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Young Bosnia

January 09, 2023

Young Bosnia (Serbo-Croatian: Mlada Bosna / Млада Босна) was a separatist and revolutionary movement active in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary before World War I. Its members were predominantly young male students, primarily Bosnian Serbs, but it also included Bosnian Muslims and Croats. There were two key ideologies promoted amongst the members of the group—the Yugoslavist (unification into a Yugoslavia) and the Pan-Serb (unification into Serbia). Philosophically, Young Bosnia was inspired by a variety of ideas, movements, and events, such as German romanticism, anarchism, Russian revolutionary socialism, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Friedrich Nietzsche, and the Battle of Kosovo.

Young Bosnia
Mlada Bosna
Млада Босна
Some of the members
Formation1911
Dissolvedafter 28 June 1914
TypeRevolutionary organization
PurposeSeparation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Austria-Hungary with possible unification with Serbia
Key people
Gavrilo Princip
AffiliationsNarodna Odbrana and Black Hand

Background

The rise to power of the popular Karađorđević dynasty in Serbia in the 1900s after the May Overthrow of the Obrenović dynasty by the Serbian Army in 1903, stimulated support by both Serbs and South Slavs for their unification into a state led by Belgrade.[1] Support for revolutionary Yugoslavism in Bosnia grew with the rise of the Serbo-Croatian Progressive Organization in 1911, and drew in support for the cause from Serbs as well as Croats and some Bosniaks.[2] Bosniak members of the movement included Avdo Sumbul and Behdžet Mutevelić.[3]

Formation, membership and ideology

There were a number of youth-oriented organizations before the rise of Young Bosnia, such as United Serb Youth in the 1860s and 1870s. Defining membership and the vague idea of "youth" (omladina) was debated at length among South Slavic intellectuals. One major obstacle to defining and organizing the youth in Bosnia-Herzegovina was the educational system, which underwent major changes in the Habsburg period. By 1900, a small but growing number of young men from Bosnia were studying in Prague, Zagreb, Vienna, Graz, Istanbul, and Belgrade. This put them in touch with Serbian and Croatian nationalist circles.[4]

The Young Bosnia circle was formed after the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia in 1908, with significant influence from neighbouring Serbia.[5] The ideologue of Young Bosnia[6] and tyrannicide as its method of the political struggle, was Vladimir Gaćinović.[7] In one letter to Dedijer, one of revolutionaries from Herzegovina (Božidar Zečević) stated that the name of Young Bosnia was first mentioned by Petar Kočić in journal "Homeland" (Serbo-Croatian: Отаџбина, Otadžbina) in 1907; according to some sources Zečević was mistaken about the year of publication.[8] In 1911 Gaćinović published an article titled "Young Bosnia" in Almanac (Serbo-Croatian: Алманах, Almanah) published by Prosvjeta.[9] The Serbian National Organization of Petar Kočić had ties with the Young Bosnia.[10]

The members were predominantly school students,[11] primarily Serbs but also Bosniaks and Croats.[12] There were several motivations promoted amongst different members of the group. There were members who promoted Yugoslavist aims of pan-South Slav unification of territories including Bosnia into a Yugoslavia.[13][14][10] There were members who promoted Serbian nationalist aims of pan-Serb unification into Serbia.[10] Young Bosnia was inspired from a variety of ideas, movements, and events; such as German romanticism, anarchism,[15] Russian revolutionary socialism, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Friedrich Nietzsche, and the Battle of Kosovo.[2]

Young Bosnia received some assistance from the Black Hand – a secret organization founded by members of the Serbian Army.[2] On the other hand, Vladimir Gaćinović was the only Young Bosnia leader to join Black Hand,[16] although after the First World War broke out he condemned the assassination in a letter (presumably as a way to evade responsibility).[17]

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

Main article: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

Two notable organizations are referred to in connection with Young Bosnia: Narodna Odbrana and Black Hand. During a Serbian Court Martial in French-occupied Salonika in 1916–17, Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence Dragutin Dimitrijević Apis testified that he had organized the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, (the assassin was Gavrilo Princip). In the process, he used not only his power over elements of the Serbian military, but also the Black Hand. Leaders of the Black Hand in turn had penetrated Narodna Odbrana and used that organization to infiltrate the arms and assassins into Sarajevo.

