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North American XF-108 Rapier

January 01, 1970

The North American XF-108 Rapier was a proposed long-range, high-speed interceptor aircraft designed by North American Aviation intended to defend the United States from supersonic Soviet strategic bombers. The aircraft would have cruised at speeds around Mach 3 (3,200 km/h; 2,000 mph) with an unrefueled combat radius over 1,000 nautical miles (1,900 km; 1,200 mi), and was equipped with radar and missiles offering engagement ranges up to 100 miles (160 km) against bomber-sized targets.

XF-108 Rapier
Artist's impression of two F-108s attached to Elmendorf AFB, Alaska. Note: Top aircraft's weapons bay opening.
Role Interceptor aircraft
Manufacturer North American Aviation
Status Cancelled (1959)
Primary user United States Air Force (intended)
Number built One mockup

To limit development costs, the program shared engine development with the North American XB-70 Valkyrie strategic bomber program, and used a number of elements of earlier interceptor projects. The program had progressed only as far as the construction of a single wooden mockup when it was cancelled in 1959, due to a shortage of funds and the Soviets' adoption of ballistic missiles as their primary means of nuclear attack. Had it flown, the F-108 would have been the heaviest fighter of its era.

Prior to the project's cancellation, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower noted that raising the F-108 interceptor force would have cost the U.S. taxpayer $4 billion (equivalent to $42 billion today).[1]

Development edit

LRI-X edit

During the early 1950s, the USAF proposed a very high-performance, long-range interceptor. On 20 July 1955, formal development of what became known as the Long-Range Interceptor, Experimental (LRI-X) was approved, planned as an F-102 Delta Dagger/F-106 Delta Dart replacement.[2] The specification was laid down on 6 October 1955, calling for an interceptor that could fly at 60,000 ft (18,000 m) at a speed of Mach 1.7 (1,122 mph (1,806 km/h), with a range of 1,000 miles (1,600 km).[2] It was to have a two-man crew and at least two engines.[2] A further consideration was that an integrated fire-control system would be fitted, allowing the interception of a bomber at 60 nmi (110 km) and three targets to be destroyed during a single mission.[3]

Of the eight interested companies, contracts for preliminary studies were issued to North American Aviation, Lockheed and Northrop on 11 October 1955, five days after the specification's release.[2] Of the paper designs, the North American proposal, dubbed "NA-236", seemed the most promising. The NA-236 shared some similarities with the XF-108, although the most obvious differences were the additions of two finlets at the midspan of the horizontal stabilizers, and canards.[4] Political and budgetary difficulties led to the cancellation of the program on 9 May 1956.

WS-202A edit

After considerable confusion, the program was reinstated on 11 April 1957 with North American awarded a contract for two prototypes. The designation F-108 was issued, also known as "Weapon System 202A" (WS-202A). North American's company designation was "NA-257", although it was basically identical to the NA-236. At the time, Air Defense Command anticipated an order for 480 aircraft.[5]

The resulting design went through considerable evolution, owing to both its cutting-edge technology and continual redefinition of the USAF requirements. Early revisions prominently featured canards, with a span of 19 feet 10 inches (6.05 m), and a wing of 53.5° sweep.[6] The aircraft in this configuration would have had a maximum takeoff weight of 99,400 pounds (45,100 kg) with a 72,550-foot (22,110 m) operational ceiling.[6] In addition to the F-108's interceptor role, North American proposed it as a penetration fighter to aid its own B-70 Valkyrie supersonic bomber prototype.[7] Commonality between the B-70 bomber and the F-108 included the escape capsule and General Electric YJ93 engines. Another role considered was for the F-108 to be "gap-fillers" for the Distant Early Warning (DEW) system; because of its great speed, the F-108 could have scanned up to 278,000 square miles (720,000 km2) per hour.[8]

