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Yellow socialism or yellow unionism, was an economic system proposed in 1902 by Pierre Biétry, as an alternative to the "Red socialism" advocated in Marxism.[1] Biétry envisioned workers organizing unions which would operate in parallel with groups of businesses (a structure similar to corporatism). Workers would get a greater share of company profits through negotiation between each union and the corresponding business group. Above this would be a strong authoritarian State.
Yellow socialism was prominent until World War I, competing with Marxism for support among workers. "Yellow socialism" was also a Marxist term of abuse for all non-Marxist socialists. After World War I, the term "yellow socialism" fell into disuse.
History
Pierre Biétry had been a member of the Marxist French Workers' Party, but left it in 1900. Disappointed by the failure of "Red socialism" to improve the condition of the workers, he now advocated cooperation between organized labor and capitalist businesses. He called this "Yellow socialism", as a deliberate contrast to Marxist "Red socialism". In 1902, he founded the Fédération nationale des Jaunes de France ("National Federation of Yellows of France" - FNJF). Later, affiliated Swiss and German "Yellow" groups formed. All the "Yellow" groups were strongly opposed to Marxism.[2]
The FNJF gained some support among more conservative workers when strikes by unions of the "Red" Confédération générale du travail (CGT) included violence.
In the next few years, Biétry added antisemitism to the FNJF program, and the FNJF became entangled with the reactionary French right wing. Some of its members and organizers joined Action Française; other returned to the CGT. The FNJF held its last congress in 1909. Biétry went to Indochina and died there in 1918.
The "Yellow socialist" label was appropriated by Marxist Reds to describe any socialist whom the Reds considered as on the side of the ruling class: that is, all non-Marxist socialists, whether they used the "Yellow" label or not. The Red usage thus included many whose ideas would later be known as social democracy and democratic socialism, concepts very different from those of Biétry.
In the United States, "Yellow socialism" was associated with the business unionism of Samuel Gompers (and thus described as "Yellow unionism"). Business unionism was based on the belief that the workers' best option was to form a labor cartel within a capitalist society.
Marxists criticized "Yellow" socialists and unionists for nationalism, and also for perceived occasional engagement in ethnic and racial chauvinism. This was seen in "Yellow" opposition to immigration, because competition from immigrants reduced wages or took jobs from native-born workers, and sometimes even racism including antisemitism.[3][4]
In Europe, during World War I, Marxists associated the social democratic parties with "Yellow socialism", as they supported their own nations in the war rather than taking an internationalist position against the conflict. However, these parties had no connection to Biétry's thinking.
^Payne, Stanley. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. Routledge, 1996. pp. 46.
^Mandal, U.C. Dictionary Of Public Administration. Ivy Publishing House, 2008. pp. 560.
^Griffin, Roger. The Nature of Fascism. Routledge, 1993. pp. 92-93.
^Kaplan, Barbara Hockey. Social Change in the Capitalist World Economy. Sage Publications, 1978. pp. 81.
^Lenin, Vladimir (14 July 1919). "The Tasks of the Third International: Ramsay Macdonald On The Third International". Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
External links
Le socialisme et les Jaunes by Pierre Biétry (Plon-Nourrit, Paris, 1906)
Review of Christophe Maillard's Un syndicalisme impossible ? L'aventure oubliée des Jaunes (Vendémiaire, 2016) by Damien Augias
August 23, 2023
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French February 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Syndicalisme jaune see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Syndicalisme jaune to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Yellow socialism or yellow unionism was an economic system proposed in 1902 by Pierre Bietry as an alternative to the Red socialism advocated in Marxism 1 Bietry envisioned workers organizing unions which would operate in parallel with groups of businesses a structure similar to corporatism Workers would get a greater share of company profits through negotiation between each union and the corresponding business group Above this would be a strong authoritarian State Yellow socialism was prominent until World War I competing with Marxism for support among workers Yellow socialism was also a Marxist term of abuse for all non Marxist socialists After World War I the term yellow socialism fell into disuse History EditPierre Bietry had been a member of the Marxist French Workers Party but left it in 1900 Disappointed by the failure of Red socialism to improve the condition of the workers he now advocated cooperation between organized labor and capitalist businesses He called this Yellow socialism as a deliberate contrast to Marxist Red socialism In 1902 he founded the Federation nationale des Jaunes de France National Federation of Yellows of France FNJF Later affiliated Swiss and German Yellow groups formed All the Yellow groups were strongly opposed to Marxism 2 The FNJF gained some support among more conservative workers when strikes by unions of the Red Confederation generale du travail CGT included violence In the next few years Bietry added antisemitism to the FNJF program and the FNJF became entangled with the reactionary French right wing Some of its members and organizers joined Action Francaise other returned to the CGT The FNJF held its last congress in 1909 Bietry went to Indochina and died there in 1918 The Yellow socialist label was appropriated by Marxist Reds to describe any socialist whom the Reds considered as on the side of the ruling class that is all non Marxist socialists whether they used the Yellow label or not The Red usage thus included many whose ideas would later be known as social democracy and democratic socialism concepts very different from those of Bietry In the United States Yellow socialism was associated with the business unionism of Samuel Gompers and thus described as Yellow unionism Business unionism was based on the belief that the workers best option was to form a labor cartel within a capitalist society Marxists criticized Yellow socialists and unionists for nationalism and also for perceived occasional engagement in ethnic and racial chauvinism This was seen in Yellow opposition to immigration because competition from immigrants reduced wages or took jobs from native born workers and sometimes even racism including antisemitism 3 4 In Europe during World War I Marxists associated the social democratic parties with Yellow socialism as they supported their own nations in the war rather than taking an internationalist position against the conflict However these parties had no connection to Bietry s thinking The Berne International formed with the Zimmerwald conference in 1915 was similarly described as Yellow socialist by Vladimir Lenin for its rejection of revolutionary socialism despite its opposition to the war 5 Footnotes Edit Payne Stanley A History of Fascism 1914 1945 Routledge 1996 pp 46 Mandal U C Dictionary Of Public Administration Ivy Publishing House 2008 pp 560 Griffin Roger The Nature of Fascism Routledge 1993 pp 92 93 Kaplan Barbara Hockey Social Change in the Capitalist World Economy Sage Publications 1978 pp 81 Lenin Vladimir 14 July 1919 The Tasks of the Third International Ramsay Macdonald On The Third International Marxists Internet Archive Retrieved 17 September 2020 External links EditLe socialisme et les Jaunes by Pierre Bietry Plon Nourrit Paris 1906 Yellow unions in Ireland by James Connolly Fascism A Reader s Guide by Zeev Sternhell Review of Christophe Maillard s Un syndicalisme impossible L aventure oubliee des Jaunes Vendemiaire 2016 by Damien Augias Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yellow socialism amp oldid 1154412300, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
