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Women who have sex with women

December 15, 2023

Women who have sex with women (WSW) are women who engage in sexual activities with other women, whether they identify themselves as lesbian, bisexual, or heterosexual, or dispense with sexual identification altogether.[1] The term WSW is often used in medical literature to describe such women as a group for clinical study, without needing to consider sexual self-identity.

Physical health edit

General edit

In terms of medical issues with regard to lesbian sexual practices, the sexual identification of women who consult a medical professional is usually not sought nor volunteered, due to the misconceptions and assumptions about sexuality and the hesitancy of some women in disclosing their accurate sexual histories even to a physician.[2] Lack of differentiation between lesbians and heterosexual women in medical studies that concentrate on health issues for women skews results for lesbians and non-lesbian women. Many women who do not participate in heterosexual activity do not go to see a physician because they do not require birth control, which is the initiating factor for most women to seek consultation with a gynecologist when they become sexually active.[3] As a result, these women are not screened regularly with pap smears because they have a lower perceived risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection or types of cancer. Lesbians are less likely than their heterosexual and bisexual counterparts to get screened for cervical cancer, with some being refused screenings by medical professionals.[4]

The lower rate of lesbians tested by regular pap smears makes it more difficult to detect cervical cancer at early stages in lesbians. The risk factors for developing ovarian cancer rates are higher in lesbians than in heterosexual women, perhaps because many lesbians lack protective factors of pregnancy, abortion, contraceptives, breastfeeding, and miscarriages.[5]

A factor which leads to lesbians neglecting to seek medical screening in the United States is a lack of health insurance offered by employers for same-sex domestic partners.[6] When women do seek medical attention, medical professionals often fail to take a complete medical history. In a recent study of 2,345 lesbian and bisexual women, only 9.3% had claimed they had ever been asked their sexual orientation by a physician. A third of the respondents believed disclosing their sexual history would result in a negative reaction, and 30% had received a negative reaction from a medical professional after identifying themselves as lesbian or bisexual.[7]

A patient's complete history helps medical professionals identify higher risk areas and corrects assumptions about the personal histories of women. In a similar survey of 6,935 lesbians, 77% had had sexual contact with one or more male partners, and 6% had that contact within the previous year.[7][note 1]

Sexually transmitted infections edit

 
The poster about safer sex between women

Some STIs are communicable between women, including human papillomavirus (HPV), trichomoniasis, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bacterial vaginosis (BV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Transmission of specific sexually transmitted infections among women who have sex with women depends on the sexual practices women engage in. Any object that comes in contact with cervical secretions, vaginal mucosa, or menstrual blood, including fingers or penetrative objects may transmit sexually transmitted infections.[8] Oral-genital contact may indicate a higher risk of acquiring HSV,[9] even among women who have had no prior sex with men.[10] HSV-2 infection in particular occurs in nearly 1 in 10 of lesbians.[11] Bacterial vaginosis occurs more often in lesbians, but it is unclear if BV is transmitted by sexual contact; it occurs in celibate as well as sexually active women. BV often occurs in both partners in a lesbian relationship;[12] a recent study of women with BV found that 81% had partners with BV.[13] Lesbians are not included in a category of frequency of HIV transmission, although transmission is possible through vaginal and cervical fluids and secretions; the highest rate of transmission of HIV from women to women is among those who have sexual intercourse with men, or participate in intravenous drug use.[14][15]

Many doctors consider sex between women to have negligible risk for transmission of STIs[4] and fail to offer any information on prevention of STI transmission for sex involving two women.[16] Although lesbians have a lower risk of contracting STIs than their heterosexual and bisexual counterparts,[17] the risk still exists.[18] Additionally, most WSW have had sex with men at some point in their lifetime, which significantly increases the risk of infection.[19] Yearly pelvic exams are encouraged for WSW to contain the complications of STIs.[17]

