol. 12, pp. 245–270.] Yokohama: R.J. Meiklejohn & Company....Link to digitized version of this lecture text
External linksedit
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
National Archives of Japan ...Click link for map of Edo reproduced in the 6th year of Kaei (1853)[permanent dead link]
kaei, 嘉永, japanese, name, 年号, nengō, year, name, after, kōka, before, ansei, this, period, spanned, years, from, february, 1848, through, november, 1854, reigning, emperor, kōmei, tennō, 孝明天皇, contents, change, events, gallery, notes, references, external, lin. Kaei 嘉永 was a Japanese era name 年号 nengō lit year name after Kōka and before Ansei This period spanned the years from February 1848 through November 1854 1 The reigning emperor was Kōmei tennō 孝明天皇 Contents 1 Change of era 2 Events of the Kaei Era 3 Gallery 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksChange of era editFebruary 28 1848 Kaei gannen 嘉永元年 The era name of Kaei meaning eternal felicity 2 was created to mark the beginning of the reign of the Emperor Kōmei The era name is derived from an aphorism in the Book of Song A wise Emperor receives much help One who esteems comfort is on the outside 思皇享多祐 嘉楽永無央 Events of the Kaei Era editJuly 1848 Kaei 1 Ranald MacDonald b 1824 Astoria Oregon left the whaler Plymouth in a small boat and landed on Rishiri Island He was arrested and sent from Rishiri to Nagasaki where he was incarcerated MacDonald began teaching English to 14 scholars including Einosuke Moriyama who later became an interpreter for the Japanese government when Matthew C Perry entered Japan in 1854 thus in Japan MacDonald is regarded as The first native speaking English teacher in Japanese history 3 1849 Kaei 2 Medical practice of vaccination introduced by Dutch physician Dr Mohnike at Dejima 4 July 1853 Kaei 6 Commodore Matthew Perry commanding the United States Navy s East Indies fleet arrives in Japanese waters with four ships 5 1854 Kaei 7 Commodore Perry returns to Edo Bay to force Japanese agreement to the Treaty of Kanagawa and the chief Japanese negotiator was Daigaku no kami Hayashi Akira 1800 1859 who was head of the Tokugawa bakufu s neo Confucian academy in Edo the Shōhei kō Yushima Seidō 6 Immediately on signing and exchanging copies of the treaty Commodore Perry presented the first commissioner Prince Hayashi with an American flag stating that this gift was the highest expression of national courtesy and friendship he could offer The prince was deeply moved and expressed his gratitude with evident feeling The commodore next presented the other commissioners with gifts he had especially reserved for them All business now having been concluded to the satisfaction of both delegations the Japanese commissioners invited Perry and his officers to enjoy a feast and entertainment especially prepared for the celebration from American eyewitness account of the event 7 May 2 1854 Kaei 7 the 6th day of the 4th month Fire broke out in the Sentō and the conflagration spread to the Imperial palace Both were destroyed The emperor took refuge at Shimokam and afterwards went to Shōgon in 8 November 4 7 1854 Kaei 7 Great Nankaidō earthquakes and tsunamis kill 80 000 people An earthquake and tsunami struck Shimoda on the Izu peninsula and because the port had just been designated as the prospective location for a U S consulate some construed the natural disasters as demonstration of the displeasure of the kami 9 1854 Kaei 7 27th day of the 11th month The era name was changed to Ansei meaning tranquil government which was meant to herald the beginning of a peaceful period The impetus and explanation for this change of era names was said to have been the burning of the Palace in Kyoto in the preceding summer 2 Gallery edit nbsp Branched Edasen 枝錢 Mon coins of Tokugawa coinage of the Kaei period Notes edit Nussbaum Louis Frederic 2005 Kaei Japan Encyclopedia p 444 p 444 at Google Books n b Louis Frederic is pseudonym of Louis Frederic Nussbaum see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012 05 24 at archive today a b Satow Ernest Mason 1905 Japan 1853 1864 Or Genji Yume Monogatari p 11 Ranald MacDonald The Narrative of His Life 1824 1894 Whitney Willis Norton 1885 Notes on the history of medical progress in Japan Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan pp 839 843 Ponsonby Fane Richard 1956 Kyoto The Old Capital of Japan 794 1869 p 323 Sewall John 1905 The Logbook of the Captain s Clerk Adventures in the China Seas p lxiv Cullen Louis 2003 A History of Japan 1582 1941 Internal and External Worlds p 178 n11 Sewall p lxxiii Hawks Francis 1856 Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M C Perry United States Navy Vol I pp 377 380 Ponsonby Fane p 323 Satow pp 9 10 Hammer Joshua 2006 Yokohama Burning the Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II p 65 References editCullen Louis M 2003 A History of Japan 1582 1941 Internal and External Worlds Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521821551 ISBN 9780521529181 OCLC 50694793 Hammer Joshua 2006 Yokohama Burning The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 9780743264655 OCLC 67774380 Hawks Francis 1856 Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M C Perry United States Navy Washington A O P Nicholson by order of Congress 1856 originally published in Senate Executive Documents No 34 of 33rd Congress 2nd Session OCLC 366454 Nussbaum Louis Frederic and Kathe Roth 2005 Japan Encyclopedia Cambridge Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 01753 5 OCLC 48943301 Ponsonby Fane Richard A B 1956 Kyoto The Old Capital of Japan 794 1869 Kyoto The Ponsonby Memorial Society OCLC 559477127 Satow Ernest Mason 1905 Japan 1853 1864 Or Genji Yume Monogatari Tokyo Naigwai Shuppan Kyokwai OCLC 643621953 Sewall John S 1905 The Logbook of the Captain s Clerk Adventures in the China Seas Bangor Maine Chas H Glass amp Co OCLC 296627697 Whitney Willis Norton 1885 Notes on the history of medical progress in Japan Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan reprinted from Vol 12 pp 245 270 Yokohama R J Meiklejohn amp Company Link to digitized version of this lecture textExternal links editNational Diet Library The Japanese Calendar historical overview plus illustrative images from library s collection National Archives of Japan Click link for map of Edo reproduced in the 6th year of Kaei 1853 permanent dead link Preceded byKōka 弘化 Era or nengōKaei 嘉永 28 February 1848 27 November 1854 Succeeded byAnsei 安政 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kaei amp oldid 1169468967, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
