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Yehuda Alharizi

May 07, 2024

"Tachkemoni" redirects here. For network of Israeli schools, see Religious Zionism § Educational institutions.

Yehuda Alharizi, also Judah ben Solomon Harizi or al-Harizi (Hebrew: יהודה בן שלמה אלחריזי, romanized: Yehudah ben Shelomo al-Harizi, Arabic: يحيا بن سليمان بن شاؤل أبو زكريا الحريزي اليهودي من أهل طليطلة, romanized: Yaḥyà bin Sulaymān bin Shāʾul abū Zakarya al-Harizi al-Yahūdī min ahl Ṭulayṭila), was a rabbi, translator, poet, and traveler active in al-Andalus (mid-12th century Toledo, Spain? – 1225 in Aleppo, Ayyubid Syria). He was supported by wealthy patrons, to whom he wrote poems and dedicated compositions.

Sefer Refu'at Hageviyah by Judah Al Harizi

Life edit

Yehuda al-Harizi was born in Toledo in the mid-12th century to a family originally from Jerez and was educated in Castile.[1] A Hebrew biographer and a contemporary, Ibn al-Sha’ar al-Mawsili (1197–1256), provided the only known physical description of al-Harizi:[2]

A tall silver-haired man with a smooth face.

As was the practice for educated men of the period, he traveled extensively throughout the region, visiting Jewish communities and various centres of learning across the Mediterranean and the East. He was disappointed by the poor quality of Hebrew learning across the region.[3]

He translated many Arabic works into Hebrew, including Maimonides' The Guide for the Perplexed and al-Hariri's Maqamat.[4]

In addition to the many translations, he also produced original works in Hebrew and in Arabic. He wrote a book of his travels, al-rawada al-‘arniqa.[5] He also composed an original maqama in Hebrew, with the title of Sefer Tahkemoni. His Maqama imitated the structure of Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani and al-Hariri, but his work also reflects his Jewish identity in a society that was in transition, shifting from al-Andalus to Christian Iberia. He is generally regarded as one of the great classical Jewish authors.[6]

He died in Aleppo, Syria in 1225.[7]

Work edit

Alharizi was a rationalist, conveying the works of Maimonides and his approach to rationalistic Judaism. He translated Maimonides' The Guide for the Perplexed and some of his Commentary on the Mishnah, as well as the Mahbarot Iti'el of the Arab poet al-Hariri, from the Arabic to Hebrew.

Alharizi's poetic translation of the Guide for the Perplexed is considered by many to be more readable than that of Samuel ibn Tibbon. However, it has not been very widely used in Jewish scholarship, perhaps because it is less precise. It had some influence in the Christian world due to its translation into Latin.[8]

Alharizi's own works include the Tahkemoni, composed between 1218 and 1220, in the Arabic form known as maqama. This is written in Hebrew in unmetrical rhymes, in what is commonly termed rhymed prose. It is a series of humorous episodes, witty verses, and quaint applications of Scriptural texts. The episodes are bound together by the presence of the hero and of the narrator, who is also the author. Another collection of his poetry was devoted to preaching ethical self-discipline and fear of heaven.

Alharizi undertook long journeys in the lands of the Middle East. His works are suffused with his impressions from these journeys.

He not only brought to perfection the art of applying Hebrew to secular satire, but he was also a brilliant literary critic and his maqama on the Andalusian Hebrew poets is a fruitful source of information.[9]

Editions and translations edit

  • Iudae Harizii macamae, ed. by Paulus Lagarde (Göttingen: Hoyer, 1883).
  • Al-Harizi, Hebrew: תחכמוני / יהודה אלחריזי ; הכין לדפוס לפי מהדורות שונות, י. טופורובסקי ; הקדים מבוא, ישראל זמורה. (Tahkemoni), ed. Toporowski (Tel Aviv: Maḥbarot le-sifrut, 1952)
  • Al-Harizi, The Tahkemoni of Judah al-Harizi, trans. by Victor Emanuel Reichert, 2 vols (Jerusalem: Cohen, 1965-1973)
  • Judah Alharizi, The Book of Tahkemoni: Jewish Tales from Medieval Spain, trans. by David Simha Segal (B'nai B'rith Book Service, 1996) ISBN 9780197100622 (repr. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2003), https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv4rfr1p, ISBN 9781874774983)
  • High-quality scans of an 1899 edition of the Tahkemoni in Hebrew from daat.co.il
  • Another scanned edition of Tahkemoni in Hebrew, Istanbul 1578 from hebrewbooks.org
  • Saul Isaac Kaempf, Nichtandalusische Poesie andalusischer Dichter aus dem elften, zwölften und dreizehnten Jahrhundert: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Poesie des Mittelalters, vol. 1 (Prague: Bellmann, 1858) (here a considerable section of the Tahkemoni is translated into German).

