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Zinc–cerium battery

February 16, 2024

Zinc–cerium batteries are a type of redox flow battery first developed by Plurion Inc. (UK) during the 2000s.[1][2] In this rechargeable battery, both negative zinc and positive cerium electrolytes are circulated though an electrochemical flow reactor during the operation and stored in two separated reservoirs. Negative and positive electrolyte compartments in the electrochemical reactor are separated by a cation-exchange membrane, usually Nafion (DuPont). The Ce(III)/Ce(IV) and Zn(II)/Zn redox reactions take place at the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. Since zinc is electroplated during charge at the negative electrode this system is classified as a hybrid flow battery. Unlike in zinc–bromine and zinc–chlorine redox flow batteries, no condensation device is needed to dissolve halogen gases. The reagents used in the zinc-cerium system are considerably less expensive than those used in the vanadium flow battery.

Diagram of the divided zinc–cerium redox flow battery

Due to the high standard electrode potentials of both zinc and cerium redox reactions in aqueous media, the open-circuit cell voltage is as high as 2.43 V.[1] Among the other proposed rechargeable aqueous flow battery systems, this system has the largest cell voltage and its power density per electrode area is second only to H2-Br2 flow battery.[3] Methanesulfonic acid is used as supporting electrolyte, as it allows high concentrations of both zinc and cerium; the solubility of the corresponding methanesulfonates is 2.1 M for Zn,[4] 2.4 M for Ce(III) and up to 1.0 M for Ce(IV).[5] Methanesulfonic acid is particularly well suited for industrial electrochemical applications and is considered to be a green alternative to other support electrolytes.[4]

The Zn-Ce flow battery is still in early stages of development. The main technological challenge is the control of the inefficiency and self discharge (Zn corrosion via hydrogen evolution) at the negative electrode. In commercial terms, the need for expensive Pt-Ti electrodes increases the capital cost of the system in comparison to other RFBs.

Cell chemistry edit

At the negative electrode (anode), zinc is electroplated and stripped on the carbon polymer electrodes during charge and discharge, respectively.[6][7][8]

Zn2+(aq) + 2e− ⇌ Zn(s)
(−0.76 V vs. SHE)

At the positive electrode (cathode) (titanium based materials or carbon felt electrode), Ce(III) oxidation and Ce(IV) reduction take place during charge and discharge, respectively.[9][10]

Ce4+(aq) + e− ⇌ Ce3+(aq)
(ca. +1.44 V vs. SHE)

Because of the large cell voltage, hydrogen (0 V vs. SHE) and oxygen (+1.23 V vs. SHE) could evolve theoretically as side reactions during battery operation (especially on charging).[11] The positive electrolyte is a solution of cerium(III) methanesulfonate.

History and development edit

The zinc–cerium redox flow battery was first proposed by Clarke and co-workers in 2004,[1][2] which has been the core technology of Plurion Inc. (UK). In 2008, Plurion Inc. suffered a liquidity crisis and was under liquidation in 2010 and the company was formally dissolved in 2012. However, the information of the experimental conditions and charge-discharge performance described in the early patents of Plurion Inc. are limited. Since the 2010s, the electrochemical properties and the characterisation of a zinc–cerium redox flow battery have been identified by the researchers of Southampton and Strathclyde Universities. During charge/discharge cycles at 50 mA cm−2, the coulombic and voltage efficiencies of the zinc–cerium redox flow battery were reported to be 92 and 68%, respectively.[12] In 2011, a membraneless (undivided) zinc–cerium system based on low acid concentration electrolyte using compressed pieces of carbon felt positive electrode was proposed. Discharge cell voltage and energy efficiency were reported to be approximately 2.1 V and 75%, respectively. With such undivided configuration (single electrolyte compartment), self-discharge was relatively slow at low concentrations of cerium and acid.[13][14] Major installation of the zinc–cerium redox flow battery was the > 2 kW testing facility in Glenrothes, Scotland, installed by Plurion Inc. The use of mixed acid electrolytes for the positive half-cell has been investigated as a mean to increase the kinetics of the cerium redox reaction in State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and the Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, China.[15][16] Platinum-iridium coatings have shown the best performance as positive electrodes for the battery, while being less expensive than platinum electrodes.[17] Charge-discharge of the system has been preliminarily simulated.[18] Research on mixed acids continues and it has been shown that low concentrations of hydrochloric acid can improve the electrochemical response of the cerium reaction, while nitric acid additions had negative results.[19] Hierarchical porous carbon as the positive electrode has yielded better performance than carbon felt in laboratory scale experiments.[20] The zinc electrodeposition on the negative electrode has been studied using a Hull cell.[21] Carbon paper has also been studied as an alternative material for the positive electrode.[22] Graphene oxide-graphite composites have shown some promise as a better catalytic electrode material for the reaction of cerium in the positive electrolyte.[23] A similar cerium-lead RFB has been proposed.[24] Indium-modified electrodes have been suggested as an alternative to conventional graphitised carbon as negative electrodes.[25] The Zn-Ce system has introduced the use of this acid to other flow batteries as a better alternative to sulphuric acid. The relationship between cell potential and current density has been estimated for a Zn-Ce unit flow cell.[26] This permitted to rationalise the contribution of the thermodynamic, kinetic and ohmic components of the battery voltage and to assess the effect of increasing inter-electrode gap.