"The political union of the Yugoslavs [..] was my basic idea [..] I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria"
-Gavrilo Princip during his trial[10]

 
Vidovdan Heroes Chapel in Sarajevo

Claimed members of Young Bosnia who participated in the assassination were:

An evening before the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Princip, Čabrinović and Ilić visited the grave of Bogdan Žerajić for the last time.[18] Žerajić's proclamation "He who wants to live, let him die. He who wants to die, let him live", was quoted by Gavrilo Princip in one of the songs he wrote (Serbian: Ал право је рекао пре Жерајић, соко сиви: Ко хоће да живи, нек мре, Ко хоће да мре, нек живи).[19]

Legacy

Museum of Young Bosnia

The Museum of Young Bosnia was built in the period of SFR Yugoslavia in 1953, at the place where the assassination took place. It commemorates the assassins, popularly known in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as the "Vidovdan heroes". At the front of the museum was a plaque, inscribed: "From this place, on 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, expressed with his shot the people's revolt against tyranny and their centuries-old struggle for freedom. (Са овога мјеста 28. јуна 1914. године Гаврило Принцип својим пуцњем изрази народни протест против тираније и вјековну тежњу наших народа за слободом.)" In 1992, soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina destroyed both the plaque and Princip's footprints. German forces had removed the 1930 plaque in 1941. The museum still exists today, but nowadays documents aspects of life in Bosnia & Herzegovina during Austro-Hungarian rule.

See also

References

  1. ^ Djokić 2003, p. 59.
  2. ^ a b c Stevan K. Pavlowitch (2002). Serbia: The History of an Idea. New York University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-8147-6708-5.
  3. ^ Jergović, Miljenko (5 January 2015). "Ulica Avde Sumbula". Radio Sarajevo. Radio Sarajevo. Retrieved 17 February 2019. Obojica su bili aktivisti Gajreta, zaneseni srpskim pijemontizmom, mladobosanci i čisti idealisti
  4. ^ Hajdarpasic, Edin (2015). Whose Bosnia? : nationalism and political imagination in the Balkans, 1840-1914. Ithaca. pp. 127–160. ISBN 978-0-8014-5371-7. OCLC 922889410.
  5. ^ John R. Lampe (28 March 2000). Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country. Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–. ISBN 978-0-521-77401-7.
  6. ^ Belgrade (Serbia). Vojni muzej Jugoslovenske narodne armije (1968). Fourteen centuries of struggle for freedom. The Military Museum. p. II.
  7. ^ Лесковац, Младен; Форишковић, Александар; Попов, Чедомир (2004). Српски биографски речник. Будућност. p. 634. ISBN 9788683651627.
  8. ^ Život. Svjetlost. 1989. p. 122. И, подсећајући да му је то у писму са- општио Божидар Зечевић, наводећи погрешно 1907. годину...
  9. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 831.
  10. ^ a b c d Banac 1988.
  11. ^ Stevenson, David (2004). 1914 - 1918:The History of the First World War. Penguin Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-14-026817-1.
  12. ^ Djokić 2003, p. 24.
  13. ^ Neven Andjelic (2003). Bosnia-Herzegovina: The End of a Legacy. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5485-0.
  14. ^ Matjaž Klemenčič, Mitja Žagar (2004). The Former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC Clio. p. 56. ISBN 9781576072943.
  15. ^ Trivo Indic (27 May 1990). "The anarchist tradition on Yugoslav soil". Umanità Nova. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  16. ^ Glenny, Misha (5 September 2012). The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804-2012: New and Updated. House of Anansi. ISBN 978-1-77089-274-3.
  17. ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 522.
  18. ^ Stand To!: The Journal of the Western Front Association. The Association. 2003. p. 44. On the evening before 28 June 1914 Princip, Cabrinovic and Ilic paid a last visit to the grave of Bogdan Zerajic in Sarajevo. Zerajic had planned an assault ...
  19. ^ Marković, Marko (1961). Članci i ogledi. p. 193.