Literature on Alharizi's influence in the Christian world edit

  • Kluxen, Wolfgang (1951). Untersuchung und Texte zur Geschichte des lateinischen Maimonides. Diss. Köln.
  • Kluxen, Wolfgang (1954). "Literargeschichtliches zum lateinischen Moses Maimonides". Recherches de Théologie Ancienne et Médiévale. 21: 23–50. ISSN 1370-7493.
  • Kluxen, Wolfgang (1966). "Rabbi Moyses (Maimonides): Liber de uno Deo benedicto". Misc. Med. 4: 167–182.
  • Kluxen, Wolfgang (1966). "Die Geschichte des Maimonides im lateinischen Abendland". Misc. Med. 4: 146–166.
  • Vajda, George (1960). "Un abregé chrétien du `Guide des égarés´". JAS. 248: 115–136.
  • Hasselhoff, Görge K. (2004). Dicit Rabbi Moyses. Studien zum Bild von Moses Maimonides im lateinischen Westen vom 13. bis 15. Jahrhundert. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 3-8260-2692-6.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Cole, P. (ed), The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492, Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 208
  2. ^ Cole, P. (ed), The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492, Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 208
  3. ^ Wacks, D., “Toward a History of Hispano-Hebrew Literature in its Romance Context”, eHumanista, Volume 14, 2010, p. 187
  4. ^ Evri, Y., “Partitions and Translations: Arab Jewish Translational Models in Fin de Siècle Palestine”, "Journal of Levantine Studies", Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019, p. 75; Wacks, D., “Toward a History of Hispano-Hebrew Literature in its Romance Context”, "eHumanista", Volume 14, 2010, p. 187; Cole, P. (ed), The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492, Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 208
  5. ^ Cole, P. (ed), The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492, Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 208
  6. ^ Wacks, D., “Toward a History of Hispano-Hebrew Literature in its Romance Context”, eHumanista", Volume 14, 2010, p. 188
  7. ^ Cole, P. (ed), The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492, Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 209
  8. ^ Mirsky, Aharon; Stroll, Avrum (2007). "Al-Harizi, Judah Ben Solomon". In Skolnik, Fred (ed.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 1: Aa-Alp (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. pp. 655–657 [p. 657]. ISBN 0-02-865929-5. It was, however, through Al-Harizi's translation that Maimonides' ideas were propagated in the Christian world. An anonymous Latin translation of the Guide, published in Paris by Agostino Giustiniani in 1520, is based on Al-Harizi's translation and was used by the English schoolmen. Al-Harizi's version also served as the basis for Pedro de Toledo's Spanish translation (published by M. Lazar according to the Ms. 10289, B.N. Madrid, in 1989, Culver City, Calif: Labyrinthos).
  9. ^ Mirsky, Aharon; Stroll, Avrum (2007). "Al-Harizi, Judah Ben Solomon". In Skolnik, Fred (ed.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 1: Aa-Alp (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. pp. 655–657 [p. 656]. ISBN 0-02-865929-5. Apart from its literary merit and brilliant, incisive style, the Tahkemoni also throws valuable light on the state of Hebrew culture of the period, and describes the scholars and leaders of the communities visited by the author. Al-Harizi gives vivid descriptions of the worthies of Toledo, the poets of Thebes, a debate between a Rabbanite and a Karaite, and conditions in Jerusalem. The Tahkemoni also contains critical evaluations of earlier and contemporary poets, although Al-Harizi's appraisal of his contemporaries is not always reliable and occasionally misses their most essential features.

References edit

  • Much of this article was translated from יהודה אלחריזי (Yehuda Alharizi) in the Hebrew-language Wikipedia. Retrieved March 14, 2005. Both articles are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, which allows translation with acknowledgement.
  • See, on the Tahkemoni, Saul Isaak Kaempf: Die ersten Makamen aus dem Tachkemoni des Charisi, Berlin 1845
  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ḥarizi, Judah ben Solomon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 953.