The development of the Zn-Ce battery has been reviewed,[27] as well as the electrochemical technology of cerium conversion for industrial applications,[28] which include energy storage, nuclear decontamination, indirect organic synthesis, destruction of hazardous organics and gas scrubbing.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c R.L. Clarke, B.J. Dougherty, S. Harrison, P.J. Millington, S. Mohanta, US 2004/ 0202925 A1, Cerium Batteries, (2004).
  2. ^ a b R.L. Clarke, B.J. Dougherty, S. Harrison, J.P. Millington, S. Mohanta, US 2006/0063065 A1, Battery with bifunctional electrolyte, (2005).
  3. ^ Leung, P.K.; Ponce de León, C.; Low, C.J.T.; Walsh, F.C. (2011). "Ce(III)/Ce(IV) in methanesulfonic acid as the positive half cell of a redox flow battery". Electrochimica Acta. 56 (5): 2145–2153. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.12.038.
  4. ^ a b Gernon, M. D.; Wu, M.; Buszta, T.; Janney, P. (1999). "Environmental benefits of methanesulfonic acid: comparative properties and advantages". Green Chemistry. 1 (3): 127–140. doi:10.1039/a900157c.
  5. ^ Kreh, R.P.; Spotnitz, R.M.; Lundquist, J.T. (1989). "Mediated electrochemical synthesis of aromatic aldehydes, ketones, and quinones using ceric methanesulfonate". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 54 (7): 1526–1531. doi:10.1021/jo00268a010.
  6. ^ Nikiforidis, G.; Berlouis, L.; Hall, D.; Hodgson, D. (2012). "Evaluation of carbon composite materials for the negative electrode in the zinc–cerium redox flow cell". Journal of Power Sources. 206: 497–503. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.036.
  7. ^ Nikiforidis, G.; Berlouis, L.; Hall, D.; Hodgson, D. (2013). "A study of different carbon composite materials for the negative half-cell reaction of the zinc cerium hybrid redox flow cell". Electrochimica Acta. 113: 412–423. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.061.
  8. ^ Leung, P.K.; Ponce de León, C.; Low, C.T.J.; Walsh, F.C. (2011). "Zinc deposition and dissolution in methanesulfonic acid onto a carbon composite electrode as the negative electrode reactions in a hybrid redox flow battery". Electrochimica Acta. 56 (18): 6536–6546. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.111.
  9. ^ Xie, Z.; Zhou, D.; Xiong, F.; Zhang, S.; Huang, K. (2011). "Cerium-zinc redox flow battery: Positive half-cell electrolyte studies". Journal of Rare Earths. 29 (6): 567–573. doi:10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60499-1.
  10. ^ Nikiforidis, G.; Berlouis, L.; Hall, D.; Hodgson, D. (2014). "Charge/discharge cycles on Pt and Pt-Ir based electrodes for the positive side of the Zinc-Cerium hybrid redox flow battery". Electrochimica Acta. 125: 176–182. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.075.
  11. ^ Nikiforidis, G.; Berlouis, L.; Hall, D.; Hodgson, D. (2013). "Impact of electrolyte composition on the performance of the zincecerium redox flow battery system". Journal of Power Sources. 243: 691–698. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.045.
  12. ^ Leung, P.K.; Ponce de León, C.; Low, C.T.J.; Shah, A.A.; Walsh, F.C. (2011). "Characterization of a zinc-cerium flow battery". Journal of Power Sources. 196 (11): 5174–5185. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.095.
  13. ^ Leung, P.K.; Ponce-de-Leon, C.; Walsh, F.C. (2011). "An undivided zinc–cerium redox flow battery operating at room temperature (295 K)". Electrochemistry Communications. 13 (8): 770–773. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2011.04.011.
  14. ^ Leung, P.K.; Ponce de León, C.; Walsh, F.C. (2012). "The influence of operational parameters on the performance of an undivided zinc–cerium flow battery". Electrochimica Acta. 80: 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.074.