Safe sex edit

There are various ways for WSW to protect against the contraction of STIs during sex, though these methods are not well studied. Dental dams, condoms on sex toys, gloves, and cling wraps are all used as protection during various forms of sex. Most WSW do not use protection during sex, due to misconceptions that a lower risk of STI transmission means that barriers are not needed.[20] Engaging in oral sex without the use of a dental dam or condom is considered a high risk sexual behavior.[17]

The CDC recommends using a dental dam during oral sex.[21] Additionally, HIV prevention organizations distribute dental dams along with condoms and other safe sex supplies.[22] The FDA has not evaluated dental dams or other barriers for their effectiveness in preventing the spread STIs.[23] Health educators widely encourage their use during cunnilingus or anilingus,[23][17] but dental dams are not widely used by WSW,[24][25] and are not made with STI prevention in mind.[23] Dental dams are commonly found at STI clinics and on the Internet but may be difficult to find at drugstores where condoms are normally sold.[26] Dental dams may also be made by cutting open a latex condom.[21][25] Latex condoms are known to be impermeable to pathogens which can cause STIs.[27]

Similarly to condoms, a new dental dam is used for each instance of oral sex to reduce the risk of STI transmission. Dams are placed over the vaginal or anal opening before the start of any sexual activities and not be removed until activities are concluded.[26] To ensure no tears or rips occur, water or silicon based lubricant can be used. Additionally, dams are not stretched out as this could lead to tears. Dental dams are stored in a cool and dry location, and never be used after their printed expiration date.[21]

While condoms may not be applicable to many WSW sexual encounters, they are still useful when sex toys are involved. Toys that are shared between partners can spread pathogens even when cleaned. The use of condoms in addition to thorough cleaning can help reduce the risk of transmission via sex toys.[26]

In the event of any open sores or wounds on the hands, latex gloves can be used to prevent infection while fingering or fisting. Gloves are placed over the hand before sexual activity ensues and kept on through the duration of the activity.[26]

Cling wrap is often posed as an alternative to dental dams, but not widely recommended. Cling wrap is used in the same way as dental dams, and much more cost effective. No studies currently exist on the permeability of cling wrap to STI causing pathogens, but it is known to be waterproof.[23]

Mental health edit

Since medical literature began to describe homosexuality, it has often been approached from a view that sought to find an inherent psychopathology as the root cause. Much literature on mental health and lesbians centered on their depression, substance use disorders, and suicide. Although these issues exist among lesbians, discussion about their causes shifted after homosexuality was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1973. Instead, social ostracism, legal discrimination, internalization of negative stereotypes, and limited support structures indicate factors homosexuals face in Western societies that often adversely affect their mental health.[28] Women who identify as lesbian report feeling significantly different and isolated during adolescence;[29] these emotions have been cited as appearing on average at 15 years old in lesbians and 18 years old in women who identify as bisexual.[30]

Anxiety disorders and depression are the most common mental health issues for women. Depression is reported among lesbians at a rate similar to heterosexual women.[31] It is a more significant problem among women who feel they must hide their sexual orientation from friends and family, experience compounded ethnic or religious discrimination, or experience relationship difficulties with no support system.[32] More than half the respondents to a 1994 survey of health issues in lesbians reported they had suicidal thoughts, and 18% had attempted suicide.[33]

A population-based study completed by the National Alcohol Research Center found that women who identify as lesbian or bisexual are less likely to abstain from alcohol. Lesbians and bisexual women have a higher likelihood of reporting problems with alcohol, as well as not being satisfied with treatment for substance use programs.[34] Many lesbian communities are centered in bars, and drinking is an activity that correlates to community participation for lesbians and bisexual women.[35]

Intimate partner violence edit

Intimate partner violence (IPV) encompasses any form of abuse, such as physical or psychological abuse, stalking, or sexual violence, perpetrated by an intimate partner.[36] WSW are more likely than heterosexual women to have suffered IPV of any form from their partner, with bisexual women having a higher prevalence than lesbian women.[37] Bisexual women are twice as likely as heterosexual women to experience stalking or intimate partner rape.[36]

