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Xanthomonadales

March 08, 2023

The Xanthomonadales are a bacterial order within the Gammaproteobacteria. They are one of the largest groups of bacterial phytopathogens, harbouring species such as Xanthomonas citri, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas oryzae and Xylella fastidiosa.[1][2][3][4][5] These bacteria affect agriculturally important plants including tomatoes, bananas, citrus plants, rice, and coffee. Many species within the order are also human pathogens. Species within the genus Stenotrophomonas are multidrug resistant opportunistic pathogens that are responsible for nosocomial infections in immunodeficient patients.[6][7]

Xanthomonadales
Leaf spot on English ivy plant, caused by Xanthomonas hortorum
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Xanthomonadales
Families
Synonyms
  • Lysobacterales Christensen and Cook 1978

Characteristics

The Xanthomonadales are gram-negative, catalase positive, non-spore forming obligate aerobes.[8] Members belonging to the order are straight rods lacking prosthecae. While some members are non-motile, other species within the order are motile by means of flagella. Stenotrophomonas is the only genus capable of nitrate reduction within the Xanthomonadales.

Taxonomy

The Xanthomonadales consist of 28 validly named genera among two families: Xanthomonadaceae and Rhodanobacteraceae.[9][10][11] The Xanthomonadaceae consists of 13 genera while the Rhodanobacteraceae consist of 14 genera. The families can be distinguished from one another on the basis of conserved signature indels found among a variety of proteins, specific for each family.[10] These indels are in parallel with phylogenomic analysis that reveal two distinct clades that appear to be evolutionarily divergent. Lysobacterales and Lysobacteraceae are earlier synonyms of Xanthomonadales and Xanthomonadaceae, respectively.[10][12]

Phylogenetic position

The Xanthomonadales are early divergents of bacteria within the Gammaproteobacteria, and are often used to root phylogenetic trees created for the class.[13] Until recently, the Xanthomonodales order was inclusive of the families Xanthomonadaceae, Algiphilaceae, Solimonadaceae, Nevskiaceae and Sinobacteraceae. However, no molecular signatures were found that were inclusive of all families.[10] The organisms were taxonomically rearranged such that Xanthomonadales included Xanthomonadaceae, which was later divided into two families. The division was in accordance with CSIs that were found specifically for all members of the emended Xanthomonadales order, providing support for the currently accepted taxonomy. All other species were transferred to Nevskiales, which did not share CSIs with Xanthomonadales, but remain close relatives within the Gammaproteobacteria.[10] Cardiobacteriales, Chromatiales, Methylococcales, Legionellales and Thiotrichales are also deep branching orders that are phylogenetic neighbours of Xanthomonadales and Nevskiales members.[10][13] The order Nevskiales harbors a single family (Salinisphaeraceae) and six genera: Alkanibacter, Fontimonas, Hydrocarboniphaga, Nevskia, Solimonas and Steroidobacter.[10]Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica and Ignatzschineria larvae are two species that have historically been accepted as members of the family Xanthomonadaceae. However, they do not share conserved signatures with the family, or with the Xanthomonodales order.[10] These species form deep branching within neighbouring Gammaproteobacteria, and are monophyletic with Cardiobacteriales members. These species are thus currently labelled as incertae sedis.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[9]