  15. ^ Xie, Z.; Xiong, F.; Zhou, D. (2011). "Study of the Ce3+/Ce4+ redox couple in mixed-acid media (CH3SO3H and H2SO4) for redox flow battery application". Energy and Fuels. 25 (5): 2399–2404. doi:10.1021/ef200354b.
  16. ^ Xie, Z.; Liu, Q.; Chang, Z.; Zhang, X. (2013). "The developments and challenges of cerium half-cell in zinc–cerium redox flow battery for energy storage". Electrochimica Acta. 90: 695–704. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.066.
  17. ^ Nikiforidis, G.; Berlouis, L.; Hall, D.; Hodgson, D. (2014). "An electrochemical study on the positive electrode side of the zinc–cerium hybrid redox flow battery". Electrochimica Acta. 115: 621–629. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.081.
  18. ^ Halls, J.E.; Hawthornthwaite, A.; Hepworth, R.J.; Roberts, N.A.; Wright, K.J.; Zhou, Y.; Haswell, S.J.; Haywood, S.K.; Kelly, S.M.; Lawrence, N.S.; Wadhawan, J.D. (2013). "Empowering the smart grid: can redox batteries be matched to renewable energy systems for energy storage?" (PDF). Energy & Environmental Science. 6 (3): 1026. doi:10.1039/c3ee23708g. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30063527.
  19. ^ Nikiforidis, G.; Daoud, W.A. (2014). "Effect of mixed acid media on the positive side of the hybrid zinc-cerium redox flow battery". Electrochimica Acta. 141: 255–262. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.142.
  20. ^ Xie, Z.; Yang, B.; Cai, D.; Yang, L. (2014). "Hierarchical porous carbon toward effective cathode in advanced zinc-cerium redox flow battery". Journal of Rare Earths. 32 (10): 973–978. doi:10.1016/S1002-0721(14)60171-X.
  21. ^ Nikiforidis, G.; Cartwright, R.; Hodgson, D.; Hall, D.; Berlouis, L. (2014). "Factors affecting the performance of the Zn-Ce redox flow battery" (PDF). Electrochimica Acta. 140: 139–144. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.150.
  22. ^ Nikiforidis, G.; Xiang, Y.; Daoud, W.A. (2015). "Electrochemical behavior of carbon paper on cerium methanesulfonate electrolytes for zinc-cerium flow battery". Electrochimica Acta. 157: 274–281. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.134.
  23. ^ Xie, Z.; Yang, B.; Yang, L.; Xu, X.; Cai, D.; Chen, J.; Chen, Y.; He, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhou, X. (2015). "Addition of graphene oxide into graphite toward effective positive electrode for advanced zinc-cerium redox flow battery". Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. 19 (11): 3339–3345. doi:10.1007/s10008-015-2958-9. S2CID 93129998.
  24. ^ Na, Z.; Xu, S.; Yin, D.; Wang, L (2015). "A cerium–lead redox flow battery system employing supporting electrolyte of methanesulfonic acid". Journal of Power Sources. 295: 28–32. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.115.
  25. ^ Nikiforidis, G.; Daoud, W.A. (2015). "Indium modified graphite electrodes on highly zinc containing methanesulfonate electrolyte for zinc-cerium redox flow battery". Electrochimica Acta. 168: 394–402. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.118.
  26. ^ Arenas, L.F.; Walsh, F.C.; de Leon, C. (2015). "The importance of cell geometry and electrolyte properties to the cell potential of Zn-Ce hybrid flow batteries". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 163 (1): A5170–A5179. doi:10.1149/2.0261601jes.
  27. ^ Walsh, Frank C.; Ponce de Léon, Carlos; Berlouis, Len; Nikiforidis, George; Arenas-Martínez, Luis F.; Hodgson, David; Hall, David (2014). "The Development of Zn-Ce Hybrid Redox Flow Batteries for Energy Storage and Their Continuing Challenges" (PDF). ChemPlusChem. 80 (2): 288–311. doi:10.1002/cplu.201402103.
  28. ^ Arenas, L.F.; Ponce de León, C.; Walsh, F.C. (2016). "Electrochemical redox processes involving soluble cerium species" (PDF). Electrochimica Acta. 205: 226–247. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.062.