Omission from research studies edit

It can be difficult to draw robust and wide reaching conclusions about WSW, since many studies fail to specifically include this group.[38][39] Little scholarly research is done on WSW relative to other sexual minority groups.[25] Research on sexual health is generally about pregnancy and heterosexual sex, with the needs of WSW largely ignored.[18] Studies on intimate partner violence often fail to report the sex of the perpetrator or the sexual orientation of the victim, making it difficult to study the prevalence in WSW communities.[37]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Another summary of overall surveys found that women who identify as lesbian, 80-95% had previous sexual contact with men, and some report sexual behavior that is risky. (King, p. 221.)

Citations edit

  1. ^ Gorgos, L. M.; J. M. Marrazzo (2011). "Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Women Who Have Sex With Women". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 53 (suppl 3): S84–S91. doi:10.1093/cid/cir697. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 22080273.
  2. ^ King, p. 219.
  3. ^ Zimmerman, p. 359.
  4. ^ a b Gynaecology. Shaw, Robert W. (Robert Wayne), Luesley, David., Monga, Ash K. (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2011. ISBN 9780702048388. OCLC 787843377.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. ^ Vo, Christine, Carney, Michael (December 2007). "Ovarian Cancer Hormonal and Environmental Risk Effect", Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics34 (4) p. 687–700.
  6. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: Lesbian Health 2009-01-29 at the Wayback Machine", womenshealth.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  7. ^ a b Mravack, Sally A. (July 2006)."Primary Care for Lesbians and Bisexual Women", American Family Physician 74 (2), pp. 279–286.
  8. ^ . CDC. Archived from the original on 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
  9. ^ Frenkl, Tara Lee, Potts, Jeannette (February 2008). "Sexually Transmitted Infections", Urologic Clinics of North America, 35 (1) p. 33–46.
  10. ^ King, p. 226.
  11. ^ Marrazzo, Jeanne M.; Stine, Kathleen; Wald, Anna (2003). "Prevalence and risk factors for infection with herpes simplex virus type-1 and -2 among lesbians". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 30 (12): 890–895. doi:10.1097/01.OLQ.0000091151.52656.E5. PMID 14646636. S2CID 22148830.
  12. ^ Risser, Jan M.H., Risser, William L., Risser, Amanda (December 2008). "Epidemiology of Infections in Women", Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 22 (4), pp. 581–599.
  13. ^ King, p. 229.
  14. ^ Zimmerman, 360.
  15. ^ HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report: Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2006. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved on January 9, 2009.
  16. ^ McNair, Ruth (2005). "Risks and prevention of sexually transmissible infections among women who have sex with women". Sexual Health. 2 (4): 209–17. doi:10.1071/sh04046. ISSN 1448-5028. PMID 16402667.
  17. ^ a b c d Carroll, Janell L., author. (January 2018). Sexuality now : embracing diversity. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781337404990. OCLC 1064600804. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ a b Clarke, Victoria. (2010). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Queer Psychology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521700184. OCLC 1031490912.
