Zenevisi family

The Zenevisi family or Zenebishi (fl. 1304–1460), was a medieval Albanian noble family . They governed territories in Epirus, and were centred in Gjirokastër.

Zenevisi Zenebisi, Zenebishi
Noble house
Founded	1304 (1304)
Estate(s)	Gjirokastër
Dissolution	1460 (1460)

Gjon Zenebishi was one of the most notable members of this family. Between 1373 and 1414, he controlled Gjirokastër and its surroundings. After the Ottomans captured the region of Epirus, some members of the family fled to Morea, while other members held high positions within the Ottoman hierarchy.

History

Early history

The "Zenevias", probably the Zenebishi, are mentioned in 1304 as one of the families that were granted privileges by the Angevin Philip I, Prince of Taranto.^[1] According to Robert Elsie, the family originated from the Zagoria region between Gjirokastër and Përmet, in modern-day southern Albania.^[2]

In 1381 and 1384, the Catholic lords of Arta asked the Ottoman troops for protection against the invading Albanians under the Zenebishi; the Ottomans routed the raiders and restored order in Epirus.^{[3][better source needed]}

Gjon Zenebishi is one of the most notable members of this family.^[2] Like many contemporary Balkan rulers who were under the cultural influence of the Byzantine Empire, he adopted a title from the Byzantine court hierarchy for himself, that of sevastokrator.^[4]

In 1399, during the battle of Mesopotamos, the Zenebishi defeated the army of Esau Buondelmonti. The Zenebishi captured the archontes of Ioannina and took Esau Buondelmonti hostage.^[5] This victory would mark the heyday of the Zenebishi clan, which would last until 1418. During this time, the Zenebishi clan annexed Saiata and Dryïnoupolis and made Gjirokastër the capital of their territory.^[6] During the Ottoman Interregnum (1402–13), Zenebishi lost territory to the Republic of Venice; most of the mainland territories across from the Venetian possession of Corfu were taken.^[7]

Ottoman period

Members of this family (as well as of the Arianiti and Muzaka clans) that initially resisted Ottoman expansion converted to Islam, while some of them rose to high positions within the Ottoman military and feudal hierarchy.^[8] The Ottomans besieged and took control of Gjirokaster, the capital of the Zenebishi lands, in 1418, and Gjon Zenebishi was killed in 1418 or 1419 by the Ottomans.^[9] The territory that the Zenebishi controlled before their submission to the Ottomans was registered in an Ottoman defter (tax register) of 1431 as "the lands of Zenebishi" (Turkish: Zenebisi ili).^[10][1] After the annexation of their territories by the Ottomans, the remaining members of the Zenebishi clan emigrated to Morea.^[11]

In 1443, Simon Zenebishi, Gjon's grandson, built the Strovili fortress with Venetian approval and support.^[12] In 1454–55, Simon Zenebishi was recognized by Alphonso V as a vassal of the Kingdom of Naples.^[13]

Gjon's son, known after his conversion to Islam as Hasan Bey, was a subaşi in Tetovo in 1455.^[14] The other son of Gjon, whose Muslim name was Hamza Zenebishi, was an Ottoman military commander who defeated the forces of the Despots of the Morea besieging Patras in 1459.^[15] In 1460, following the Ottoman conquest of the Morea, he became a sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Mezistre.^[16]

Members

Gjon Zenebishi had the following descendants:

• A1. Anna ("Kyrianna"), Lady of Grabossa; married Andrea III Musachi (fl. 1419)
• A2. Maria, +after 1419; married Perotto d'Altavilla, the Baron of Corfu (+1445)
• A3. Thopia Zenebishi (d. 1435), Lord of Gjirokastër (1418–34), deposed by the Ottomans
  • B1. Simone Zenebishi, Lord of the Strovilo (1443–61), deposed by the Ottomans
    • C1. Alfonso (fl. 1456), an Ottoman political hostage who fled to Naples and became a Napolitan vassal
    • C2. Alessandro ("Lech"), Lord of Strovilo, which he then sold to Venice in 1473
    • C3. Filippo served Alessandro
• A4. Hamza Zenebishi ("Amos", fl. 1456-60), an Ottoman political hostage, he was converted into Islam and entered Ottoman service. In 1460, he became a sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Mezistre.^[16]
• A5. Hasan Zenebishi , subaşi in Tetovo in 1455.^[14]