External links edit

  • [1] University of Southampton Research Project: Zinc-cerium redox flow cells batteries
  • [2] U.S. Department of Energy's Flow Cells for Energy Storage Workshop

February 16, 2024
zinc, cerium, battery, zinc, cerium, batteries, type, redox, flow, battery, first, developed, plurion, during, 2000s, this, rechargeable, battery, both, negative, zinc, positive, cerium, electrolytes, circulated, though, electrochemical, flow, reactor, during,. Zinc cerium batteries are a type of redox flow battery first developed by Plurion Inc UK during the 2000s 1 2 In this rechargeable battery both negative zinc and positive cerium electrolytes are circulated though an electrochemical flow reactor during the operation and stored in two separated reservoirs Negative and positive electrolyte compartments in the electrochemical reactor are separated by a cation exchange membrane usually Nafion DuPont The Ce III Ce IV and Zn II Zn redox reactions take place at the positive and negative electrodes respectively Since zinc is electroplated during charge at the negative electrode this system is classified as a hybrid flow battery Unlike in zinc bromine and zinc chlorine redox flow batteries no condensation device is needed to dissolve halogen gases The reagents used in the zinc cerium system are considerably less expensive than those used in the vanadium flow battery Diagram of the divided zinc cerium redox flow batteryDue to the high standard electrode potentials of both zinc and cerium redox reactions in aqueous media the open circuit cell voltage is as high as 2 43 V 1 Among the other proposed rechargeable aqueous flow battery systems this system has the largest cell voltage and its power density per electrode area is second only to H2 Br2 flow battery 3 Methanesulfonic acid is used as supporting electrolyte as it allows high concentrations of both zinc and cerium the solubility of the corresponding methanesulfonates is 2 1 M for Zn 4 2 4 M for Ce III and up to 1 0 M for Ce IV 5 Methanesulfonic acid is particularly well suited for industrial electrochemical applications and is considered to be a green alternative to other support electrolytes 4 The Zn Ce flow battery is still in early stages of development The main technological challenge is the control of the inefficiency and self discharge Zn corrosion via hydrogen evolution at the negative electrode In commercial terms the need for expensive Pt Ti electrodes increases the capital cost of the system in comparison to other RFBs Contents 1 Cell chemistry 2 History and development 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksCell chemistry editAt the negative electrode anode zinc is electroplated and stripped on the carbon polymer electrodes during charge and discharge respectively 6 7 8 Zn2 aq 2e Zn s 0 76 V vs SHE dd At the positive electrode cathode titanium based materials or carbon felt electrode Ce III oxidation and Ce IV reduction take place during charge and discharge respectively 9 10 Ce4 aq e Ce3 aq ca 1 44 V vs SHE dd Because of the large cell voltage hydrogen 0 V vs SHE and oxygen 1 23 V vs SHE could evolve theoretically as side reactions during battery operation especially on charging 11 The positive electrolyte is a solution of cerium III methanesulfonate History and development editThe zinc cerium redox flow battery was first proposed by Clarke and co workers in 2004 1 2 which has been the core technology of Plurion Inc UK In 2008 Plurion Inc suffered a liquidity crisis and was under liquidation in 2010 and the company was formally dissolved in 2012 However the information of the experimental conditions and charge discharge performance described in the early patents of Plurion Inc are limited Since the 2010s the electrochemical properties and the characterisation of a zinc cerium redox flow battery have been identified by the researchers of Southampton and Strathclyde Universities During charge discharge cycles at 50 mA cm 2 the coulombic and voltage efficiencies of the zinc cerium redox flow battery were reported to be 92 and 68 respectively 12 In 2011 a membraneless undivided zinc cerium system based on low acid concentration electrolyte using compressed pieces of carbon felt positive electrode was proposed Discharge cell voltage and energy efficiency were reported to be approximately 2 1 V and 75 respectively With such undivided configuration single electrolyte compartment self discharge was relatively slow at low concentrations of cerium and acid 