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Freikorps Oberland

April 18, 2024

The Freikorps Oberland ("Highlands Free Corps"; also Bund Oberland or Kameradschaft Freikorps und Bund Oberland) was a voluntary paramilitary organization that, in the early years of the Weimar Republic, fought against communist and Polish insurgents. It was successful in the 1921 Battle of Annaberg and became the core of the Sturmabteilung (SA) in Bavaria while several members later turned against the Nazis.

Bund Oberland (Nuremberg 1923)

The group was founded in April 1919 by Rudolf von Sebottendorf, president of the Thule Society. The cabinet of Johannes Hoffmann (SPD) had fled from the Bavarian Soviet Republic to Bamberg. Major Albert Ritter von Beckh (1870–1958) then assumed military control. Most of the volunteers came from Bavaria, and therefore the symbol of the Edelweiß was chosen. Its direct precursor was the "Kampfbund" within the Thule Society, which also was against the Bavarian Soviet Republic.

In May 1919 the Freikorps Oberland fought against the Bavarian Soviet Republic. Elements of the Freikorps, combined with Freikorps Epp became the Reichswehr Brigade 21, which in 1920 fought in the Occupation of the Ruhr. The Freikorps itself was dissolved on 21 October 1919. and all the members went to Organization Escherich.

In the Silesian Uprisings of 1921 the Freikorps was ready and participated in the conquest of the eponymous hill in Annaberg in Upper Silesia. The Freikorps also had a propaganda unit in Upper Silesia. It is believed to have ordered Feme murders and kidnappings.[1] It had close connections with radical right-wing organizations in Bavaria. The murderers of Matthias Erzberger, Heinrich Tillessen and Heinrich Schulz did not only belong to Organization Consul, but also to "Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oberland".(Committee Oberland).[2] Some members of Oberland were possibly involved with the murder of USPD politician Karl Gareis (1889-1921).[3]

Separation edit

In summer 1922 the Bund became separated because of the question of whether Bund Oberland should be integrated into Bund Bayern und Reich. The civil wing formed Bund Treu Oberland, later Blücherbund. The military wing was led by veterinarian Friedrich Weber.

In 1922 the Bund Oberland had a few hundred members.By November 1923 there were around 2000 members in Bavaria. Amongst them were many students, employees, members of free professions, and also some workers. Most of the military leaders were young former officers, who were studying. Most of the members were between 20 and 30 years old and had the experience of fighting either in the World War I or in the fights in Bavaria, the Ruhr area, or in Upper Silesia. They had enough weapons, although many were stored and maintained by the Reichswehr. The Bund may have been supported by the father-in-law of Friedrich Weber, national publisher Julius Friedrich Lehmann.[4]

Under the guidance of Weber, Bund Oberland approached continuously to the radical people[clarification needed] under Adolf Hitler and Ernst Röhm. Together with the "Wehrverband Reichsflagge" and the SA the Bund formed the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft vaterländischer Kampfverbände" in January 1923 . In September 1923 they joined with the Nazi Party and other national organizations to form the "Deutscher Kampfbund". From 25 September 1923, the Kampfbund was guided by Adolf Hitler.

Beer Hall Putsch edit

On 8 November 1923 the Bund activated many members and participated actively in the Hitlerputsch. Members of the Bund, led by Ludwig Oestreicher took Jewish people as hostages.

Because of his participation in the coup attempt the Bund Oberland e. V. was banned in Bavaria and, by the end of 1923, across Germany.[5] Gustav Ritter von Kahr dissolved the Bund Oberland on 9 November 1923. Weber was sent to prison the same day and later accused in the Hitler-Process and sentenced to five years in prison. Former members of the Bund worked with extreme-right terror organization Organisation Consul. On 9. January 1924 they killed separatist leader Franz Josef Heinz in the French-occupied Palatinate.[6]

Reestablishment edit

After the end of the ban, the Bund was re-established in February 1925. By 1930 there were differences within the organization because the strong Austrian branch accepted the leadership of Austrofascist Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg, whose specifically Austrian brand of fascism was in marked contradiction to the Pan-German fascism of Hitler and the Nazis.