Sources

  • Banac, Ivo (1988). The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9493-1.
  • Blakley, Patrick R. F. "Narodna Odbrana (The Black Hand): Terrorist Faction that Divided the World" (PDF). Oswego Historical Review. 2: 13–34.
  • Bogićević, Vojislav (1954). Mlada Bosna: pisma i prilozi. Svjetlost.
  • Dedijer, Vladimir (1966). Sarajevo 1914. Prosveta.
  • Djokić, Dejan (2003). Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-663-0.
  • Ekmečić, Milorad (1964). Mlada Bosna. Musej grada.
  • Gaćinović, Radoslav (2014). Mlada Bosna. ISBN 978-86-335-0416-4.
  • Gaćinović, Radoslav (2014). "European Concept of the Young Bosnia Movement". Serbian Political Thought. 10 (2): 51–67. doi:10.22182/spt.1022014.3.
  • Gilfond, Henry (1975). The Black Hand at Sarajevo. Bobbs-Merrill. ISBN 0672520702. OCLC 1692249.
  • Imamović, Mustafa (2014). "The First Critical Approach to Young Bosnia". Prilozi. 43: 17–22.
  • Jackson, Paul (2006). "'Union or Death!': Gavrilo Princip, Young Bosnia and the Role of 'Sacred Time' in the Dynamics of Nationalist Terrorism". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 7 (1): 45–65. doi:10.1080/14690760500477935. S2CID 144751362.
  • Jevdjevic, D. (2002). Sarajevski zaverenici (in Serbian). Belgrade: Familet.
  • Katz, Vera (2014). "Ideological use of Memorial Plaques dedicated to Gavrilo Princip in the upbringing and education of generations of youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Prilozi. 43: 99–111.
  • Karajica, Tara (2014). "A Hero or a Villain, a Terrorist or a Liberator?". Heroism and Gender in War Films. Palgrave Macmillan: 35–47.
  • Ljubibratić, Dragoslav (1964). Mlada Bosna i sarajevski atentat. Muzej grada Sarajeva.
  • Masleša, Veselin; Đilas, Milovan (1945). Mlada Bosna. Kultura.
  • Parežanin, Ratko (1974). Mlada Bosna i prvi svetski rat. Iskra.
  • Turanjanin, Veljko M.; Čvorović, Dragana S. (2016). "Sarajevo 1914: Trial Process against Young Bosnia-Illusion of the Fair Process". Zbornik Radova. 50: 183–199. doi:10.5937/zrpfns50-11198.

Further reading

  • Palavestra, Predrag (2010). "Young Bosnia: Literary action 1908-1914". Balcanica (41): 155–184. doi:10.2298/BALC1041155P.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Young Bosnia.