13 14 Major installation of the zinc cerium redox flow battery was the gt 2 kW testing facility in Glenrothes Scotland installed by Plurion Inc The use of mixed acid electrolytes for the positive half cell has been investigated as a mean to increase the kinetics of the cerium redox reaction in State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization and the Jiangxi University of Science and Technology China 15 16 Platinum iridium coatings have shown the best performance as positive electrodes for the battery while being less expensive than platinum electrodes 17 Charge discharge of the system has been preliminarily simulated 18 Research on mixed acids continues and it has been shown that low concentrations of hydrochloric acid can improve the electrochemical response of the cerium reaction while nitric acid additions had negative results 19 Hierarchical porous carbon as the positive electrode has yielded better performance than carbon felt in laboratory scale experiments 20 The zinc electrodeposition on the negative electrode has been studied using a Hull cell 21 Carbon paper has also been studied as an alternative material for the positive electrode 22 Graphene oxide graphite composites have shown some promise as a better catalytic electrode material for the reaction of cerium in the positive electrolyte 23 A similar cerium lead RFB has been proposed 24 Indium modified electrodes have been suggested as an alternative to conventional graphitised carbon as negative electrodes 25 The Zn Ce system has introduced the use of this acid to other flow batteries as a better alternative to sulphuric acid The relationship between cell potential and current density has been estimated for a Zn Ce unit flow cell 26 This permitted to rationalise the contribution of the thermodynamic kinetic and ohmic components of the battery voltage and to assess the effect of increasing inter electrode gap The development of the Zn Ce battery has been reviewed 27 as well as the electrochemical technology of cerium conversion for industrial applications 28 which include energy storage nuclear decontamination indirect organic synthesis destruction of hazardous organics and gas scrubbing See also editEnergy storage Load balancing Flow battery Rechargeable battery Battery electricity Electrochemical cell List of battery typesReferences edit a b c R L Clarke B J Dougherty S Harrison P J Millington S Mohanta US 2004 0202925 A1 Cerium Batteries 2004 a b R L Clarke B J Dougherty S Harrison J P Millington S Mohanta US 2006 0063065 A1 Battery with bifunctional electrolyte 2005 Leung P K Ponce de Leon C Low C J T Walsh F C 2011 Ce III Ce IV in methanesulfonic acid as the positive half cell of a redox flow battery Electrochimica Acta 56 5 2145 2153 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2010 12 038 a b Gernon M D Wu M Buszta T Janney P 1999 Environmental benefits of methanesulfonic acid comparative properties and advantages Green Chemistry 1 3 127 140 doi 10 1039 a900157c Kreh R P Spotnitz R M Lundquist J T 1989 Mediated electrochemical synthesis of aromatic aldehydes ketones and quinones using ceric methanesulfonate The Journal of Organic Chemistry 54 7 1526 1531 doi 10 1021 jo00268a010 Nikiforidis G Berlouis L Hall D Hodgson D 2012 Evaluation of carbon composite materials for the negative electrode in the zinc cerium redox flow cell Journal of Power Sources 206 497 503 doi 10 1016 j jpowsour 2011 01 036 Nikiforidis G Berlouis L Hall D Hodgson D 2013 A study of different carbon composite materials for the negative half cell reaction of the zinc cerium hybrid redox flow cell Electrochimica Acta 113 412 423 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2013 09 061 Leung P K Ponce de Leon C Low C T J Walsh F C 2011 Zinc deposition and dissolution in methanesulfonic acid onto a carbon composite electrode as the negative electrode reactions in a hybrid redox flow battery Electrochimica Acta 56 18 6536 6546 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2011 04 111 Xie Z Zhou D Xiong F Zhang S Huang K 2011 Cerium zinc redox flow battery Positive half cell electrolyte studies Journal of Rare Earths 29 6 567 573 doi 10 1016 S1002 0721 10 60499 1 Nikiforidis G Berlouis L Hall D Hodgson D 2014 Charge discharge cycles on Pt and Pt Ir based electrodes for the positive side of the Zinc Cerium hybrid redox flow battery Electrochimica Acta 125 176 182 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2014 01 075 Nikiforidis G Berlouis L