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Xenotransfusion

February 16, 2024

Xenotransfusion (from Greek xenos- 'strange, foreign'), a form of xenotransplantation, was initially defined as the transfer of blood from one species into the veins of another.[1] In most cases, it is a transfer of blood between a non-human animal and a human. However, further experimentation has been done between various non-human animal species. This procedure can be performed without affecting the health of the donor, as only about 10% of their blood volume is used each time.[2] Utilizing the unlimited blood supply from animal sources eliminates the risk of transmitting infectious diseases between humans.[1]

In 1658, Dom Robert Desgabets, a French monk, introduced the idea of xenotransfusion at a scientific society meeting. This society later afforded the French Academy of Sciences.[1] Some ethical issues have been identified by the Ethics Committee of the International Xenotransplantation Association (IXA).[2] For example, the IXA sets standards and regulations for those planning to orchestrate clinical xenotransplantation trials.[3] The IXA has identified three major ethical areas that require adequate attention: favorable risk and benefit assessment supported by pre-clinical data, lack of alternative treatment for participants, and minimizing the risk of infection by ensuring the highest biosafety regulations are followed for selected animal donors. These are just a few examples of the ethics behind xenotransplantation.

History edit

The first recorded blood transfusion was performed between two dogs in 1665.[4] On June 15, 1667, Jean-Baptiste Denis, a French physician, and Paul Emmerez, a surgeon, performed the first documented xenotransfusion to humans. The transfusion occurred between a lamb and a 15-year-old boy.[1][5] Carotid artery blood from the lamb was introduced to a vein in the patient's inner elbow, and the procedure ultimately resulted in a successful recovery.[5] Denis and Emmerez performed multiple xenotransfusions together. On June 24, 1667, the duo performed a transfusion on a young Swedish nobleman.[1] When they arrived, the patient had already lost his ability to speak and was practically unconscious. Shortly after the transfusion began, the patient was able to speak again. His health was improving until his condition grew progressively worse. A second transfusion took place, but it was unsuccessful, and the patient died.

Richard Lower, an English physician, performed a similar procedure on November 23, 1667.[1][5] He successfully transfused the blood of a lamb to a 22-year-old man.[1] In both cases, the whole blood of the lamb was directly introduced into the vein of the patient. The direct introduction of blood was due to a lack of knowledge in preventative blood coagulation techniques at the time.

After several xenotransfusion procedures, some successful some not, the French Parliament prohibited the practice of these transfusions in 1670.[5] The English Parliament, as well as the Pope, followed suit and prohibited the procedures shortly after.

Ethical arguments involving the pig for xenotransfusion edit

Xenotransfusion uses non-human animals to aid in the shortage of blood for blood transfusion in humans. Some scientists preliminarily favor Sus scrofa domesticus (pigs) as a source of blood after having tested many different animals in order to find the best candidate for a blood donation. Pig red blood cells (pRBCs) show many characteristics similar to that of a human, including RBC diameters (pig 6 μm; human 7.2 μm), RBC counts (pig 5.7 to 6.9 million/ll; human 4.2 to 6.2 million/ll), and RBC average lifespan (human 86 days; pig 120 days).[6] Current evidence shows that pRBCs will function normally in humans due to the relation between porcine blood groups and human ABO group system.[7] In addition, it is possible to produce pigs with type O blood and to genetically modify pigs to make their blood more compatible with humans. Sus scrofa domesticus's blood may be used to save lives and to increase blood quantity. The organism is kept alive and no serious harm is involved, similar to how blood is removed from humans. One article examining the ethics of xenotransfusion notes that only 10% of the animal's blood volume is used each time; therefore, it may be considered ethically acceptable to raise pigs for periodical blood collection as it does not damage the health of the animal. Likewise, using pRBCs on humans would not cause severe harm to human health.[2] Xenotransfusion is not a necessity due to the number of blood donations; there is not a significant shortage of blood.[2]