  19. ^ Clarke, Victoria; Ellis, Sonja J.; Peel, Elizabeth; Riggs, Damien W. (April 2010). Communicating Women's Health : social and cultural norms that influence health decisions. Madlock Gatison, Annette. New York. ISBN 978-0815386490. OCLC 1004726096.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ Gatison, Annette Madlock (2015-12-07). Communicating Women's Health: Social and Cultural Norms that Influence Health Decisions. Routledge. ISBN 9781317553892.
  21. ^ a b c "How to Use a Dental Dam | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
  22. ^ Enhanced Comprehensive HIV Prevention Planning and Implementation for Metropolitan Statistical Areas Most Affected by HIV/AIDS (ECHPP) for Houston-Baytown-Sugarland, Texas. Houston Department of Health and Human Services. 2011.
  23. ^ a b c d Richters, Juliet; Clayton, Stevie (2010). "The practical and symbolic purpose of dental dams in lesbian safer sex promotion". Sexual Health. 7 (2): 103–6. doi:10.1071/sh09073. ISSN 1448-5028. PMID 20648734.
  24. ^ Richters, Juliet; Prestage, Garrett; Schneider, Karen; Clayton, Stevie (2010). "Do women use dental dams? Safer sex practices of lesbians and other women who have sex with women". Sexual Health. 7 (2): 165–9. doi:10.1071/sh09072. ISSN 1448-5028. PMID 20465981.
  25. ^ a b c Stevens, Patricia E.; Hall, Joanne M. (July 2001). "Sexuality and Safer Sex: The Issues for Lesbians and Bisexual Women". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 30 (4): 439–447. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2001.tb01563.x. ISSN 0884-2175. PMID 11461028.
  26. ^ a b c d Lehmiller, Justin J. (2017-12-26). The psychology of human sexuality (Second ed.). Hoboken, NJ. ISBN 9781119164715. OCLC 992433913.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. ^ "Condom Fact Sheet for Public Health Personnel | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
  28. ^ Schlager, p. 152.
  29. ^ Schlager, p. 153.
  30. ^ Rust, Paula, (March, 1993). "Coming out" in the Age of Social Constructionism: Sexual Identity Formation among Lesbian and Bisexual Women", Gender and Society, 7 (1), p. 50-77.
  31. ^ Solarz, p. 69.
  32. ^ Schlager, pp. 157–158.
  33. ^ Solarz, p. 70.
  34. ^ Drabble, Laurie, Trocki, Karen (2005). "Alcohol Consumption, Alcohol-Related Problems, and Other Substance Use Among Lesbian and Bisexual Women", Journal of Lesbian Studies, 9 (3), p. 19–30.
  35. ^ Solarz, p. 81.
  36. ^ a b "NISVS: An Overview of 2010 Findings on Victimization by Sexual Orientation" (PDF). CDC.
  37. ^ a b Badenes-Ribera, Laura; Bonilla-Campos, Amparo; Frias-Navarro, Dolores; Pons-Salvador, Gemma; Monterde-i-Bort, Hector (2015-05-27). "Intimate Partner Violence in Self-Identified Lesbians". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 17 (3): 284–297. doi:10.1177/1524838015584363. ISSN 1524-8380. PMID 26018210. S2CID 206737985.
  38. ^ Johns, Michelle M.; Liddon, Nicole; Jayne, Paula E.; Beltran, Oscar; Steiner, Riley J.; Morris, Elana (January 2018). "Systematic Mapping of Relationship-Level Protective Factors and Sexual Health Outcomes Among Sexual Minority Youth: The Role of Peers, Parents, Partners, and Providers". LGBT Health. 5 (1): 6–32. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2017.0053. ISSN 2325-8292. PMC 5769143. PMID 29271692.
  39. ^ Mijas, Magdalena; Grabski, Bartosz; Blukacz, Mateusz; Davies, Dominic (2021-06-01). "Sexual Health Studies in Gay and Lesbian People: A Critical Review of the Literature". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 18 (6): 1012–1023. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.02.013. ISSN 1743-6095. PMID 33947648. S2CID 233742279.

References edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lesbian sex.
  • Holmes, King, Sparling, P., et al, eds. (2008). Sexually Transmitted Diseases, McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-141748-6
  • Schlager, Neil, ed. (1998). Gay & Lesbian Almanac. St. James Press. ISBN 1-55862-358-2
  • Solarz, Andrea L. (ed), (1999). "Lesbian Health: Current Assessment and Directions For the Future", Committee on Lesbian Health Research Priorities, Neuroscience and Behavioral Health Program [and] Health Sciences Policy Program, Health Sciences Section, Institute of Medicine. ISBN 0-585-04728-6
  • Zimmerman, Bonnie, ed (2003). Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, Garland Publishers. ISBN 0-203-48788-5

December 15, 2023
women, have, with, women, women, engage, sexual, activities, with, other, women, whether, they, identify, themselves, lesbian, bisexual, heterosexual, dispense, with, sexual, identification, altogether, term, often, used, medical, literature, describe, such, w. Women who have sex with women WSW are women who engage in sexual activities with other women whether they identify themselves as lesbian bisexual or heterosexual or dispense with sexual identification altogether 1 The term WSW is often used in medical literature to describe such women as a group for clinical study without needing to consider sexual self identity Contents 1 Physical health 1 1 General 1 2 Sexually transmitted infections 1 3 Safe sex 2 Mental health 3 Intimate partner violence 4 Omission from research studies 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Citations 8 ReferencesPhysical health editGeneral edit In terms of medical issues with regard to lesbian sexual practices the sexual identification of women who consult a medical professional is usually not sought nor volunteered due to the misconceptions and assumptions about sexuality and the hesitancy of some women in disclosing their accurate sexual histories even to a physician 2 Lack of differentiation between lesbians and heterosexual women in medical studies that concentrate on health issues for women skews results for lesbians and non lesbian women Many women who do not participate in heterosexual activity do not go to see a physician because they do not require birth control which is the initiating factor for most women to seek consultation with a gynecologist when they become sexually active 3 As a result these women are not screened regularly with pap smears because they have a lower perceived risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection or types of cancer Lesbians are less likely than their heterosexual and bisexual counterparts to get screened for cervical cancer with some being refused screenings by medical professionals 4 The lower rate of lesbians tested by regular pap smears makes it more difficult to detect cervical cancer at early stages in lesbians The risk factors for developing ovarian cancer rates are higher in lesbians than in heterosexual women perhaps because many lesbians lack protective factors of pregnancy abortion contraceptives breastfeeding and miscarriages 5 A factor which leads to lesbians neglecting to seek medical screening in the United States is a lack of health insurance offered by employers for same sex domestic partners 6 When women do seek medical attention medical professionals often fail to take a complete medical history In a recent study of 2 345 lesbian and bisexual women only 9 3 had claimed they had ever been asked their sexual orientation by a physician A third of the respondents believed disclosing their sexual history would result in a negative reaction and 30 had received a negative reaction from a medical professional after identifying themselves as lesbian or bisexual 7 A patient s complete history helps medical professionals identify higher risk areas and corrects assumptions about the personal histories of women In a similar survey of 6 935 lesbians 77 had had sexual contact with one or more male partners and 6 had that contact within the previous year 7 note 1 Sexually transmitted infections edit nbsp The poster about safer sex between womenSome STIs are communicable between women including human papillomavirus HPV trichomoniasis syphilis human immunodeficiency virus HIV bacterial vaginosis BV and herpes simplex virus HSV Transmission of specific sexually transmitted infections among women who have sex with women depends on the sexual practices women engage in Any object that comes in contact with cervical secretions vaginal mucosa or menstrual blood including fingers or