From September 1958, substantial engineering and design changes were implemented; however, SAC had lost interest in the escort fighter concept. To accompany the B-70 all the way to its target and back, the F-108 in its initial concept would have, at best, marginal range.[9] On 30 December 1958, YF-108A preproduction aircraft on order were reduced from 31 to 20 test aircraft and the first test flight was delayed from February to April 1961.[10] The eventual design, which was built as a full-sized XF-108 mockup, was displayed to Air Force officials on 17–20 January 1959.[9] The project was given the name "Rapier" on 15 May 1959, following a contest by the Air Defense Command asking airmen for suggestions.[10]

Cancellation edit

Even as the XF-108 program was progressing well, there were signs that would ultimately lead to its eventual cancellation. Unconfirmed Soviet bomber threats, the overwhelming trend toward offensive and defensive nuclear missiles in the late 1950s and early 1960s, as well as rising costs, contributed to the termination of the XF-108.[8][11] The cancellation was announced on 23 September 1959.[8] North American continued refining the design through 1960 in hopes that the program might be revived.[12] Despite the extra money and time spent on the Rapier, it was not wholly in vain; the North American A-5 Vigilante supersonic carrier-based nuclear strike bomber developed for the U.S. Navy, which was later modified into a carrier-based reconnaissance aircraft, retained the fuselage/weapon package and systems design of the Rapier. In many ways the Vigilante could be seen as the successful application of the Rapier design principles in a Mach 2 supersonic design.[13]

Hughes Aircraft would continue the development of the advanced fire control system and the GAR-9 missile.[N 1] Development of the F-108 radar and missiles was continued by the USAF and the system was eventually used in the Lockheed YF-12 program.[14] The final configuration for the rear cockpit in the YF-12A looked similar to that of the F-108 since it incorporated the same displays and controls required for the Hughes AN/ASG-18 fire control system.[15]

Design edit

The initial F-108 configuration featured a very large "cranked" delta wing. There were fixed ventral stabilizers on the wings, mounted at mid-span, and a tall all-moving vertical tailfin, supplemented by two ventral stabilizers that extended when the landing gear retracted. Although some earlier versions of the design had separate tailplanes or forward canards, both were abandoned in the final design.[16] The large fuselage and wing had two and five fuel tanks, respectively, giving an estimated combat radius of some 1,100 nautical miles (2,000 km).[6] Top speed was estimated at 1,980 miles per hour (3,190 km/h), about Mach 3, at 81,800 feet (24,900 m).[5] The aircraft was powered by two General Electric J93 turbojet engines, also used in North American's XB-70 Valkyrie bomber, in the fuselage.[17]

The F-108 was intended to carry the Hughes AN/ASG-18 radar, the U.S.'s first pulse-Doppler radar set.[18] It was to have look-down/shoot-down capability, but could track only one target at a time. The radar was paired with an infra-red search and tracking (IRST) system on the wing leading edges. The radar was used to guide the Hughes GAR-9 (later redesignated AIM-47) air-to-air missile, three of which would be carried on a rotary launcher in an internal weapons bay.[8] The GAR-9 was a very large, long-range weapon with its own radar set for terminal homing. It was intended to fly at Mach 6, with a range of almost 112 miles (180 km).[19]

XQ-11 target drone edit

As part of WS-202A, a design for a high-speed (Mach 3+) aerial target for use in testing the F-108's weapons system was proposed. The Wright Air Development Center requested the designation XQ-11 for the target design; the request was denied due to the early stage of development, and the F-108 program was cancelled before further work was undertaken.[20]

Specifications (XF-108) edit

 
3-view line drawing of the North American F-108A Rapier

Data from National Museum of the United States Air Force[7] and U.S. Standard Aircraft Characteristics[21]

General characteristics

  • Crew: two
  • Length: 89 ft 2 in (27.2 m)
  • Wingspan: 57 ft 5 in (17.5 m)
  • Height: 22 ft 1 in (6.7 m)
  • Wing area: 1,865 sq ft (173.4 m2)
  • Aspect ratio: 1.68
  • Empty weight: 50,907 lb (23,098 kg)
  • Gross weight: 76,118 lb (34,527 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 102,533 lb (46,508 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric J93-GE-3AR afterburning turbojet, 20,900 lbf (93 kN) thrust each dry, 29,300 lbf (130 kN) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 1,980 mph (3,190 km/h, 1,721 kn)
  • Stall speed: 105 mph (169 km/h, 91 kn)
  • Combat range: 1,162 mi (1,870 km, 1,010 nmi)
  • Ferry range: 2,487 mi (4,002 km, 2,161 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 80,100 ft (24,400 m)
  • Rate of climb: 45,000 ft/min (230 m/s)
  • Wing loading: 40.8 lb/sq ft (199.2 kg/m2)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.77