Veterinary xenotransfusion edit

Transfusion of canine blood into domestic cats was performed historically and continues to be performed in some countries.[4]

Xenotransfusions have been performed on birds, though the procedure is only done to stabilize a bird in shock, due to rejection by the recipient bird's antibodies.[8]

Xenotransfusion of bovine whole blood into domestic goats has been preliminarily investigated as a potential option for anemic goats.[9] When comparing caprine-recipient bovine-donor cross matching a study found 11/15 caprine-bovine combinations compatible on both major and minor cross matching.[9][10]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Roux, Françoise A.; Saï, Pierre; Deschamps, Jack-Yves (2 May 2007). "Xenotransfusions, past and present". Xenotransplantation. 14 (3): 208–216. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00404.x. ISSN 0908-665X. PMID 17489860. S2CID 42016125.
  2. ^ a b c d Roux, Françoise A.; Saï, Pierre; Deschamps, Jack-Yves (2007). "Some ethical issues regarding xenotransfusion". Xenotransplantation. 14 (3): 217–221. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00393.x. ISSN 0908-665X. PMID 17489861. S2CID 25416442.
  3. ^ Cozzi, Emanuele; Tallacchini, Mariachiara; Flanagan, Enda B.; Pierson III, Richard N.; Sykes, Megan; Vanderpool, Harold Y. (2009). "Chapter 1: Key ethical requirements and progress toward the definition of an international regulatory framework". Xenotransplantation. 16 (4): 203–214. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00540.x. ISSN 0908-665X. PMID 19799760. S2CID 9462426.
  4. ^ a b Bovens, Catherine; Gruffydd-Jones, Tim (February 2013). "Xenotransfusion with canine blood in the feline species: review of the literature". Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 15 (2): 62–67. doi:10.1177/1098612X12460530. PMID 22983454.
  5. ^ a b c d Deschamps, Jack-Yves; Roux, Francoise A.; Sai, Pierre; Gouin, Edouard (1 February 2005). "History of xenotransplantation". Xenotransplantation. 12 (2): 91–109. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00199.x. ISSN 0908-665X. PMID 15693840. S2CID 20495953.
  6. ^ Cooper, David (September 2003). "Porcine red blood cells as a source of blood transfusion in humans". Xenotransplantation. 10 (5): 384–386. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3089.2003.00092.x. PMID 12950981. S2CID 35821685.
  7. ^ Zhu, Alex (30 November 1999). "Introduction to porcine red blood cells: Implications for xenotransfusion". Seminars in Hematology. 37 (2): 143–149. doi:10.1016/s0037-1963(00)90039-8. PMID 10791883.
  8. ^ Russo, Carmen (June 22, 2018). "Fact-Checking Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom". Slate. Birds often receive cross-species transfusions because they do not have blood types and there are thousands of different species. These procedures are only done to buy time to stabilize a creature in shock. "Whenever you go across species, the red blood cells are destroyed, and it varies how long they last. It can be as short as half a day, or five to six days [...] But what that gives you is time to stabilize the animal and provide other life-supportive measures."
  9. ^ a b Smith, Joe S.; Viall, Austin K.; Breuer, Ryan M.; Walton, Rebecca A.; Plummer, Paul J.; Griffith, Ronald W.; Kreuder, Amanda J. (2021-03-04). "Preliminary Investigation of Bovine Whole Blood Xenotransfusion as a Therapeutic Modality for the Treatment of Anemia in Goats". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.637988. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 7969644. PMID 33748213.
  10. ^ Smith, Joe S.; Viall, Austin K.; Breuer, Ryan M.; Walton, Rebecca A.; Plummer, Paul J.; Griffith, Ronald W.; Kreuder, Amanda J. (2021). "Preliminary Investigation of Bovine Whole Blood Xenotransfusion as a Therapeutic Modality for the Treatment of Anemia in Goats". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 8: 637988. doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.637988. PMC 7969644. PMID 33748213.