Postwar edit

After the War, in 1951, the old fighters gathered around Ernst Horadam and founded the still-existing traditional community Kameradschaft Freikorps und Bund Oberland. Some authors regard this as an extreme right organization.[7] As late as 2006, a church service took place in Schliersee to commemorate the members of the Freikorps killed in 1921. According to a statement of the president of Landsmannschaft Schlesien the event was regularly monitored by the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution.[8] The commemorate became much smaller after 2007.

Members edit

Literature edit

  • Hans Fenske: Konservativismus und Rechtsradikalismus in Bayern nach 1918. Verlag Gehlen, 1969
  • Kameradschaft Freikorps und Bund Oberland: Bildchronik zur Geschichte des Freikorps und Bundes Oberland. München 1974
  • Peter Schuster: Für das stolze Edelweiß, Brienna, Achau, 1995. ISBN 3-9803875-1-8
  • Oliver Schröm, Andrea Röpke: Stille Hilfe für braune Kameraden. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-86153-231-X
  • Andreas Angerstorf: Rechte Strukturen in Bayern 2005, Bayernforum, ISBN 3-89892-416-5

References edit

  1. ^ Ulrike Claudia Hofman: Verräter verfallen der Feme! Fememorde in Bayern in den zwanziger Jahren. Böhlau, Köln 2000, S. 125.
  2. ^ Horst Möller: Die Weimarer Republik. Eine unvollendete Demokratie. dtv, München 2004, S. 152.
  3. ^ Ulrike Claudia Hofman: Verräter verfallen der Feme! Fememorde in Bayern in den zwanziger Jahren. Böhlau, Köln 2000, S. 118 f.
  4. ^ Harold J. Gordon jr.: Hitlerputsch 1923. Machtkampf in Bayern 1923–1924. Bernard & Graefe, Frankfurt/M. 1971, S. 94–96.
  5. ^ Erwin Könnemann: Freikorps Oberland 1921-1930 (1921-1930 Bund Oberland) [BO], in: Fricke, Dieter (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Parteiengeschichte: die bürgerlichen und kleinbürgerlichen Parteien und Verbände in Deutschland (1789-1945), Band 1, Köln: Pahl-Rugenstein, 1984, S. 678 f.
  6. ^ Ulrich Herbert: Best. Biographische Studien über Radikalismus, Weltanschauung und Vernunft, 1903-1989. Bonn: Dietz, 1996, S. 83. ISBN 3-8012-5019-9
  7. ^ Oliver Schröm, Andrea Röpke: Stille Hilfe für braune Kameraden, S. 180f; Andreas Angerstorf: Rechte Strukturen in Bayern 2005
  8. ^ SPD-Kreisvorsitzender fordert Distanzierung vom Dritten Reich. In: Münchner Merkur, 21. Mai 2005

External links edit

  • Christoph Hübner, Bund Oberland, in Historisches Lexikon Bayerns mit Bildern
  • Infoseite zum Freikorps und den Gegenveranstaltungen
  • , Artikel aus der Wochenzeitschrift "Freitag (Zeitung)"
  • Als "Patrioten" pflegen sie stolz den unseligen Geist, "Artikel aus Süddeutsche Zeitung"