Armament

Avionics

  • Hughes AN/ASG-18 look-down/shoot-down fire control radar

See also edit

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Quote: "The Pentagon did, however, continue development of the ASG-18 fire-control system and GAR-9 missile.[8]

Citations edit

  1. ^ Juggling funds, Missiles and Rockets, January 25, 1960, p. 19.
  2. ^ a b c d Jenkins and Landis 2008, p. 199.
  3. ^ Jenkins and Landis 2004, p. 14.
  4. ^ Buttler 2007, p. 103.
  5. ^ a b Jenkins and Landis 2008, p. 200.
  6. ^ a b c Buttler 2007, p. 106.
  7. ^ a b National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d e Jenkins and Landis 2008, p. 202.
  9. ^ a b Buttler 2007, p. 107.
  10. ^ a b Buttler 2007, p. 108.
  11. ^ Lyons, Major Robert P. Jr. (3 April 1986). "The Search for an Advanced Fighter, A History from the XF-108 to the Advanced Tactical Fighter" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  12. ^ Pace 1986, p. 51.
  13. ^ Goodspeed 2000, p. 77.
  14. ^ O'Connor, Sean (2004). "AIM-47: Hughes GAR-9/AIM-47 Falcon". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
  15. ^ Jenkins and Landis 2004, p. 20.
  16. ^ Jenkins and Landis 2004, p. 17.
  17. ^ . National Museum of the United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  18. ^ Pace 1991, p. 152.
  19. ^ . Testpilot.ru. 29 November 2007. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  20. ^ Parsch, Andreas (2009). "Q-11". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles Appendix 1: Early Missiles and Drones. Designation-Systems. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  21. ^ (PDF). US Air Force. 12 June 1959. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2016.

Bibliography edit

  • Buttler, Tony (2007). American Secret Projects, Fighters & Interceptors 1945–1978. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85780-264-1.
  • Dorr, Robert F.; Lake, Jon (1990). Fighters of the United States Air Force. London: Temple Press. ISBN 0-600-55094-X.
  • Goodspeed, M. Hill (2000). North American Rockwell A3J (A-5) Vigilante. Wings of Fame. Vol. 19. London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-86184-049-7.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R.; Landis, Tony R. (2008). Experimental & Prototype U.S. Air Force Jet Fighters. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1-58007-111-6.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R.; Landis, Tony R. (September 2004). "F-108 Rapier The Elusive Mach 3 Interceptor". Airpower. 34 (9). Granada Hills, California: Sentry Books. ISSN 1067-1048.
  • Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). "Post-World War II Fighters 1945–1973". Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-59-5.
  • Pace, Steve (November 1986). "Supersonic Cavaliers". Airpower. 16 (6). Granada Hills, California: Sentry Books. ISSN 1067-1048.
  • Pace, Steve (1991). X-Fighters: USAF Experimental and Prototype Fighters, XP-59 to YF-23. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International. ISBN 0-87938-540-5.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to North American XF-108 Rapier.
  • Anigrand Models produces 1/72 and 1/144 scale resin kits of the XF-108
  • F-108 Rapier page on GlobalSecurity.org
  • Additional illustrations, references, detailed cutaway diagram. French Language.
  • US Standard Aircraft Characteristics Document for F-108's early iteration
  • US Standard Aircraft Characteristics Document for F-108's pre-mock-up iteration