penetrative objects may transmit sexually transmitted infections 8 Oral genital contact may indicate a higher risk of acquiring HSV 9 even among women who have had no prior sex with men 10 HSV 2 infection in particular occurs in nearly 1 in 10 of lesbians 11 Bacterial vaginosis occurs more often in lesbians but it is unclear if BV is transmitted by sexual contact it occurs in celibate as well as sexually active women BV often occurs in both partners in a lesbian relationship 12 a recent study of women with BV found that 81 had partners with BV 13 Lesbians are not included in a category of frequency of HIV transmission although transmission is possible through vaginal and cervical fluids and secretions the highest rate of transmission of HIV from women to women is among those who have sexual intercourse with men or participate in intravenous drug use 14 15 Many doctors consider sex between women to have negligible risk for transmission of STIs 4 and fail to offer any information on prevention of STI transmission for sex involving two women 16 Although lesbians have a lower risk of contracting STIs than their heterosexual and bisexual counterparts 17 the risk still exists 18 Additionally most WSW have had sex with men at some point in their lifetime which significantly increases the risk of infection 19 Yearly pelvic exams are encouraged for WSW to contain the complications of STIs 17 Safe sex edit There are various ways for WSW to protect against the contraction of STIs during sex though these methods are not well studied Dental dams condoms on sex toys gloves and cling wraps are all used as protection during various forms of sex Most WSW do not use protection during sex due to misconceptions that a lower risk of STI transmission means that barriers are not needed 20 Engaging in oral sex without the use of a dental dam or condom is considered a high risk sexual behavior 17 The CDC recommends using a dental dam during oral sex 21 Additionally HIV prevention organizations distribute dental dams along with condoms and other safe sex supplies 22 The FDA has not evaluated dental dams or other barriers for their effectiveness in preventing the spread STIs 23 Health educators widely encourage their use during cunnilingus or anilingus 23 17 but dental dams are not widely used by WSW 24 25 and are not made with STI prevention in mind 23 Dental dams are commonly found at STI clinics and on the Internet but may be difficult to find at drugstores where condoms are normally sold 26 Dental dams may also be made by cutting open a latex condom 21 25 Latex condoms are known to be impermeable to pathogens which can cause STIs 27 Similarly to condoms a new dental dam is used for each instance of oral sex to reduce the risk of STI transmission Dams are placed over the vaginal or anal opening before the start of any sexual activities and not be removed until activities are concluded 26 To ensure no tears or rips occur water or silicon based lubricant can be used Additionally dams are not stretched out as this could lead to tears Dental dams are stored in a cool and dry location and never be used after their printed expiration date 21 While condoms may not be applicable to many WSW sexual encounters they are still useful when sex toys are involved Toys that are shared between partners can spread pathogens even when cleaned The use of condoms in addition to thorough cleaning can help reduce the risk of transmission via sex toys 26 In the event of any open sores or wounds on the hands latex gloves can be used to prevent infection while fingering or fisting Gloves are placed over the hand before sexual activity ensues and kept on through the duration of the activity 26 Cling wrap is often posed as an alternative to dental dams but not widely recommended Cling wrap is used in the same way as dental dams and much more cost effective No studies currently exist on the permeability of cling wrap to STI causing pathogens but it is known to be waterproof 23 Mental health editSince medical literature began to describe homosexuality it has often been approached from a view that sought to find an inherent psychopathology as the root cause Much literature on mental health and lesbians centered on their depression substance use disorders and suicide Although these issues exist among lesbians discussion about their causes shifted after homosexuality was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1973 Instead social ostracism legal discrimination internalization of negative stereotypes and limited support structures indicate factors homosexuals face in Western