External links edit

  • Al-Ḥarizi, Judah B. Solomon B. Hophni in the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906

Further reading edit

  • J.N. Mattock, "The Early History of the Maqama," "Journal of Arabic Literature", Vol. 25, 1989, pp 1-18

May 07, 2024
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Tachkemoni redirects here For network of Israeli schools see Religious Zionism Educational institutions You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Hebrew Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hebrew Wikipedia article at he יהודה אלחריזי see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated he יהודה אלחריזי to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Yehuda Alharizi also Judah ben Solomon Harizi or al Harizi Hebrew יהודה בן שלמה אלחריזי romanized Yehudah ben Shelomo al Harizi Arabic يحيا بن سليمان بن شاؤل أبو زكريا الحريزي اليهودي من أهل طليطلة romanized Yaḥya bin Sulayman bin Shaʾul abu Zakarya al Harizi al Yahudi min ahl Ṭulayṭila was a rabbi translator poet and traveler active in al Andalus mid 12th century Toledo Spain 1225 in Aleppo Ayyubid Syria He was supported by wealthy patrons to whom he wrote poems and dedicated compositions Sefer Refu at Hageviyah by Judah Al Harizi Contents 1 Life 2 Work 2 1 Editions and translations 3 Literature on Alharizi s influence in the Christian world 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links 7 Further readingLife editYehuda al Harizi was born in Toledo in the mid 12th century to a family originally from Jerez and was educated in Castile 1 A Hebrew biographer and a contemporary Ibn al Sha ar al Mawsili 1197 1256 provided the only known physical description of al Harizi 2 A tall silver haired man with a smooth face As was the practice for educated men of the period he traveled extensively throughout the region visiting Jewish communities and various centres of learning across the Mediterranean and the East He was disappointed by the poor quality of Hebrew learning across the region 3 He translated many Arabic works into Hebrew including Maimonides The Guide for the Perplexed and al Hariri s Maqamat 4 In addition to the many translations he also produced original works in Hebrew and in Arabic He wrote a book of his travels al rawada al arniqa 5 He also composed an original maqama in Hebrew with the title of Sefer Tahkemoni His Maqama imitated the structure of Badi al Zaman al Hamadani and al Hariri but his work also reflects his Jewish identity in a society that was in transition shifting from al Andalus to Christian Iberia He is generally regarded as one of the great classical Jewish authors 6 He died in Aleppo Syria in 1225 7 Work editAlharizi was a rationalist conveying the works of Maimonides and his approach to rationalistic Judaism He translated Maimonides The Guide for the Perplexed and some of his Commentary on the Mishnah as well as the Mahbarot Iti el of the Arab poet al Hariri from the Arabic to Hebrew Alharizi s poetic translation of the Guide for the Perplexed is considered by many to be more readable than that of Samuel ibn Tibbon However it has not been very widely used in Jewish scholarship perhaps because it is less precise It had some influence in the Christian world due to its translation into Latin 8 Alharizi s own works include the Tahkemoni composed between 1218 and 1220 in the Arabic form known as maqama This is written in Hebrew in unmetrical rhymes in what is commonly termed rhymed prose It is a series of humorous episodes witty verses and quaint applications of Scriptural texts The episodes are bound together by the presence of the hero and of the narrator who is also the author Another collection of his poetry was devoted to preaching ethical self discipline and fear of heaven Alharizi undertook long journeys in the lands of the Middle East His works are suffused with his impressions from these journeys He not only brought to perfection the art of applying Hebrew to secular satire but he was also a brilliant literary critic and his maqama on the Andalusian Hebrew poets is a fruitful source of information 9 Editions and translations edit Iudae Harizii macamae ed by Paulus Lagarde Gottingen Hoyer 1883 Al Harizi Hebrew תחכמוני יהודה אלחריזי הכין לדפוס לפי מהדורות שונות י טופורובסקי הקדים מבוא ישראל זמורה Tahkemoni ed Toporowski Tel Aviv Maḥbarot le sifrut 1952 Al Harizi The Tahkemoni of Judah al Harizi trans by Victor Emanuel Reichert 2 vols Jerusalem Cohen 1965 1973 Judah Alharizi The Book of Tahkemoni Jewish Tales from Medieval Spain trans by David Simha Segal B nai B rith Book Service 1996 ISBN 9780197100622 repr Littman Library of Jewish Civilization Liverpool Liverpool University Press 2003 https www jstor org stable j ctv4rfr1p ISBN 