February 16, 2024
xenotransfusion, from, greek, xenos, strange, foreign, form, xenotransplantation, initially, defined, transfer, blood, from, species, into, veins, another, most, cases, transfer, blood, between, human, animal, human, however, further, experimentation, been, do. Xenotransfusion from Greek xenos strange foreign a form of xenotransplantation was initially defined as the transfer of blood from one species into the veins of another 1 In most cases it is a transfer of blood between a non human animal and a human However further experimentation has been done between various non human animal species This procedure can be performed without affecting the health of the donor as only about 10 of their blood volume is used each time 2 Utilizing the unlimited blood supply from animal sources eliminates the risk of transmitting infectious diseases between humans 1 In 1658 Dom Robert Desgabets a French monk introduced the idea of xenotransfusion at a scientific society meeting This society later afforded the French Academy of Sciences 1 Some ethical issues have been identified by the Ethics Committee of the International Xenotransplantation Association IXA 2 For example the IXA sets standards and regulations for those planning to orchestrate clinical xenotransplantation trials 3 The IXA has identified three major ethical areas that require adequate attention favorable risk and benefit assessment supported by pre clinical data lack of alternative treatment for participants and minimizing the risk of infection by ensuring the highest biosafety regulations are followed for selected animal donors These are just a few examples of the ethics behind xenotransplantation Contents 1 History 2 Ethical arguments involving the pig for xenotransfusion 3 Veterinary xenotransfusion 4 ReferencesHistory editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Xenotransfusion news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The first recorded blood transfusion was performed between two dogs in 1665 4 On June 15 1667 Jean Baptiste Denis a French physician and Paul Emmerez a surgeon performed the first documented xenotransfusion to humans The transfusion occurred between a lamb and a 15 year old boy 1 5 Carotid artery blood from the lamb was introduced to a vein in the patient s inner elbow and the procedure ultimately resulted in a successful recovery 5 Denis and Emmerez performed multiple xenotransfusions together On June 24 1667 the duo performed a transfusion on a young Swedish nobleman 1 When they arrived the patient had already lost his ability to speak and was practically unconscious Shortly after the transfusion began the patient was able to speak again His health was improving until his condition grew progressively worse A second transfusion took place but it was unsuccessful and the patient died Richard Lower an English physician performed a similar procedure on November 23 1667 1 5 He successfully transfused the blood of a lamb to a 22 year old man 1 In both cases the whole blood of the lamb was directly introduced into the vein of the patient The direct introduction of blood was due to a lack of knowledge in preventative blood coagulation techniques at the time After several xenotransfusion procedures some successful some not the French Parliament prohibited the practice of these transfusions in 1670 5 The English Parliament as well as the Pope followed suit and prohibited the procedures shortly after Ethical arguments involving the pig for xenotransfusion editXenotransfusion uses non human animals to aid in the shortage of blood for blood transfusion in humans Some scientists preliminarily favor Sus scrofa domesticus pigs as a source of blood after having tested many different animals in order to find the best candidate for a blood donation Pig red blood cells pRBCs show many characteristics similar to that of a human including RBC diameters pig 6 mm human 7 2 mm RBC counts pig 5 7 to 6 9 million ll human 4 2 to 6 2 million ll and RBC average lifespan human 86 days pig 120 days 6 Current evidence shows that pRBCs will function normally in humans due to the relation between porcine blood groups and human ABO group system 7 In addition it is possible to produce pigs with type O blood and to genetically modify pigs to make their blood more compatible with humans Sus scrofa domesticus s blood may