societies that often adversely affect their mental health 28 Women who identify as lesbian report feeling significantly different and isolated during adolescence 29 these emotions have been cited as appearing on average at 15 years old in lesbians and 18 years old in women who identify as bisexual 30 Anxiety disorders and depression are the most common mental health issues for women Depression is reported among lesbians at a rate similar to heterosexual women 31 It is a more significant problem among women who feel they must hide their sexual orientation from friends and family experience compounded ethnic or religious discrimination or experience relationship difficulties with no support system 32 More than half the respondents to a 1994 survey of health issues in lesbians reported they had suicidal thoughts and 18 had attempted suicide 33 A population based study completed by the National Alcohol Research Center found that women who identify as lesbian or bisexual are less likely to abstain from alcohol Lesbians and bisexual women have a higher likelihood of reporting problems with alcohol as well as not being satisfied with treatment for substance use programs 34 Many lesbian communities are centered in bars and drinking is an activity that correlates to community participation for lesbians and bisexual women 35 Intimate partner violence editIntimate partner violence IPV encompasses any form of abuse such as physical or psychological abuse stalking or sexual violence perpetrated by an intimate partner 36 WSW are more likely than heterosexual women to have suffered IPV of any form from their partner with bisexual women having a higher prevalence than lesbian women 37 Bisexual women are twice as likely as heterosexual women to experience stalking or intimate partner rape 36 Omission from research studies editIt can be difficult to draw robust and wide reaching conclusions about WSW since many studies fail to specifically include this group 38 39 Little scholarly research is done on WSW relative to other sexual minority groups 25 Research on sexual health is generally about pregnancy and heterosexual sex with the needs of WSW largely ignored 18 Studies on intimate partner violence often fail to report the sex of the perpetrator or the sexual orientation of the victim making it difficult to study the prevalence in WSW communities 37 See also edit nbsp LGBT portalBiology and sexual orientation Ego dystonic sexual orientation Gender and sexual diversity Men who have sex with men Rape of females by females Same gender loving Same sex relationship Terminology of homosexualityNotes edit Another summary of overall surveys found that women who identify as lesbian 80 95 had previous sexual contact with men and some report sexual behavior that is risky King p 221 Citations edit Gorgos L M J M Marrazzo 2011 Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Women Who Have Sex With Women Clinical Infectious Diseases 53 suppl 3 S84 S91 doi 10 1093 cid cir697 ISSN 1058 4838 PMID 22080273 King p 219 Zimmerman p 359 a b Gynaecology Shaw Robert W Robert Wayne Luesley David Monga Ash K 4th ed Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone Elsevier 2011 ISBN 9780702048388 OCLC 787843377 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Vo Christine Carney Michael December 2007 Ovarian Cancer Hormonal and Environmental Risk Effect Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics34 4 p 687 700 Frequently Asked Questions Lesbian Health Archived 2009 01 29 at the Wayback Machine womenshealth gov U S Department of Health and Human Services Retrieved January 12 2009 a b Mravack Sally A July 2006 Primary Care for Lesbians and Bisexual Women American Family Physician 74 2 pp 279 286 Special Populations 2010 STD Treatment Guidelines CDC Archived from the original on 2015 07 21 Retrieved 2015 06 23 Frenkl Tara Lee Potts Jeannette February 2008 Sexually Transmitted Infections Urologic Clinics of North America 35 1 p 33 46 King p 226 Marrazzo Jeanne M Stine Kathleen Wald Anna 2003 Prevalence and risk factors for infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 among lesbians Sexually Transmitted Diseases 30 12 890 895 doi 10 1097 01 OLQ 0000091151 52656 E5 PMID 14646636 S2CID 22148830 Risser Jan M H Risser William L Risser Amanda December 2008 Epidemiology of Infections in Women Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 22 4 pp 581 599 King p 229 Zimmerman 360 HIV AIDS Surveillance Report Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas 2006 Centers for Disease Control Retrieved on January 9 2009 McNair Ruth 