January 01, 1970
north, american, rapier, proposed, long, range, high, speed, interceptor, aircraft, designed, north, american, aviation, intended, defend, united, states, from, supersonic, soviet, strategic, bombers, aircraft, would, have, cruised, speeds, around, mach, with,. The North American XF 108 Rapier was a proposed long range high speed interceptor aircraft designed by North American Aviation intended to defend the United States from supersonic Soviet strategic bombers The aircraft would have cruised at speeds around Mach 3 3 200 km h 2 000 mph with an unrefueled combat radius over 1 000 nautical miles 1 900 km 1 200 mi and was equipped with radar and missiles offering engagement ranges up to 100 miles 160 km against bomber sized targets XF 108 Rapier Artist s impression of two F 108s attached to Elmendorf AFB Alaska Note Top aircraft s weapons bay opening Role Interceptor aircraft Manufacturer North American Aviation Status Cancelled 1959 Primary user United States Air Force intended Number built One mockup To limit development costs the program shared engine development with the North American XB 70 Valkyrie strategic bomber program and used a number of elements of earlier interceptor projects The program had progressed only as far as the construction of a single wooden mockup when it was cancelled in 1959 due to a shortage of funds and the Soviets adoption of ballistic missiles as their primary means of nuclear attack Had it flown the F 108 would have been the heaviest fighter of its era Prior to the project s cancellation U S President Dwight D Eisenhower noted that raising the F 108 interceptor force would have cost the U S taxpayer 4 billion equivalent to 42 billion today 1 Contents 1 Development 1 1 LRI X 1 2 WS 202A 1 3 Cancellation 2 Design 3 XQ 11 target drone 4 Specifications XF 108 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Citations 6 3 Bibliography 7 External linksDevelopment editLRI X edit During the early 1950s the USAF proposed a very high performance long range interceptor On 20 July 1955 formal development of what became known as the Long Range Interceptor Experimental LRI X was approved planned as an F 102 Delta Dagger F 106 Delta Dart replacement 2 The specification was laid down on 6 October 1955 calling for an interceptor that could fly at 60 000 ft 18 000 m at a speed of Mach 1 7 1 122 mph 1 806 km h with a range of 1 000 miles 1 600 km 2 It was to have a two man crew and at least two engines 2 A further consideration was that an integrated fire control system would be fitted allowing the interception of a bomber at 60 nmi 110 km and three targets to be destroyed during a single mission 3 Of the eight interested companies contracts for preliminary studies were issued to North American Aviation Lockheed and Northrop on 11 October 1955 five days after the specification s release 2 Of the paper designs the North American proposal dubbed NA 236 seemed the most promising The NA 236 shared some similarities with the XF 108 although the most obvious differences were the additions of two finlets at the midspan of the horizontal stabilizers and canards 4 Political and budgetary difficulties led to the cancellation of the program on 9 May 1956 WS 202A edit After considerable confusion the program was reinstated on 11 April 1957 with North American awarded a contract for two prototypes The designation F 108 was issued also known as Weapon System 202A WS 202A North American s company designation was NA 257 although it was basically identical to the NA 236 At the time Air Defense Command anticipated an order for 480 aircraft 5 The resulting design went through considerable evolution owing to both its cutting edge technology and continual redefinition of the USAF requirements Early revisions prominently featured canards with a span of 19 feet 10 inches 6 05 m and a wing of 53 5 sweep 6 The aircraft in this configuration would have had a maximum takeoff weight of 99 400 pounds 45 100 kg with a 72 550 foot 22 110 m operational ceiling 6 In addition to the F 108 s interceptor role North American proposed it as a penetration fighter to aid its own B 70 Valkyrie supersonic bomber prototype 7 Commonality between the B 70 bomber and the F 108 included the escape capsule and General Electric YJ93 engines Another role considered was for the F 108 to be gap fillers for the Distant Early Warning DEW system because