Hall D Hodgson D 2013 Impact of electrolyte composition on the performance of the zincecerium redox flow battery system Journal of Power Sources 243 691 698 doi 10 1016 j jpowsour 2013 06 045 Leung P K Ponce de Leon C Low C T J Shah A A Walsh F C 2011 Characterization of a zinc cerium flow battery Journal of Power Sources 196 11 5174 5185 doi 10 1016 j jpowsour 2011 01 095 Leung P K Ponce de Leon C Walsh F C 2011 An undivided zinc cerium redox flow battery operating at room temperature 295 K Electrochemistry Communications 13 8 770 773 doi 10 1016 j elecom 2011 04 011 Leung P K Ponce de Leon C Walsh F C 2012 The influence of operational parameters on the performance of an undivided zinc cerium flow battery Electrochimica Acta 80 7 14 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2012 06 074 Xie Z Xiong F Zhou D 2011 Study of the Ce3 Ce4 redox couple in mixed acid media CH3SO3H and H2SO4 for redox flow battery application Energy and Fuels 25 5 2399 2404 doi 10 1021 ef200354b Xie Z Liu Q Chang Z Zhang X 2013 The developments and challenges of cerium half cell in zinc cerium redox flow battery for energy storage Electrochimica Acta 90 695 704 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2012 12 066 Nikiforidis G Berlouis L Hall D Hodgson D 2014 An electrochemical study on the positive electrode side of the zinc cerium hybrid redox flow battery Electrochimica Acta 115 621 629 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2013 09 081 Halls J E Hawthornthwaite A Hepworth R J Roberts N A Wright K J Zhou Y Haswell S J Haywood S K Kelly S M Lawrence N S Wadhawan J D 2013 Empowering the smart grid can redox batteries be matched to renewable energy systems for energy storage PDF Energy amp Environmental Science 6 3 1026 doi 10 1039 c3ee23708g hdl 10536 DRO DU 30063527 Nikiforidis G Daoud W A 2014 Effect of mixed acid media on the positive side of the hybrid zinc cerium redox flow battery Electrochimica Acta 141 255 262 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2014 06 142 Xie Z Yang B Cai D Yang L 2014 Hierarchical porous carbon toward effective cathode in advanced zinc cerium redox flow battery Journal of Rare Earths 32 10 973 978 doi 10 1016 S1002 0721 14 60171 X Nikiforidis G Cartwright R Hodgson D Hall D Berlouis L 2014 Factors affecting the performance of the Zn Ce redox flow battery PDF Electrochimica Acta 140 139 144 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2014 04 150 Nikiforidis G Xiang Y Daoud W A 2015 Electrochemical behavior of carbon paper on cerium methanesulfonate electrolytes for zinc cerium flow battery Electrochimica Acta 157 274 281 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2014 11 134 Xie Z Yang B Yang L Xu X Cai D Chen J Chen Y He Y Li Y Zhou X 2015 Addition of graphene oxide into graphite toward effective positive electrode for advanced zinc cerium redox flow battery Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 19 11 3339 3345 doi 10 1007 s10008 015 2958 9 S2CID 93129998 Na Z Xu S Yin D Wang L 2015 A cerium lead redox flow battery system employing supporting electrolyte of methanesulfonic acid Journal of Power Sources 295 28 32 doi 10 1016 j jpowsour 2015 06 115 Nikiforidis G Daoud W A 2015 Indium modified graphite electrodes on highly zinc containing methanesulfonate electrolyte for zinc cerium redox flow battery Electrochimica Acta 168 394 402 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2015 03 118 Arenas L F Walsh F C de Leon C 2015 The importance of cell geometry and electrolyte properties to the cell potential of Zn Ce hybrid flow batteries Journal of the Electrochemical Society 163 1 A5170 A5179 doi 10 1149 2 0261601jes Walsh Frank C Ponce de Leon Carlos Berlouis Len Nikiforidis George Arenas Martinez Luis F Hodgson David Hall David 2014 The Development of Zn Ce Hybrid Redox Flow Batteries for Energy Storage and Their Continuing Challenges PDF ChemPlusChem 80 2 288 311 doi 10 1002 cplu 201402103 Arenas L F Ponce de Leon C Walsh F C 2016 Electrochemical redox processes involving soluble cerium species PDF Electrochimica Acta 205 226 247 doi 10 1016 j electacta 2016 04 062 External links edit 1 University of Southampton Research Project Zinc cerium redox flow cells batteries 2 U S Department of Energy s Flow Cells for Energy Storage Workshop Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zinc cerium battery amp oldid 1183741955, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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