2005 Risks and prevention of sexually transmissible infections among women who have sex with women Sexual Health 2 4 209 17 doi 10 1071 sh04046 ISSN 1448 5028 PMID 16402667 a b c d Carroll Janell L author January 2018 Sexuality now embracing diversity Cengage Learning ISBN 9781337404990 OCLC 1064600804 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a last has generic name help CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Clarke Victoria 2010 Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Queer Psychology Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521700184 OCLC 1031490912 Clarke Victoria Ellis Sonja J Peel Elizabeth Riggs Damien W April 2010 Communicating Women s Health social and cultural norms that influence health decisions Madlock Gatison Annette New York ISBN 978 0815386490 OCLC 1004726096 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Gatison Annette Madlock 2015 12 07 Communicating Women s Health Social and Cultural Norms that Influence Health Decisions Routledge ISBN 9781317553892 a b c How to Use a Dental Dam CDC www cdc gov 2019 02 22 Retrieved 2019 10 27 Enhanced Comprehensive HIV Prevention Planning and Implementation for Metropolitan Statistical Areas Most Affected by HIV AIDS ECHPP for Houston Baytown Sugarland Texas Houston Department of Health and Human Services 2011 a b c d Richters Juliet Clayton Stevie 2010 The practical and symbolic purpose of dental dams in lesbian safer sex promotion Sexual Health 7 2 103 6 doi 10 1071 sh09073 ISSN 1448 5028 PMID 20648734 Richters Juliet Prestage Garrett Schneider Karen Clayton Stevie 2010 Do women use dental dams Safer sex practices of lesbians and other women who have sex with women Sexual Health 7 2 165 9 doi 10 1071 sh09072 ISSN 1448 5028 PMID 20465981 a b c Stevens Patricia E Hall Joanne M July 2001 Sexuality and Safer Sex The Issues for Lesbians and Bisexual Women Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic amp Neonatal Nursing 30 4 439 447 doi 10 1111 j 1552 6909 2001 tb01563 x ISSN 0884 2175 PMID 11461028 a b c d Lehmiller Justin J 2017 12 26 The psychology of human sexuality Second ed Hoboken NJ ISBN 9781119164715 OCLC 992433913 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Condom Fact Sheet for Public Health Personnel CDC www cdc gov 2019 04 18 Retrieved 2019 10 31 Schlager p 152 Schlager p 153 Rust Paula March 1993 Coming out in the Age of Social Constructionism Sexual Identity Formation among Lesbian and Bisexual Women Gender and Society 7 1 p 50 77 Solarz p 69 Schlager pp 157 158 Solarz p 70 Drabble Laurie Trocki Karen 2005 Alcohol Consumption Alcohol Related Problems and Other Substance Use Among Lesbian and Bisexual Women Journal of Lesbian Studies 9 3 p 19 30 Solarz p 81 a b NISVS An Overview of 2010 Findings on Victimization by Sexual Orientation PDF CDC a b Badenes Ribera Laura Bonilla Campos Amparo Frias Navarro Dolores Pons Salvador Gemma Monterde i Bort Hector 2015 05 27 Intimate Partner Violence in Self Identified Lesbians Trauma Violence amp Abuse 17 3 284 297 doi 10 1177 1524838015584363 ISSN 1524 8380 PMID 26018210 S2CID 206737985 Johns Michelle M Liddon Nicole Jayne Paula E Beltran Oscar Steiner Riley J Morris Elana January 2018 Systematic Mapping of Relationship Level Protective Factors and Sexual Health Outcomes Among Sexual Minority Youth The Role of Peers Parents Partners and Providers LGBT Health 5 1 6 32 doi 10 1089 lgbt 2017 0053 ISSN 2325 8292 PMC 5769143 PMID 29271692 Mijas Magdalena Grabski Bartosz Blukacz Mateusz Davies Dominic 2021 06 01 Sexual Health Studies in Gay and Lesbian People A Critical Review of the Literature The Journal of Sexual Medicine 18 6 1012 1023 doi 10 1016 j jsxm 2021 02 013 ISSN 1743 6095 PMID 33947648 S2CID 233742279 References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lesbian sex Holmes King Sparling P et al eds 2008 Sexually Transmitted Diseases McGraw Hill Medical ISBN 0 07 141748 6 Schlager Neil ed 1998 Gay amp Lesbian Almanac St James Press ISBN 1 55862 358 2 Solarz Andrea L ed 1999 Lesbian Health Current Assessment and Directions For the Future Committee on Lesbian Health Research Priorities Neuroscience and Behavioral Health Program and Health Sciences Policy Program Health Sciences Section Institute of Medicine ISBN 0 585 04728 6 Zimmerman Bonnie ed 2003 Lesbian Histories and Cultures An Encyclopedia Garland Publishers ISBN 0 203 48788 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Women who have sex with women amp oldid 1186204008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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