April 18, 2024
freikorps, oberland, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, februa. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Freikorps Oberland news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Freikorps Oberland Highlands Free Corps also Bund Oberland or Kameradschaft Freikorps und Bund Oberland was a voluntary paramilitary organization that in the early years of the Weimar Republic fought against communist and Polish insurgents It was successful in the 1921 Battle of Annaberg and became the core of the Sturmabteilung SA in Bavaria while several members later turned against the Nazis Bund Oberland Nuremberg 1923 The group was founded in April 1919 by Rudolf von Sebottendorf president of the Thule Society The cabinet of Johannes Hoffmann SPD had fled from the Bavarian Soviet Republic to Bamberg Major Albert Ritter von Beckh 1870 1958 then assumed military control Most of the volunteers came from Bavaria and therefore the symbol of the Edelweiss was chosen Its direct precursor was the Kampfbund within the Thule Society which also was against the Bavarian Soviet Republic In May 1919 the Freikorps Oberland fought against the Bavarian Soviet Republic Elements of the Freikorps combined with Freikorps Epp became the Reichswehr Brigade 21 which in 1920 fought in the Occupation of the Ruhr The Freikorps itself was dissolved on 21 October 1919 and all the members went to Organization Escherich In the Silesian Uprisings of 1921 the Freikorps was ready and participated in the conquest of the eponymous hill in Annaberg in Upper Silesia The Freikorps also had a propaganda unit in Upper Silesia It is believed to have ordered Feme murders and kidnappings 1 It had close connections with radical right wing organizations in Bavaria The murderers of Matthias Erzberger Heinrich Tillessen and Heinrich Schulz did not only belong to Organization Consul but also to Arbeitsgemeinschaft Oberland Committee Oberland 2 Some members of Oberland were possibly involved with the murder of USPD politician Karl Gareis 1889 1921 3 Contents 1 Separation 2 Beer Hall Putsch 3 Reestablishment 4 Postwar 5 Members 6 Literature 7 References 8 External linksSeparation editIn summer 1922 the Bund became separated because of the question of whether Bund Oberland should be integrated into Bund Bayern und Reich The civil wing formed Bund Treu Oberland later Blucherbund The military wing was led by veterinarian Friedrich Weber In 1922 the Bund Oberland had a few hundred members By November 1923 there were around 2000 members in Bavaria Amongst them were many students employees members of free professions and also some workers Most of the military leaders were young former officers who were studying Most of the members were between 20 and 30 years old and had the experience of fighting either in the World War I or in the fights in Bavaria the Ruhr area or in Upper Silesia They had enough weapons although many were stored and maintained by the Reichswehr The Bund may have been supported by the father in law of Friedrich Weber national publisher Julius Friedrich Lehmann 4 Under the guidance of Weber Bund Oberland approached continuously to the radical people clarification needed under Adolf Hitler and Ernst Rohm Together with the Wehrverband Reichsflagge and the SA the Bund formed the Arbeitsgemeinschaft vaterlandischer Kampfverbande in January 1923 In September 1923 they joined with the Nazi Party and other national organizations to form the Deutscher Kampfbund From 25 September 1923 the Kampfbund was guided by Adolf Hitler Beer Hall Putsch editOn 8 November 1923 the Bund activated many members and participated actively in the Hitlerputsch Members of the Bund led by Ludwig Oestreicher took Jewish people as hostages Because of his participation in the coup attempt the Bund Oberland e V was banned in Bavaria and by the end of 1923 across Germany 5 Gustav Ritter von Kahr dissolved the Bund Oberland on 9 November 1923 Weber was sent to prison the same day and later accused in the Hitler Process and sentenced to five years in prison Former members of the Bund worked with extreme right terror organization Organisation Consul On 9 January 1924 they killed separatist leader Franz Josef Heinz in the French occupied Palatinate 6 Reestablishment editAfter the end of the ban the Bund was re established in February 1925 By 1930 there were differences within the organization because the strong Austrian branch accepted the leadership of Austrofascist Ernst Rudiger Starhemberg whose specifically Austrian brand of fascism was in marked contradiction to the Pan German fascism of Hitler and the Nazis Postwar editAfter the War in 1951 the old fighters gathered around Ernst Horadam and founded the still existing traditional