of its great speed the F 108 could have scanned up to 278 000 square miles 720 000 km2 per hour 8 From September 1958 substantial engineering and design changes were implemented however SAC had lost interest in the escort fighter concept To accompany the B 70 all the way to its target and back the F 108 in its initial concept would have at best marginal range 9 On 30 December 1958 YF 108A preproduction aircraft on order were reduced from 31 to 20 test aircraft and the first test flight was delayed from February to April 1961 10 The eventual design which was built as a full sized XF 108 mockup was displayed to Air Force officials on 17 20 January 1959 9 The project was given the name Rapier on 15 May 1959 following a contest by the Air Defense Command asking airmen for suggestions 10 Cancellation edit Even as the XF 108 program was progressing well there were signs that would ultimately lead to its eventual cancellation Unconfirmed Soviet bomber threats the overwhelming trend toward offensive and defensive nuclear missiles in the late 1950s and early 1960s as well as rising costs contributed to the termination of the XF 108 8 11 The cancellation was announced on 23 September 1959 8 North American continued refining the design through 1960 in hopes that the program might be revived 12 Despite the extra money and time spent on the Rapier it was not wholly in vain the North American A 5 Vigilante supersonic carrier based nuclear strike bomber developed for the U S Navy which was later modified into a carrier based reconnaissance aircraft retained the fuselage weapon package and systems design of the Rapier In many ways the Vigilante could be seen as the successful application of the Rapier design principles in a Mach 2 supersonic design 13 Hughes Aircraft would continue the development of the advanced fire control system and the GAR 9 missile N 1 Development of the F 108 radar and missiles was continued by the USAF and the system was eventually used in the Lockheed YF 12 program 14 The final configuration for the rear cockpit in the YF 12A looked similar to that of the F 108 since it incorporated the same displays and controls required for the Hughes AN ASG 18 fire control system 15 Design editThe initial F 108 configuration featured a very large cranked delta wing There were fixed ventral stabilizers on the wings mounted at mid span and a tall all moving vertical tailfin supplemented by two ventral stabilizers that extended when the landing gear retracted Although some earlier versions of the design had separate tailplanes or forward canards both were abandoned in the final design 16 The large fuselage and wing had two and five fuel tanks respectively giving an estimated combat radius of some 1 100 nautical miles 2 000 km 6 Top speed was estimated at 1 980 miles per hour 3 190 km h about Mach 3 at 81 800 feet 24 900 m 5 The aircraft was powered by two General Electric J93 turbojet engines also used in North American s XB 70 Valkyrie bomber in the fuselage 17 The F 108 was intended to carry the Hughes AN ASG 18 radar the U S s first pulse Doppler radar set 18 It was to have look down shoot down capability but could track only one target at a time The radar was paired with an infra red search and tracking IRST system on the wing leading edges The radar was used to guide the Hughes GAR 9 later redesignated AIM 47 air to air missile three of which would be carried on a rotary launcher in an internal weapons bay 8 The GAR 9 was a very large long range weapon with its own radar set for terminal homing It was intended to fly at Mach 6 with a range of almost 112 miles 180 km 19 XQ 11 target drone editAs part of WS 202A a design for a high speed Mach 3 aerial target for use in testing the F 108 s weapons system was proposed The Wright Air Development Center requested the designation XQ 11 for the target design the request was denied due to the early stage of development and the F 108 program was cancelled before further work was undertaken 20 Specifications XF 108 edit nbsp 3 view line drawing of the North American F 108A Rapier Data from National Museum of the United States Air Force 7 and U S Standard Aircraft Characteristics 21 General characteristicsCrew two Length 89 ft 2 in 27 2 m Wingspan 57 ft 5 in 17 5 m Height 22 ft 1 in 6 7 m Wing area 1 865 sq ft 173 4 m2 Aspect ratio 1 68 Empty weight 50 907 lb 23 098 kg Gross weight 76 118 lb 