January 09, 2023
young, bosnia, serbo, croatian, mlada, bosna, Млада, Босна, separatist, revolutionary, movement, active, condominium, bosnia, herzegovina, austria, hungary, before, world, members, were, predominantly, young, male, students, primarily, bosnian, serbs, also, in. Young Bosnia Serbo Croatian Mlada Bosna Mlada Bosna was a separatist and revolutionary movement active in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina Austria Hungary before World War I Its members were predominantly young male students primarily Bosnian Serbs but it also included Bosnian Muslims and Croats There were two key ideologies promoted amongst the members of the group the Yugoslavist unification into a Yugoslavia and the Pan Serb unification into Serbia Philosophically Young Bosnia was inspired by a variety of ideas movements and events such as German romanticism anarchism Russian revolutionary socialism Fyodor Dostoevsky Friedrich Nietzsche and the Battle of Kosovo Young BosniaMlada BosnaMlada BosnaSome of the membersFormation1911Dissolvedafter 28 June 1914TypeRevolutionary organizationPurposeSeparation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Austria Hungary with possible unification with SerbiaKey peopleGavrilo PrincipAffiliationsNarodna Odbrana and Black Hand Contents 1 Background 2 Formation membership and ideology 3 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 4 Legacy 4 1 Museum of Young Bosnia 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External linksBackground EditThe rise to power of the popular Karađorđevic dynasty in Serbia in the 1900s after the May Overthrow of the Obrenovic dynasty by the Serbian Army in 1903 stimulated support by both Serbs and South Slavs for their unification into a state led by Belgrade 1 Support for revolutionary Yugoslavism in Bosnia grew with the rise of the Serbo Croatian Progressive Organization in 1911 and drew in support for the cause from Serbs as well as Croats and some Bosniaks 2 Bosniak members of the movement included Avdo Sumbul and Behdzet Mutevelic 3 Formation membership and ideology EditThere were a number of youth oriented organizations before the rise of Young Bosnia such as United Serb Youth in the 1860s and 1870s Defining membership and the vague idea of youth omladina was debated at length among South Slavic intellectuals One major obstacle to defining and organizing the youth in Bosnia Herzegovina was the educational system which underwent major changes in the Habsburg period By 1900 a small but growing number of young men from Bosnia were studying in Prague Zagreb Vienna Graz Istanbul and Belgrade This put them in touch with Serbian and Croatian nationalist circles 4 The Young Bosnia circle was formed after the Austro Hungarian annexation of Bosnia in 1908 with significant influence from neighbouring Serbia 5 The ideologue of Young Bosnia 6 and tyrannicide as its method of the political struggle was Vladimir Gacinovic 7 In one letter to Dedijer one of revolutionaries from Herzegovina Bozidar Zecevic stated that the name of Young Bosnia was first mentioned by Petar Kocic in journal Homeland Serbo Croatian Otaџbina Otadzbina in 1907 according to some sources Zecevic was mistaken about the year of publication 8 In 1911 Gacinovic published an article titled Young Bosnia in Almanac Serbo Croatian Almanah Almanah published by Prosvjeta 9 The Serbian National Organization of Petar Kocic had ties with the Young Bosnia 10 The members were predominantly school students 11 primarily Serbs but also Bosniaks and Croats 12 There were several motivations promoted amongst different members of the group There were members who promoted Yugoslavist aims of pan South Slav unification of territories including Bosnia into a Yugoslavia 13 14 10 There were members who promoted Serbian nationalist aims of pan Serb unification into Serbia 10 Young Bosnia was inspired from a variety of ideas movements and events such as German romanticism anarchism 15 Russian revolutionary socialism Fyodor Dostoyevsky Friedrich Nietzsche and the Battle of Kosovo 2 Young Bosnia received some assistance from the Black Hand a secret organization founded by members of the Serbian Army 2 On the other hand Vladimir Gacinovic was the only Young Bosnia leader to join Black Hand 16 although after the First World War broke out he condemned the assassination in a letter presumably as a way to evade responsibility 17 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria EditMain article Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Two notable organizations are referred to in connection with Young Bosnia Narodna Odbrana and Black Hand During a Serbian Court Martial in French occupied Salonika in 1916 17 Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence Dragutin Dimitrijevic Apis testified that he had organized the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 the assassin was Gavrilo Princip In the process he used not only his power over elements of the Serbian military but also the Black Hand Leaders of the Black Hand in turn had penetrated Narodna Odbrana and used that organization to infiltrate the arms and assassins into Sarajevo The political union of the Yugoslavs was my basic idea I am a Yugoslav nationalist aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs and I do not care what form of state but it must be free from Austria Gavrilo Princip during his trial 10 Vidovdan Heroes Chapel in Sarajevo Claimed members of Young Bosnia who participated in the assassination were Danilo Ilic 27 July 1890 3 February 1915 Veljko Cubrilovic 1 July 1886 3 February 1915 Misko Jovanovic 15 June 1878 3 February 1915 Nedeljko Cabrinovic 2 February 1895 20 January 1916 Vladimir Gacinovic 25 May 1890 11 August 1917 Trifko Grabez 28 June 