From table 1. Sanchez-Diz et al. 2008. Note some of the N in the 17 STR are quite low in frequency
A Y-STR is a short tandem repeat (STR) on the Y-chromosome. Y-STRs are often used in forensics, paternity, and genealogical DNA testing. Y-STRs are taken specifically from the male Y chromosome. These Y-STRs provide a weaker analysis than autosomal STRs because the Y chromosome is only found in males, which are only passed down by the father, making the Y chromosome in any paternal line practically identical. This causes a significantly smaller amount of distinction between Y-STR samples. Autosomal STRs provide a much stronger analytical power because of the random matching that occurs between pairs of chromosomes during the zygote making process.[1]
Some testing companies have different formats for the way STR markers are written. For example, the marker DYS455 may be written as DYS455, DYS 455, DYS#455, or DYS# 455. The scientific standard accepted by HUGO and NIST is DYS455.[2]
DYS
DYS is a variation on the jargon used in human autosomal STR testing where the second character is typically reserved for the chromosome number (e.g. D8S1179).
D = DNA Y = Y-chromosome S = (unique) segment
Y-STR analysis
There are regions on DNA that are made up of multiple copies of short repeating sequences of bases (for example TATT) which repeat a variable number of times depending on the individual. These regions, called “variable number short tandem repeats” are what is looked at when performing STR analysis. The likelihood of two people having the same number of repeated sequences is extremely small, and becomes even smaller the more regions that are analyzed. This makes up the basis of short tandem repeat analysis.[3] The cornerstone for this process, however, is polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This allows forensic scientists to make millions of copies of the STR regions. Gel electrophoresis then “yields the number of times each repeat unit appears in the fragment.” This allows for easy comparison of DNA.[4]
STRs and forensics
In the United States, 13 different autosomal STR loci are used as a basis of analysis for forensic purposes. If crime scene DNA is ample and all 13 autosomal loci accessible, the likelihood of two unrelated people matching the same sample is around one in one billion.[5]
The basis for the profile probability estimation for Y-STR analysis is the counting method.[6] The application of a confidence interval accounts for database size and sampling variation. The Y haplotype frequency (p) is calculated using the p = x/N formula, where x is equal to the number of times the haplotype is observed in a database containing N number of haplotypes. For example, if a haplotype has been observed twice in a database of N = 2000, the frequency of that haplotype will be: 2/2000 = 0.001. Reporting a Y haplotype frequency, without a confidence interval, is acceptable but only provides a factual statement regarding observations of a Y haplotype in the database. An upper confidence limit for the probability of the Y haplotype in the population should be calculated using the method described by Clopper and Pearson (1934).[7] This uses the binomial distribution for the probabilities of counts, including zero or other small numbers that are found for Y haplotypes.
Databases
Forensic databases (without individual information, for frequency purposes):
In genetic genealogy, Ysearch used to be the last sponsored database containing publicly submitted surnames and Y-STR haplotypes until its decommission on May 24, 2018, preceding by a day the implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation in the European Union, following a prolonged period of lacking support from its creator, Family Tree DNA. The database was founded in 2003 and reached 219 thousand records (among which 152 thousand unique haplotypes) before its shutdown. Other similar databases had disappeared earlier.[8][9]
Haplogroup (Y-SNP) specific data:
Haplozone: The E-M35 Phylogeny Project (former E3b Project)
this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, march, 2011, learn, when, r. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Y STR news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message STR rate ranges as of 2008 for 16 Y STRs STRsite Mutation rate x 10 3 LB 96 CI rate UB 96 CI NotesDYS19 1 5 2 4 3 5 23 of 9658DYS385 1 4 2 1 3 0 31 of 14896DYS389I 0 95 1 8 3 0 14 of 7862DYS389II 1 8 2 8 4 2 22 of 7849DYS390 1 4 2 3 3 5 21 of 9140DYS391 2 0 3 0 4 5 28 of 9089DYS392 0 18 0 55 1 3 5 of 9053DYS393 0 36 0 89 1 8 7 of 7842DYS437 0 60 1 5 3 1 7 of 4672DYS438 0 051 0 43 1 5 2 of 4709DYS439 3 8 5 7 8 4 27 of 4686DYS448 0 19 1 6 5 7 2 of 1258DYS456 1 8 4 8 10 6 of 1258DYS458 2 8 6 4 12 8 of 1258DYS635 1 6 3 8 7 4 8 of 2131GATA H4 1 0 71 2 2 5 1 5 of 2294From table 1 Sanchez Diz et al 2008 Note some of the N in the 17 STR are quite low in frequencyA Y STR is a short tandem repeat STR on the Y chromosome Y STRs are often used in forensics paternity and genealogical DNA testing Y STRs are taken specifically from the male Y chromosome These Y STRs provide a weaker analysis than autosomal STRs because the Y chromosome is only found in males which