34 527 kg Max takeoff weight 102 533 lb 46 508 kg Powerplant 2 General Electric J93 GE 3AR afterburning turbojet 20 900 lbf 93 kN thrust each dry 29 300 lbf 130 kN with afterburner Performance Maximum speed 1 980 mph 3 190 km h 1 721 kn Stall speed 105 mph 169 km h 91 kn Combat range 1 162 mi 1 870 km 1 010 nmi Ferry range 2 487 mi 4 002 km 2 161 nmi Service ceiling 80 100 ft 24 400 m Rate of climb 45 000 ft min 230 m s Wing loading 40 8 lb sq ft 199 2 kg m2 Thrust weight 0 77 Armament Missiles 3 Hughes GAR 9A air to air missiles in a rotary weapons bay Avionics Hughes AN ASG 18 look down shoot down fire control radarSee also edit nbsp Aviation portal Related development North American A 5 Vigilante North American XB 70 Valkyrie Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era Avro Canada CF 105 Arrow Lockheed YF 12 Mikoyan Gurevich MiG 25 Nord 1500 Griffon Operational Requirement F 155 British interceptor project Republic XF 103 Tupolev Tu 28 Related lists List of military aircraft of the United StatesReferences editNotes edit Quote The Pentagon did however continue development of the ASG 18 fire control system and GAR 9 missile 8 Citations edit Juggling funds Missiles and Rockets January 25 1960 p 19 a b c d Jenkins and Landis 2008 p 199 Jenkins and Landis 2004 p 14 Buttler 2007 p 103 a b Jenkins and Landis 2008 p 200 a b c Buttler 2007 p 106 a b Fact Sheet North American F 108A Rapier National Museum of the United States Air Force Retrieved 16 July 2017 a b c d e Jenkins and Landis 2008 p 202 a b Buttler 2007 p 107 a b Buttler 2007 p 108 Lyons Major Robert P Jr 3 April 1986 The Search for an Advanced Fighter A History from the XF 108 to the Advanced Tactical Fighter PDF Defense Technical Information Center Archived from the original on 9 October 2012 Retrieved 27 July 2011 Pace 1986 p 51 Goodspeed 2000 p 77 O Connor Sean 2004 AIM 47 Hughes GAR 9 AIM 47 Falcon Directory of U S Military Rockets and Missiles Retrieved 31 July 2009 Jenkins and Landis 2004 p 20 Jenkins and Landis 2004 p 17 General Electric YJ93 G 3 Turbojet National Museum of the United States Air Force Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 Retrieved 16 July 2017 Pace 1991 p 152 AIM 47 GAR 9 Falcon Testpilot ru 29 November 2007 Archived from the original on 18 January 2015 Retrieved 7 July 2011 Parsch Andreas 2009 Q 11 Directory of U S Military Rockets and Missiles Appendix 1 Early Missiles and Drones Designation Systems Retrieved 9 March 2014 Standard Aircraft Characteristics F 108A Rapier PDF US Air Force 12 June 1959 Archived from the original PDF on 8 October 2022 Retrieved 18 October 2016 Bibliography edit Buttler Tony 2007 American Secret Projects Fighters amp Interceptors 1945 1978 Hinckley UK Midland Publishing ISBN 978 1 85780 264 1 Dorr Robert F Lake Jon 1990 Fighters of the United States Air Force London Temple Press ISBN 0 600 55094 X Goodspeed M Hill 2000 North American Rockwell A3J A 5 Vigilante Wings of Fame Vol 19 London Aerospace Publishing ISBN 1 86184 049 7 Jenkins Dennis R Landis Tony R 2008 Experimental amp Prototype U S Air Force Jet Fighters North Branch Minnesota Specialty Press ISBN 978 1 58007 111 6 Jenkins Dennis R Landis Tony R September 2004 F 108 Rapier The Elusive Mach 3 Interceptor Airpower 34 9 Granada Hills California Sentry Books ISSN 1067 1048 Knaack Marcelle Size 1978 Post World War II Fighters 1945 1973 Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems Vol 1 Washington DC Office of Air Force History ISBN 0 912799 59 5 Pace Steve November 1986 Supersonic Cavaliers Airpower 16 6 Granada Hills California Sentry Books ISSN 1067 1048 Pace Steve 1991 X Fighters USAF Experimental and Prototype Fighters XP 59 to YF 23 St Paul Minnesota Motorbooks International ISBN 0 87938 540 5 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to North American XF 108 Rapier Anigrand Models produces 1 72 and 1 144 scale resin kits of the XF 108 F 108 Rapier page on GlobalSecurity org Additional illustrations references detailed cutaway diagram French Language US Standard Aircraft Characteristics Document for F 108 s early iteration US Standard Aircraft Characteristics Document for F 108 s pre mock up iteration Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title North American XF 108 Rapier amp oldid 1186020371, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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