The Zoopagomycotina are a subdivision (incertae sedis) of the fungaldivisionZygomycotasensu lato.[1] It contains 5 families and 20 genera.[2] Relationships among and within subphyla of Zygomycota are poorly understood, and their monophyly remains in question, so they are sometimes referred to by the informal name zygomycetes.
Zoopagomycotina are microscopic and are typically obligateparasites of other zygomycete fungi and of microscopic soil animals such as nematodes, rotifers and amoebae.[3] Some species are endoparasites that live mostly within the bodies of their hosts and only exit the host when they are producing spores. Other species are ectoparasites (e.g. Syncephalis, Piptocephalis)[2] that live outside of the host body but produce specialized organs called haustoria that penetrate inside of the host body to capture host nutrients. Similar haustoria are found in biotrophic plant, animal and fungal pathogens in several other major fungal lineages.
Like most other zygomycete fungi, the Zoopagomycotina have cell walls containing chitin and have coenocytic (nonseptate) hyphae. Their vegetative body consists of a simple, branched or unbranched thallus. Asexual reproduction is by arthrospores (in Helicocephalum), chlamydospores, uni- or multi-spored sporganiola; sporangiospores of multi-spored formed in simple or branched chains (merosporangia), usually from a vesicle or stalk. Many produce haustoria. Where observed, the sexual spores (zygospores) are globose and unornamented. The hyphae used during sexual outcrossing is similar to vegetative hyphae or in some cases may be slightly enlarged.[1]
Although great strides have been made in resolving the evolutionary relationships among many lineages of fungi,[5] it has been challenging to resolve relationships within and among zygomycetes. For example, the uncertain grouping of Zoophagus insidians with the Kickxellomycotina.[1]
Resolving a well-supported monophyly of the Zoopagomycotina has been particularly challenging for several main reasons:
most species of Zoopagomycotina are microscopic and challenging to observe
most species of Zoopagomycotina cannot be grown separately from their host organisms in axenic culture, so obtaining pure DNA for molecular studies is challenging
based on ribosomal DNA sequences, species of Zoopagomycotina may have undergone accelerated evolution, so grouping may be skewed by long-branch attraction (LBA) and a high frequency of parallel evolutionary changes[6]
Families and their respective generaedit
Class Zoopagomycetes Doweld 2014
Order Zoopagales Bessey 1950 ex. Benjamin 1979 [Zoophagales Doweld 2014]
^James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL, Matheny PB, Hofstetter V, Cox CJ, et al. (2006). "Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny". Nature. 443 (Pt 7113): 818–822. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..818J. doi:10.1038/nature05110. PMID 17051209. S2CID 4302864.
^White MM, et al. (2006). "Phylogeny of the Zygomycota based on nuclear ribosomal sequence data". Mycologia. 98 (Pt 6): 872–884. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.872. PMID 17486964.
zoopagomycotina, subdivision, incertae, sedis, fungal, division, zygomycota, sensu, lato, contains, families, genera, relationships, among, within, subphyla, zygomycota, poorly, understood, their, monophyly, remains, question, they, sometimes, referred, inform. The Zoopagomycotina are a subdivision incertae sedis of the fungal division Zygomycota sensu lato 1 It contains 5 families and 20 genera 2 Relationships among and within subphyla of Zygomycota are poorly understood and their monophyly remains in question so they are sometimes referred to by the informal name zygomycetes ZoopagomycotinaFertile heads of PiptocephalisScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiSubkingdom incertae sedisSubdivision ZoopagomycotinaBenny 2007Class ZoopagomycetesDoweld 2014Order and familiesZoopagales Basidiolaceae Cochlonemataceae Helicocephalidaceae Sigmoideomycetaceae Zoopagaceae PiptocephalidaceaeZoopagomycotina are microscopic and are typically obligate parasites of other zygomycete fungi and of microscopic soil animals such as nematodes rotifers and amoebae 3 Some species are endoparasites that live mostly within the bodies of their hosts and only exit the host when they are producing spores Other species are ectoparasites e g Syncephalis Piptocephalis 2 that live outside of the host body but produce specialized organs called haustoria that penetrate inside of the host body to capture host nutrients Similar haustoria are found in biotrophic plant animal and fungal pathogens in several other major fungal lineages Like most other zygomycete fungi the Zoopagomycotina have cell walls containing chitin