References

  1. ^ da Silva AC, Ferro JA, Reinach FC, et al. (2002). "Comparison of the genomes of two Xanthomonas pathogens with differing host specificities". Nature. 417 (6887): 459–463. doi:10.1038/417459a. PMID 12024217.
  2. ^ Van Sluys MA, de Oliveira MC, Monteiro-Vitorello CB, et al. (2003). "Comparative analyses of the complete genome sequences of Pierce's disease and citrus variegated chlorosis strains of Xylella fastidiosa". J Bacteriol. 185 (3): 1018–26. doi:10.1128/JB.185.3.1018-1026.2003. PMC 142809. PMID 12533478.
  3. ^ Lee BM, Park YJ, Park DS, et al. (2005). "The genome sequence of Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae KACC10331, the bacterial blight pathogen of rice". Nucleic Acids Res. 33 (2): 577–586. doi:10.1093/nar/gki206. PMC 548351. PMID 15673718.
  4. ^ Ryan RP, Vorholter F, Potnis N, et al. (2005). "Pathogenomics of Xanthomonas: understanding bacterium–plant interactions". Nat Rev Microbiol. 9 (5): 344–355. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2558. PMID 21478901.
  5. ^ Chen J, Xie G, Han S, Chertkov O, Sims D, Civerolo EL (2010). "Whole genome sequences of two Xylella fastidiosa strains (M12 and M23) causing almond leaf scorch disease in California". J Bacteriol. 192 (17): 4534. doi:10.1128/JB.00651-10. PMC 2937377. PMID 20601474.
  6. ^ Crossman LC, Gould VC, Dow JM, et al. (2008). "The complete genome, comparative and functional analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia reveals an organism heavily shielded by drug resistance determinants". Genome Biol. 9 (4): R74. doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-4-r74. PMC 2643945. PMID 18419807.
  7. ^ Looney WJ, Narita M, Mühlemann K (2009). "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: an emerging opportunist human pathogen". Lancet Infect Dis. 9 (5): 312–323. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70083-0. PMID 19393961.
  8. ^ Saddler GS, Bradbury JF (2005) Order III. Xanthomonadales ord. nov. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. pp. 63-122. Eds Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM, Boone, Vos P, Goodfellow M, Rainey FA, Schleifer K-H Springer-: Austin.
  9. ^ a b Sayers; et al. "Xanthomonadales". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Naushad S, Adeolu M, Wong S, Sohail M, Schellhorn HE, Gupta RS (2015). "A phylogenomic and molecular marker based taxonomic framework for the order Xanthomonadales: proposal to transfer the families Algiphilaceae and Solimonadaceae to the order Nevskiales ord. nov. and to create a new family within the order Xanthomonadales, the family Rhodanobacteraceae fam. nov., containing the genus Rhodanobacter and its closest relatives". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 107 (2): 467–485. doi:10.1007/s10482-014-0344-8. PMID 25481407.
  11. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (2015). "List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 65 (7): 2017–2025. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.000317.
  12. ^ Christensen P, Cook F (1978). "Lysobacter, a New Genus of Nonfruiting, Gliding Bacteria with a High Base Ratio". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 28 (3): 367–393. doi:10.1099/00207713-28-3-367.
  13. ^ a b Cutiño-Jiménez AM, Martins-Pinheiro M, Lima WC, Martín-Tornet A, Morales OG, Menck CF (2010). "Evolutionary placement of Xanthomonadales based on conserved protein signature sequences". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 54 (2): 524–34. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.026. PMID 19786109.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xanthomonadales.