1895 February 1916 Gavrilo Princip 25 July 1894 28 April 1918 Muhamed Mehmedbasic 1886 29 May 1943 Cvjetko Popovic 1896 9 June 1980 Vaso Cubrilovic 14 January 1897 11 June 1990 An evening before the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Princip Cabrinovic and Ilic visited the grave of Bogdan Zerajic for the last time 18 Zerajic s proclamation He who wants to live let him die He who wants to die let him live was quoted by Gavrilo Princip in one of the songs he wrote Serbian Al pravo јe rekao pre Zheraјiћ soko sivi Ko hoћe da zhivi nek mre Ko hoћe da mre nek zhivi 19 Legacy EditMuseum of Young Bosnia Edit The Museum of Young Bosnia was built in the period of SFR Yugoslavia in 1953 at the place where the assassination took place It commemorates the assassins popularly known in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as the Vidovdan heroes At the front of the museum was a plaque inscribed From this place on 28 June 1914 Gavrilo Princip expressed with his shot the people s revolt against tyranny and their centuries old struggle for freedom Sa ovoga mјesta 28 јuna 1914 godine Gavrilo Princip svoјim pucњem izrazi narodni protest protiv tiraniјe i vјekovnu tezhњu nashih naroda za slobodom In 1992 soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina destroyed both the plaque and Princip s footprints German forces had removed the 1930 plaque in 1941 The museum still exists today but nowadays documents aspects of life in Bosnia amp Herzegovina during Austro Hungarian rule See also EditVisnja MosicReferences Edit Djokic 2003 p 59 a b c Stevan K Pavlowitch 2002 Serbia The History of an Idea New York University Press pp 90 91 ISBN 978 0 8147 6708 5 Jergovic Miljenko 5 January 2015 Ulica Avde Sumbula Radio Sarajevo Radio Sarajevo Retrieved 17 February 2019 Obojica su bili aktivisti Gajreta zaneseni srpskim pijemontizmom mladobosanci i cisti idealisti Hajdarpasic Edin 2015 Whose Bosnia nationalism and political imagination in the Balkans 1840 1914 Ithaca pp 127 160 ISBN 978 0 8014 5371 7 OCLC 922889410 John R Lampe 28 March 2000 Yugoslavia as History Twice There Was a Country Cambridge University Press pp 90 ISBN 978 0 521 77401 7 Belgrade Serbia Vojni muzej Jugoslovenske narodne armije 1968 Fourteen centuries of struggle for freedom The Military Museum p II Leskovac Mladen Forishkoviћ Aleksandar Popov Chedomir 2004 Srpski biografski rechnik Buduћnost p 634 ISBN 9788683651627 Zivot Svjetlost 1989 p 122 I podseћaјuћi da mu јe to u pismu sa opshtio Bozhidar Zecheviћ navodeћi pogreshno 1907 godinu Dedijer 1966 p 831 a b c d Banac 1988 Stevenson David 2004 1914 1918 The History of the First World War Penguin Books p 11 ISBN 978 0 14 026817 1 Djokic 2003 p 24 Neven Andjelic 2003 Bosnia Herzegovina The End of a Legacy Psychology Press ISBN 978 0 7146 5485 0 Matjaz Klemencic Mitja Zagar 2004 The Former Yugoslavia s Diverse Peoples A Reference Sourcebook ABC Clio p 56 ISBN 9781576072943 Trivo Indic 27 May 1990 The anarchist tradition on Yugoslav soil Umanita Nova Retrieved 17 October 2014 Glenny Misha 5 September 2012 The Balkans Nationalism War and the Great Powers 1804 2012 New and Updated House of Anansi ISBN 978 1 77089 274 3 Dedijer 1966 p 522 Stand To The Journal of the Western Front Association The Association 2003 p 44 On the evening before 28 June 1914 Princip Cabrinovic and Ilic paid a last visit to the grave of Bogdan Zerajic in Sarajevo Zerajic had planned an assault Markovic Marko 1961 Clanci i ogledi p 193 Sources EditBanac Ivo 1988 The National Question in Yugoslavia Origins History Politics Cornell University Press ISBN 0 8014 9493 1 Blakley Patrick R F Narodna Odbrana The Black Hand Terrorist Faction that Divided the World PDF Oswego Historical Review 2 13 34 Bogicevic Vojislav 1954 Mlada Bosna pisma i prilozi Svjetlost Dedijer Vladimir 1966 Sarajevo 1914 Prosveta Djokic Dejan 2003 Yugoslavism Histories of a Failed Idea 1918 1992 C Hurst amp Co Publishers ISBN 978 1 85065 663 0 Ekmecic Milorad 1964 Mlada Bosna Musej grada Gacinovic Radoslav 2014 Mlada Bosna ISBN 978 86 335 0416 4 Gacinovic Radoslav 2014 European Concept of the Young Bosnia Movement Serbian Political Thought 10 2 51 67 doi 10 22182 spt 1022014 3 Gilfond Henry 1975 The Black Hand at Sarajevo Bobbs Merrill ISBN 0672520702 OCLC 1692249 Imamovic Mustafa 2014 The First Critical Approach to Young Bosnia Prilozi 43 17 22 Jackson Paul 2006 Union or Death Gavrilo Princip Young Bosnia and the Role of Sacred Time in the Dynamics of Nationalist Terrorism Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 7 1 45 65 doi 10 1080 14690760500477935 S2CID 144751362 Jevdjevic D 2002 Sarajevski zaverenici in Serbian Belgrade Familet Katz Vera 2014 Ideological use of Memorial Plaques dedicated to Gavrilo Princip in the upbringing and education of generations of youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina Prilozi 43 99 111 Karajica Tara 2014 A Hero or a Villain a Terrorist or a Liberator Heroism and Gender in War Films Palgrave Macmillan 35 47 Ljubibratic Dragoslav 1964 Mlada Bosna i sarajevski atentat Muzej grada Sarajeva Maslesa Veselin Đilas Milovan 1945 Mlada Bosna Kultura Parezanin Ratko 1974 Mlada Bosna i prvi svetski rat Iskra Turanjanin Veljko M Cvorovic Dragana S 2016 Sarajevo 1914 Trial Process against Young Bosnia Illusion of the Fair Process Zbornik Radova 50 183 199 doi 10 5937 zrpfns50 11198 Further reading EditPalavestra Predrag 2010 Young Bosnia Literary action 1908 1914 Balcanica 41 155 184 doi 10 2298 BALC1041155P External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Young Bosnia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Young Bosnia amp oldid 1123212308, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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