and have coenocytic nonseptate hyphae Their vegetative body consists of a simple branched or unbranched thallus Asexual reproduction is by arthrospores in Helicocephalum chlamydospores uni or multi spored sporganiola sporangiospores of multi spored formed in simple or branched chains merosporangia usually from a vesicle or stalk Many produce haustoria Where observed the sexual spores zygospores are globose and unornamented The hyphae used during sexual outcrossing is similar to vegetative hyphae or in some cases may be slightly enlarged 1 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Evolutionary relationships 3 Families and their respective genera 4 References 5 External linksEtymology editThe word Zoopagomycotina comes from the Greek roots zoo meaning animal and pag meaning rock or ice frost 4 Evolutionary relationships edit nbsp Currently accepted phyla and subphyla in kingdom Fungi nbsp Phylogeny of ZygomycotaAlthough great strides have been made in resolving the evolutionary relationships among many lineages of fungi 5 it has been challenging to resolve relationships within and among zygomycetes For example the uncertain grouping of Zoophagus insidians with the Kickxellomycotina 1 Resolving a well supported monophyly of the Zoopagomycotina has been particularly challenging for several main reasons most species of Zoopagomycotina are microscopic and challenging to observe most species of Zoopagomycotina cannot be grown separately from their host organisms in axenic culture so obtaining pure DNA for molecular studies is challenging based on ribosomal DNA sequences species of Zoopagomycotina may have undergone accelerated evolution so grouping may be skewed by long branch attraction LBA and a high frequency of parallel evolutionary changes 6 Families and their respective genera editClass Zoopagomycetes Doweld 2014 Order Zoopagales Bessey 1950 ex Benjamin 1979 Zoophagales Doweld 2014 Massartia De Wildeman 1897 non Conrad 1926 Family Basidiolaceae Doweld 2013 Basidiolum Cienk 1861 Family Cochlonemataceae Duddington 1974 Amoebophilus 6 spp ectoparasite of amoebae Aenigmatomyces Castan eda amp Kendrick 1993 Aplectosoma 1 sp parasite of an amoeba Bdellospora 1 sp ectoparasite of an amoeba Cochlonema 19 spp endoparasites of amoebae and rhizopods Endocochlus 4 spp endoparasites of amoebae Euryancale 5 spp endoparasites of nematodes Family Helicocephalidaceae Boedijn 1959 Brachymyces 1 sp parasitic on bdelloid rotifers Helicocephalum 5 spp parasites of small animals especially nematodes and nematode eggs Rhopalomyces 8 spp parasites of small animals especially nematodes and nematode eggs Verrucocephalum Degawa 2013 Family Piptocephalidaceae Schroter 1886 Kuzuhaea 1 sp haustorial parasite of fungi mostly of Mucorales spp Piptocephalis 25 spp haustorial parasite of fungi mostly of Mucorales spp Syncephalis 61 spp haustorial parasite of fungi mostly of Mortierellales and Mucorales spp Family Sigmoideomycetaceae Benny Benjamin amp Kirk 1992 Reticulocephalis 2 spp putative haustorial parasite of fungi Sigmoideomyces 2 spp putative haustorial parasite of fungi Sphondylocephalum Stalpers 1974 Thamnocephalis 3 spp haustorial parasite of fungi Family Zoopagaceae Drechsler 1938 Acaulopage 27 spp haustorial parasites of amoeba Cystopage 7 spp haustorial parasites of amoebae and nematodes Lecophagus Dick 1990 Stylopage 18 spp predaceous on amoebae and nematodes Tentaculophagus Doweld 2014 Zoopage 11 spp haustorial parasite of amoebae and testaceous rhizopods Zoophagus 5 spp ectoparasites of loricate rotifers and nematodes 2 References edit a b c Hibbett DS Binder M Bischoff JF et al May 2007 A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi Mycol Res 111 Pt 5 509 47 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 626 9582 doi 10 1016 j mycres 2007 03 004 PMID 17572334 a b c url http zygomycetes org index php id 8 url http www tolweb org Zygomycota url http www oed com James TY Kauff F Schoch CL Matheny PB Hofstetter V Cox CJ et al 2006 Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six gene phylogeny Nature 443 Pt 7113 818 822 Bibcode 2006Natur 443 818J doi 10 1038 nature05110 PMID 17051209 S2CID 4302864 White MM et al 2006 Phylogeny of the Zygomycota based on nuclear ribosomal sequence data Mycologia 98 Pt 6 872 884 doi 10 3852 mycologia 98 6 872 PMID 17486964 External links editZygomycota at the Tree of Life Web Project Zygomycetes org Zoopagomycotina in MycoBank https www uniprot org taxonomy 451827 https web archive org web 20110720003551 http agclass canr msu edu mtwdk exe w 125844 amp k default amp s 5 amp t 2 amp n 1 amp l 60 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zoopagomycotina amp oldid 1157398796, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