References

1. Tom Winnifrith (2002). Badlands, Borderlands: A History of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. Duckworth. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-7156-3201-7.
2. Elsie, Robert (24 December 2012). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. I.B.Tauris. p. 501. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3. ZENEBISI, GHIN ( -1418) Mediaeval ruler. Gjin Zenebishi, also known as John Zenebishii and by the Albanian neologism of Gjon Zenebishi, descended from a family of the Zagoria region between Gjirokastër and Përmet. In 1380, he was given
3. TBR. Vol. 6. TBR Company. 2000. p. 41. In 1381 and 1384, the Latin feudal lords of Arta asked Muslim troops for protection against the invading Albanian Zenevisi clan from Gjirokastra. The Muslim Turkish mercenaries routed the Albanian raiders and restored order in Epirus.
4. Bulgarian historical review. Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 2003. p. 164. Due to long Byzantine rule Albanian aristocracy used titles of Byzantine titulature like despot, (Balsha and Gjin Bue Shpata), sevastocrator (Gjin Zenebishi) and comes.
5. Osswald 2011, p. 226.
6. Osswald 2011, p. 227.
7. Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 68. GGKEY:4CFA3RCNXRP.
8. Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2010). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa (in German). Peter Lang. p. 56. ISBN 978-3-631-60295-9. Muslimisch gewordene Angehörige der Familien Muzaki, Arianiti und Zenevisi, die vorher am Abwehrkampf gegen die Türken beteiligt gewesen waren, wurden in das Militärlehenssystem eingegliedert und erhielten Posten in der ...
9. Bartl, Peter (1995). Albanien: vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (in German). Friedrich Pustet. p. 293. ISBN 978-3-7917-1451-6. Adelsfamilie Zenebishi, 1419 von den Türken erobert.
10. Archivum Ottomanicum. Mouton. 1983. p. 207. In Albania, the regions bore the names of the leading feudal families: Zenebisi ili (the lands of Zenebisi), Yovan ili (the domains of the Kastriots), Balsa ili (the lands of the Balshich), and eastward from Elbasan, Pavlo Kurtik ili, etc
11. Osswald 2011, p. 274.
12. Byzantino Bulgarica. Éditions de l'Académie des sciences de Bulgarie. 1981. p. 268. ...und 1413 konnte sich Venedig diesen begehrten, auch Bu^tia genannten Stützpunkt sichern.30 Die Festung Strobili in der Nähe von Saiata wurde 1443 von Simon Zenebisi mit venezianischer Zustimmung oder auch Unterstützung errichtet.
13. Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1978). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The fifteenth century. American Philosophical Society. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-87169-127-9.
14. OTAM: Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi dergisi (in Turkish). Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi. 1991. p. 65. Güney Arnavutluk'un en meşhur feodal ailelerinden birisini temsil eden Gjin Zenebisi'nin iki oğlu da, Sultan Sarayının yanında eğitim görmüştü. Hasan Bey adıyla anılan bunlardan birisi, 1455 yılında Kalkandelen subaşısı görevini yapmıştı.
15. Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 86. GGKEY:4CFA3RCNXRP.
16. Osmanlı tarihi. Türk Tarih Kurumu. 1983. p. 62. İskender'in yeğeni olan bu Hamza Kastriyota ile yine Arnavut senyörlerinden Gin Zenibisi'nin oğlu olup Osmanlı devleti hizmetinde bulunara 1460'da Mora'da Mizistra sancakbeyliği etmiş olan Hamza Zenebisi'yi birbirine karıştır mamalıdır.

Sources

• Osswald, Brendan (2011). "L'Epire du treizième au quinzième siècle : autonomie et hétérogénéité d'une région balkanique (Thèse)". Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II.