are only passed down by the father making the Y chromosome in any paternal line practically identical This causes a significantly smaller amount of distinction between Y STR samples Autosomal STRs provide a much stronger analytical power because of the random matching that occurs between pairs of chromosomes during the zygote making process 1 Contents 1 Nomenclature 1 1 DYS 2 Y STR analysis 3 STRs and forensics 4 Databases 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 7 1 Diagrams 7 2 Fact sheets 7 3 Databases 7 4 TutorialsNomenclature EditY STRs are assigned names by the HUGO gene nomenclature committee HGNC Some testing companies have different formats for the way STR markers are written For example the marker DYS455 may be written as DYS455 DYS 455 DYS 455 or DYS 455 The scientific standard accepted by HUGO and NIST is DYS455 2 DYS Edit DYS is a variation on the jargon used in human autosomal STR testing where the second character is typically reserved for the chromosome number e g D8S1179 D DNA Y Y chromosome S unique segmentY STR analysis EditThere are regions on DNA that are made up of multiple copies of short repeating sequences of bases for example TATT which repeat a variable number of times depending on the individual These regions called variable number short tandem repeats are what is looked at when performing STR analysis The likelihood of two people having the same number of repeated sequences is extremely small and becomes even smaller the more regions that are analyzed This makes up the basis of short tandem repeat analysis 3 The cornerstone for this process however is polymerase chain reaction PCR This allows forensic scientists to make millions of copies of the STR regions Gel electrophoresis then yields the number of times each repeat unit appears in the fragment This allows for easy comparison of DNA 4 STRs and forensics EditIn the United States 13 different autosomal STR loci are used as a basis of analysis for forensic purposes If crime scene DNA is ample and all 13 autosomal loci accessible the likelihood of two unrelated people matching the same sample is around one in one billion 5 The basis for the profile probability estimation for Y STR analysis is the counting method 6 The application of a confidence interval accounts for database size and sampling variation The Y haplotype frequency p is calculated using the p x N formula where x is equal to the number of times the haplotype is observed in a database containing N number of haplotypes For example if a haplotype has been observed twice in a database of N 2000 the frequency of that haplotype will be 2 2000 0 001 Reporting a Y haplotype frequency without a confidence interval is acceptable but only provides a factual statement regarding observations of a Y haplotype in the database An upper confidence limit for the probability of the Y haplotype in the population should be calculated using the method described by Clopper and Pearson 1934 7 This uses the binomial distribution for the probabilities of counts including zero or other small numbers that are found for Y haplotypes Databases EditForensic databases without individual information for frequency purposes US Y STR Database 6 Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database 7 In genetic genealogy Ysearch used to be the last sponsored database containing publicly submitted surnames and Y STR haplotypes until its decommission on May 24 2018 preceding by a day the implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation in the European Union following a prolonged period of lacking support from its creator Family Tree DNA The database was founded in 2003 and reached 219 thousand records among which 152 thousand unique haplotypes before its shutdown Other similar databases had disappeared earlier 8 9 Haplogroup Y SNP specific data Haplozone The E M35 Phylogeny Project former E3b Project See also EditList of Y STR markers Tandem repeat Genealogical DNA testReferences Edit 1 STR Analysis Y STR Fact Sheets 2 STR Analysis 3 A New Breed of High Tech Detectives 4 STR Analysis 5 SWGDAM Interpretation Guidelines for Y Chromosome STR Typing Clopper C and Pearson E The use of confidence or fiducial limits illustrated in the case of binomial Biometrika 1934 26 404 413 World Families Network Ysearch and Mitosearch Bite the Dust Thanks So Much GDPR YsearchExternal links EditDiagrams Edit National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Y STR Positions along Y ChromosomeFact sheets Edit National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Summary List of Y Chromosome STR Loci and Available Fact Sheets National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST STR Fact Sheets dna reinyday com DYS464 Y STR markers Details and statisticsDatabases Edit yhrd org Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database usystrdatabase org U S Y STR Database 8 Applied Biosystems YFiler Database ysearch org Y DNA databaseTutorials Edit Understanding Y DNA Short Tandem Repeat STR Y STR Marker Types Calculation of Genetic Distance STR training materials Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Y STR amp oldid 1045332941, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