be used to save lives and to increase blood quantity The organism is kept alive and no serious harm is involved similar to how blood is removed from humans One article examining the ethics of xenotransfusion notes that only 10 of the animal s blood volume is used each time therefore it may be considered ethically acceptable to raise pigs for periodical blood collection as it does not damage the health of the animal Likewise using pRBCs on humans would not cause severe harm to human health 2 Xenotransfusion is not a necessity due to the number of blood donations there is not a significant shortage of blood 2 Veterinary xenotransfusion editTransfusion of canine blood into domestic cats was performed historically and continues to be performed in some countries 4 Xenotransfusions have been performed on birds though the procedure is only done to stabilize a bird in shock due to rejection by the recipient bird s antibodies 8 Xenotransfusion of bovine whole blood into domestic goats has been preliminarily investigated as a potential option for anemic goats 9 When comparing caprine recipient bovine donor cross matching a study found 11 15 caprine bovine combinations compatible on both major and minor cross matching 9 10 References edit a b c d e f g Roux Francoise A Sai Pierre Deschamps Jack Yves 2 May 2007 Xenotransfusions past and present Xenotransplantation 14 3 208 216 doi 10 1111 j 1399 3089 2007 00404 x ISSN 0908 665X PMID 17489860 S2CID 42016125 a b c d Roux Francoise A Sai Pierre Deschamps Jack Yves 2007 Some ethical issues regarding xenotransfusion Xenotransplantation 14 3 217 221 doi 10 1111 j 1399 3089 2007 00393 x ISSN 0908 665X PMID 17489861 S2CID 25416442 Cozzi Emanuele Tallacchini Mariachiara Flanagan Enda B Pierson III Richard N Sykes Megan Vanderpool Harold Y 2009 Chapter 1 Key ethical requirements and progress toward the definition of an international regulatory framework Xenotransplantation 16 4 203 214 doi 10 1111 j 1399 3089 2009 00540 x ISSN 0908 665X PMID 19799760 S2CID 9462426 a b Bovens Catherine Gruffydd Jones Tim February 2013 Xenotransfusion with canine blood in the feline species review of the literature Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 15 2 62 67 doi 10 1177 1098612X12460530 PMID 22983454 a b c d Deschamps Jack Yves Roux Francoise A Sai Pierre Gouin Edouard 1 February 2005 History of xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation 12 2 91 109 doi 10 1111 j 1399 3089 2004 00199 x ISSN 0908 665X PMID 15693840 S2CID 20495953 Cooper David September 2003 Porcine red blood cells as a source of blood transfusion in humans Xenotransplantation 10 5 384 386 doi 10 1034 j 1399 3089 2003 00092 x PMID 12950981 S2CID 35821685 Zhu Alex 30 November 1999 Introduction to porcine red blood cells Implications for xenotransfusion Seminars in Hematology 37 2 143 149 doi 10 1016 s0037 1963 00 90039 8 PMID 10791883 Russo Carmen June 22 2018 Fact Checking Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom Slate Birds often receive cross species transfusions because they do not have blood types and there are thousands of different species These procedures are only done to buy time to stabilize a creature in shock Whenever you go across species the red blood cells are destroyed and it varies how long they last It can be as short as half a day or five to six days But what that gives you is time to stabilize the animal and provide other life supportive measures a b Smith Joe S Viall Austin K Breuer Ryan M Walton Rebecca A Plummer Paul J Griffith Ronald W Kreuder Amanda J 2021 03 04 Preliminary Investigation of Bovine Whole Blood Xenotransfusion as a Therapeutic Modality for the Treatment of Anemia in Goats Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 doi 10 3389 fvets 2021 637988 ISSN 2297 1769 PMC 7969644 PMID 33748213 Smith Joe S Viall Austin K Breuer Ryan M Walton Rebecca A Plummer Paul J Griffith Ronald W Kreuder Amanda J 2021 Preliminary Investigation of Bovine Whole Blood Xenotransfusion as a Therapeutic Modality for the Treatment of Anemia in Goats Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 637988 doi 10 3389 fvets 2021 637988 PMC 7969644 PMID 33748213 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Xenotransfusion amp oldid 1194722035, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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