community Kameradschaft Freikorps und Bund Oberland Some authors regard this as an extreme right organization 7 As late as 2006 a church service took place in Schliersee to commemorate the members of the Freikorps killed in 1921 According to a statement of the president of Landsmannschaft Schlesien the event was regularly monitored by the State Office for the Protection of the Constitution 8 The commemorate became much smaller after 2007 Members editFriedrich Weber 1892 1954 head of veterinary surgery in Germany also the group s leader Richard Arauner 1902 1936 SS Oberfuhrer Karl Astel 1898 1945 Nazi eugenicist Eleonore Baur 1885 1981 nurse in the Dachau concentration camp Albert Ritter von Beckh SS Gruppenfuhrer Ernest Peter Burger agent of Operation Pastorius Kurt Benson SS Oberfuhrer Josef Dietrich 1892 1966 SS Oberstgruppenfuhrer and Generaloberst der Waffen SS Hans Dorn SS Sturmbannfuhrer Commanding Suppily Officer Dachau Concentration Camp 1934 1936 Fritz Fischer 1908 1999 historian SA and NSDAP member Karl Gebhardt 1897 1948 SS Gruppenfuhrer physician in Ravensbruck concentration camp Franz Gutsmiedl Reichstag delegate Wilhelm Harster 1904 1991 SS Brigadefuhrer Franz Hayler 1900 1972 SS Gruppenfuhrer Richard Hildebrandt SS Obergruppenfuhrer Heinrich Himmler 1900 1945 Reichsfuhrer SS and Chef of German Police Hans Hinkel 1901 1960 SS Gruppenfuhre Reichstag delegate Ernst Horadam SA Obersturmbannfuhrer Max Humps SS Oberfuhrer Friedrich Gustav Jaeger 1895 1944 Officer and resistance leader in 20 July plot Rudolf Jordan 1902 1988 SA Obergruppenfuhrer Gauleiter of Magdeburg Gerhard Kruger 1908 1994 student leader Max Lebsche physician opponent of the Nazi regime Emil Maurice 1897 1972 SS Standartenfuhrer Carl von Oberkamp SS Brigadefuhrer and Generalmajor der Waffen SS Ludwig Oestreicher Maximilian du Prel Baron Nazi author and press chief of the General Government in occupied Poland Heinz Reinefarth 1903 1979 SS Gruppenfuhrer and Generalleutnant der Waffen SS war criminal Arthur Rodl 1898 1945 SS Obersturmbannfuhrer and commandant of Gross Rosen concentration camp Josef Romer 1892 1944 Jurist staff officer later a communist and resistance member Arnold Ruge university teacher Ludwig Schmuck SA Gruppenfuhrer Fritz von Scholz 1896 1944 SS Gruppenfuhrer and Generalleutnant der Waffen SS Erwin Schulz 1900 1981 SS Brigadefuhrer and commander of Einsatzkommando 5 Ernst Rudiger Starhemberg 1899 1956 Austrofascist politician opponent of the Nazi regime Bodo Uhse 1904 1963 writer Nazi supporter but later a communist Hilmar Wackerle 1899 1941 SS Standartenfuhrer and commandant of Dachau concentration campLiterature editHans Fenske Konservativismus und Rechtsradikalismus in Bayern nach 1918 Verlag Gehlen 1969 Kameradschaft Freikorps und Bund Oberland Bildchronik zur Geschichte des Freikorps und Bundes Oberland Munchen 1974 Peter Schuster Fur das stolze Edelweiss Brienna Achau 1995 ISBN 3 9803875 1 8 Oliver Schrom Andrea Ropke Stille Hilfe fur braune Kameraden Ch Links Verlag Berlin 2001 ISBN 3 86153 231 X Andreas Angerstorf Rechte Strukturen in Bayern 2005 Bayernforum ISBN 3 89892 416 5References edit Ulrike Claudia Hofman Verrater verfallen der Feme Fememorde in Bayern in den zwanziger Jahren Bohlau Koln 2000 S 125 Horst Moller Die Weimarer Republik Eine unvollendete Demokratie dtv Munchen 2004 S 152 Ulrike Claudia Hofman Verrater verfallen der Feme Fememorde in Bayern in den zwanziger Jahren Bohlau Koln 2000 S 118 f Harold J Gordon jr Hitlerputsch 1923 Machtkampf in Bayern 1923 1924 Bernard amp Graefe Frankfurt M 1971 S 94 96 Erwin Konnemann Freikorps Oberland 1921 1930 1921 1930 Bund Oberland BO in Fricke Dieter Hrsg Lexikon der Parteiengeschichte die burgerlichen und kleinburgerlichen Parteien und Verbande in Deutschland 1789 1945 Band 1 Koln Pahl Rugenstein 1984 S 678 f Ulrich Herbert Best Biographische Studien uber Radikalismus Weltanschauung und Vernunft 1903 1989 Bonn Dietz 1996 S 83 ISBN 3 8012 5019 9 Oliver Schrom Andrea Ropke Stille Hilfe fur braune Kameraden S 180f Andreas Angerstorf Rechte Strukturen in Bayern 2005 SPD Kreisvorsitzender fordert Distanzierung vom Dritten Reich In Munchner Merkur 21 Mai 2005External links editChristoph Hubner Bund Oberland in Historisches Lexikon Bayerns mit Bildern Infoseite zum Freikorps und den Gegenveranstaltungen Kennzeichen Edelweiss Artikel aus der Wochenzeitschrift Freitag Zeitung Als Patrioten pflegen sie stolz den unseligen Geist Artikel aus Suddeutsche Zeitung Magnus Bosch Heldengedenken im Zeichen des Edelweiss Artikel aus dem Magazin Hinterland Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Freikorps Oberland amp oldid 1212162699, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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