March 08, 2023
xanthomonadales, bacterial, order, within, gammaproteobacteria, they, largest, groups, bacterial, phytopathogens, harbouring, species, such, xanthomonas, citri, xanthomonas, euvesicatoria, xanthomonas, oryzae, xylella, fastidiosa, these, bacteria, affect, agri. The Xanthomonadales are a bacterial order within the Gammaproteobacteria They are one of the largest groups of bacterial phytopathogens harbouring species such as Xanthomonas citri Xanthomonas euvesicatoria Xanthomonas oryzae and Xylella fastidiosa 1 2 3 4 5 These bacteria affect agriculturally important plants including tomatoes bananas citrus plants rice and coffee Many species within the order are also human pathogens Species within the genus Stenotrophomonas are multidrug resistant opportunistic pathogens that are responsible for nosocomial infections in immunodeficient patients 6 7 XanthomonadalesLeaf spot on English ivy plant caused by Xanthomonas hortorumScientific classificationDomain BacteriaPhylum PseudomonadotaClass GammaproteobacteriaOrder XanthomonadalesFamiliesXanthomonadaceae Christensen and Cook 1978 emend Naushad et al 2015 Rhodanobacteraceae Naushad et al 2015SynonymsLysobacterales Christensen and Cook 1978 Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Taxonomy 3 Phylogenetic position 4 Phylogeny 5 ReferencesCharacteristics EditThe Xanthomonadales are gram negative catalase positive non spore forming obligate aerobes 8 Members belonging to the order are straight rods lacking prosthecae While some members are non motile other species within the order are motile by means of flagella Stenotrophomonas is the only genus capable of nitrate reduction within the Xanthomonadales Taxonomy EditThe Xanthomonadales consist of 28 validly named genera among two families Xanthomonadaceae and Rhodanobacteraceae 9 10 11 The Xanthomonadaceae consists of 13 genera while the Rhodanobacteraceae consist of 14 genera The families can be distinguished from one another on the basis of conserved signature indels found among a variety of proteins specific for each family 10 These indels are in parallel with phylogenomic analysis that reveal two distinct clades that appear to be evolutionarily divergent Lysobacterales and Lysobacteraceae are earlier synonyms of Xanthomonadales and Xanthomonadaceae respectively 10 12 Phylogenetic position EditThe Xanthomonadales are early divergents of bacteria within the Gammaproteobacteria and are often used to root phylogenetic trees created for the class 13 Until recently the Xanthomonodales order was inclusive of the families Xanthomonadaceae Algiphilaceae Solimonadaceae Nevskiaceae and Sinobacteraceae However no molecular signatures were found that were inclusive of all families 10 The organisms were taxonomically rearranged such that Xanthomonadales included Xanthomonadaceae which was later divided into two families The division was in accordance with CSIs that were found specifically for all members of the emended Xanthomonadales order providing support for the currently accepted taxonomy All other species were transferred to Nevskiales which did not share CSIs with Xanthomonadales but remain close relatives within the Gammaproteobacteria 10 Cardiobacteriales Chromatiales Methylococcales Legionellales and Thiotrichales are also deep branching orders that are phylogenetic neighbours of Xanthomonadales and Nevskiales members 10 13 The order Nevskiales harbors a single family Salinisphaeraceae and six genera Alkanibacter Fontimonas Hydrocarboniphaga Nevskia Solimonas and Steroidobacter 10 Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica and Ignatzschineria larvae are two species that have historically been accepted as members of the family Xanthomonadaceae However they do not share conserved signatures with the family or with the Xanthomonodales order 10 These species form deep branching within neighbouring Gammaproteobacteria and are monophyletic with Cardiobacteriales members These species are thus currently labelled as incertae sedis Phylogeny EditThe currently accepted taxonomy is based on the National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI 9 Rhodanobacteraceae Gynumella Aquimonas Chiayiivigra Megamonas Dokdonella Dyella Frateuria Fulvimonas Luteibacter Metallibacterium Mizugakiibacter Oleiagrimonas Pseudofulvimonas Rhodanobacter Rudaea Tahibacter Xanthomonadaceae Arenimonas Denitratimonas Kaistibacter Luteimonas Lysobacter Pseudoxanthomonas Rehaibacterium Silanimonas Stenotrophomonas Thermomonas Vulcaniibacterium Xanthomonas XylellaReferences Edit da Silva AC Ferro JA Reinach FC et al 2002 Comparison of the genomes of two Xanthomonas pathogens with differing host specificities Nature 417 6887 459 463 doi 10 1038 417459a PMID 12024217 Van Sluys MA de Oliveira MC Monteiro Vitorello CB et al 2003 Comparative analyses of the complete genome sequences of Pierce s disease and citrus variegated chlorosis strains of Xylella fastidiosa J Bacteriol 185 3 1018 26 doi 10 1128 JB 185 3 1018 1026 2003 PMC 142809 PMID 12533478 Lee BM Park YJ Park DS et al 2005 The genome sequence of Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae KACC10331 the bacterial blight pathogen of rice Nucleic Acids Res 33 2 577 586 doi 10 1093 nar gki206 PMC 548351 PMID 15673718 Ryan RP Vorholter F Potnis N et al 2005 Pathogenomics of Xanthomonas understanding bacterium plant interactions Nat Rev Microbiol 9 5 344 355 doi 10 1038 nrmicro2558 PMID 21478901 Chen J Xie G Han S Chertkov O Sims D Civerolo EL 2010 Whole genome sequences of two Xylella fastidiosa strains M12 and M23 causing almond leaf scorch disease in California J Bacteriol 192 17 4534 doi 10 1128 JB 00651 10 PMC 2937377 PMID 20601474 Crossman LC Gould VC Dow JM et al 2008 The complete genome comparative and functional analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia reveals an organism heavily shielded by drug resistance determinants Genome Biol 9 4 R74 doi 10 1186 gb 2008 9 4 r74 PMC 2643945 PMID 18419807 Looney WJ Narita M Muhlemann K 2009 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia an emerging opportunist human pathogen Lancet Infect Dis 9 5 312 323 doi 10 1016 S1473 3099 09 70083 0 PMID 19393961 Saddler GS Bradbury JF 2005 Order III Xanthomonadales ord nov In Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology pp 63 122 Eds Brenner DJ Krieg NR Staley JT Garrity GM Boone Vos P Goodfellow M Rainey FA Schleifer K H Springer Austin a b Sayers et al Xanthomonadales National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI taxonomy database Retrieved 2016 10 24 a b c d e f g h Naushad S Adeolu M Wong S Sohail M Schellhorn HE Gupta RS 2015 A phylogenomic and molecular marker based taxonomic framework for the order Xanthomonadales proposal to transfer the families Algiphilaceae and Solimonadaceae to the order Nevskiales ord nov and to create a new family within the order Xanthomonadales the family Rhodanobacteraceae fam nov containing the genus Rhodanobacter and its closest relatives Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 107 2 467 485 doi 10 1007 s10482 014 0344 8 PMID 25481407 Oren A Garrity GM 2015 List of new names and new combinations previously effectively but not validly published Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 65 7 2017 2025 doi 10 1099 ijs 0 000317 Christensen P Cook F 1978 Lysobacter a New Genus of Nonfruiting Gliding Bacteria with a High Base Ratio Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 28 3 367 393 doi 10 1099 00207713 28 3 367 a b Cutino Jimenez AM Martins Pinheiro M Lima WC Martin Tornet A Morales OG Menck CF 2010 Evolutionary placement of Xanthomonadales based on conserved protein signature sequences Mol Phylogenet Evol 54 2 524 34 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2009 09 026 PMID 19786109 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xanthomonadales Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Xanthomonadales amp oldid 1095507237, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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