9781874774983 High quality scans of an 1899 edition of the Tahkemoni in Hebrew from daat co il Another scanned edition of Tahkemoni in Hebrew Istanbul 1578 from hebrewbooks org Saul Isaac Kaempf Nichtandalusische Poesie andalusischer Dichter aus dem elften zwolften und dreizehnten Jahrhundert Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Poesie des Mittelalters vol 1 Prague Bellmann 1858 here a considerable section of the Tahkemoni is translated into German Literature on Alharizi s influence in the Christian world editKluxen Wolfgang 1951 Untersuchung und Texte zur Geschichte des lateinischen Maimonides Diss Koln Kluxen Wolfgang 1954 Literargeschichtliches zum lateinischen Moses Maimonides Recherches de Theologie Ancienne et Medievale 21 23 50 ISSN 1370 7493 Kluxen Wolfgang 1966 Rabbi Moyses Maimonides Liber de uno Deo benedicto Misc Med 4 167 182 Kluxen Wolfgang 1966 Die Geschichte des Maimonides im lateinischen Abendland Misc Med 4 146 166 Vajda George 1960 Un abrege chretien du Guide des egares JAS 248 115 136 Hasselhoff Gorge K 2004 Dicit Rabbi Moyses Studien zum Bild von Moses Maimonides im lateinischen Westen vom 13 bis 15 Jahrhundert Wurzburg Konigshausen amp Neumann ISBN 3 8260 2692 6 Notes edit Cole P ed The Dream of the Poem Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain 950 1492 Princeton University Press 2009 p 208 Cole P ed The Dream of the Poem Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain 950 1492 Princeton University Press 2009 p 208 Wacks D Toward a History of Hispano Hebrew Literature in its Romance Context eHumanista Volume 14 2010 p 187 Evri Y Partitions and Translations Arab Jewish Translational Models in Fin de Siecle Palestine Journal of Levantine Studies Vol 9 No 1 2019 p 75 Wacks D Toward a History of Hispano Hebrew Literature in its Romance Context eHumanista Volume 14 2010 p 187 Cole P ed The Dream of the Poem Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain 950 1492 Princeton University Press 2009 p 208 Cole P ed The Dream of the Poem Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain 950 1492 Princeton University Press 2009 p 208 Wacks D Toward a History of Hispano Hebrew Literature in its Romance Context eHumanista Volume 14 2010 p 188 Cole P ed The Dream of the Poem Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain 950 1492 Princeton University Press 2009 p 209 Mirsky Aharon Stroll Avrum 2007 Al Harizi Judah Ben Solomon In Skolnik Fred ed Encyclopaedia Judaica Vol 1 Aa Alp 2nd ed Detroit Thomson Gale pp 655 657 p 657 ISBN 0 02 865929 5 It was however through Al Harizi s translation that Maimonides ideas were propagated in the Christian world An anonymous Latin translation of the Guide published in Paris by Agostino Giustiniani in 1520 is based on Al Harizi s translation and was used by the English schoolmen Al Harizi s version also served as the basis for Pedro de Toledo s Spanish translation published by M Lazar according to the Ms 10289 B N Madrid in 1989 Culver City Calif Labyrinthos Mirsky Aharon Stroll Avrum 2007 Al Harizi Judah Ben Solomon In Skolnik Fred ed Encyclopaedia Judaica Vol 1 Aa Alp 2nd ed Detroit Thomson Gale pp 655 657 p 656 ISBN 0 02 865929 5 Apart from its literary merit and brilliant incisive style the Tahkemoni also throws valuable light on the state of Hebrew culture of the period and describes the scholars and leaders of the communities visited by the author Al Harizi gives vivid descriptions of the worthies of Toledo the poets of Thebes a debate between a Rabbanite and a Karaite and conditions in Jerusalem The Tahkemoni also contains critical evaluations of earlier and contemporary poets although Al Harizi s appraisal of his contemporaries is not always reliable and occasionally misses their most essential features References editMuch of this article was translated from יהודה אלחריזי Yehuda Alharizi in the Hebrew language Wikipedia Retrieved March 14 2005 Both articles are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License which allows translation with acknowledgement See on the Tahkemoni Saul Isaak Kaempf Die ersten Makamen aus dem Tachkemoni des Charisi Berlin 1845 nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Ḥarizi Judah ben Solomon Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 12 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 953 External links editAl Ḥarizi Judah B Solomon B Hophni in the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901 1906Further reading editJ N Mattock The Early History of the Maqama Journal of Arabic Literature Vol 25 1989 pp 1 18 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yehuda Alharizi amp oldid 1216391958, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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