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Women in development

November 23, 2023

Women in development is an approach of development projects that emerged in the 1960s, calling for treatment of women's issues in development projects. It is the integration of women into the global economies by improving their status and assisting in total development. However, the priority of Women in Development later became concerned with how women could contribute to development of away from its initial goals of addressing equity.[1] Later, the Gender and development (GAD) approach proposed more emphasis on gender relations rather than seeing women's issues in isolation.[2]

Concepts edit

In Africa, one of the first to recognise the importance of women in farming was Hermann Baumann in 1928, with his classic article The Division of Work According to African Hoe Culture. Kaberry published a much-quoted study of women in the Cameroon in 1952, and empirical data on male and female activities was documented in Nigerian Cocoa Farmers published in 1956 by Galletti, Baldwin and Dina.[3]Ester Boserup's pioneering Women's Role in Economic Development brought greater, attention to the importance of women's role in agricultural economies and the lack of alignment of development projects with this reality.[4] In the preface to her book, Boserup wrote that "in the vast and ever-growing literature on economic development, reflections on the particular problems of women are few and far between".[5] She showed that women often did more than half the agricultural work, in one case as much as 80%, and that they also played an important role in trade.[3]

In other countries, women were severely underemployed. According to the 1971 census in India, women constituted 48.2% of the population but only 13% of economic activity. Women were excluded from many types of formal job, so 94% of the female workforce was engaged in the unorganized sector employed in agriculture, agro-forestry, fishery, handicrafts and so on.[6] With growing awareness of women's issues, in the 1970s development planners began to try to integrate women better into their projects to make them more productive.[4] The WID approach initially accepted existing social structures in the recipient country and looked at how to better integrate women into existing development initiatives.[7] The straightforward goal was to increase the productivity and earnings of women.[8]

Activities edit

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) established a special Division for Women in Development, promoting concrete action to ensure that women participate in UNDP projects.[9] The United Nations paper International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade, issued in 1980, recognized a number of Women in Development issues. It called for women to play an active role in all sectors and at all levels of the Program of Action adopted by the World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women, both as agents and beneficiaries. Policies on industrialization, food and agriculture, science and technology and social development should all involve women.[10]

A 1985 report by the OECD Development Center surveyed a broad sample of development projects aimed at women. It concluded that many were too welfare-oriented. It said "future projects should avoid the home economics approach and focus on income-generating activities which are relevant and useful to the women participating". It also noted the lack of information about women's roles and activities, and called for greater research as input to development projects.[11]

The Harvard Analytical Framework attempted to address these concerns. The framework has its origins in 1980 with a request to Harvard University for WID training from the World Bank. James Austin, who was well known for case-method training at Harvard, led a team with three women experienced in WID work: Catherine Overholt, Mary Anderson and Kathleen Cloud. These became known as the "Harvard Team".[12] The framework was elaborated by the Harvard Institute for International Development in collaboration with the WID office of USAID, and was first described in 1984 by Catherine Overholt and others. It was one of the earliest of such frameworks.[13] The starting point for the framework was the assumption that it makes economic sense for development aid projects to allocate resources to women as well as men, which will make development more efficient – a position named the "efficiency approach".[14]

In November 1990 the leaders of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries endorsed recommendations of the second SAARC ministerial meeting of Women in Development held in June 1990, agreeing that the years 1991–2000 should be observed as the "SAARC Decade of the Girl Child". A wide range of recommendations for improving the development of female children were accepted.[15]

Criticism edit

The validity of the basic assumptions of the WID approach have been criticized by some, while other consider that it does not go far enough.[16] The latter group says it ignores the larger social processes that affect women's lives and their reproductive roles.[4] The approach does not address the root causes of gender inequalities.[17] The Gender and Development (GAD) approach in the 1980s attempted to redress the problem, using gender analysis to develop a broader view.[4] The approach is more concerned with relationships, the way in which men and women participate in development processes, rather than strictly focusing on women's issues.[8]

In a 1988 paper Women in Development: Defining the Issues for the World Bank, Paul Collier argued that gender-neutral public policies may be inadequate, and gender-specific policies may be required to more effectively alleviate problems.[18] In at least some countries, women have become increasingly involved in financial budgeting and management and since the 1995 Beijing Conference on Women there has been a surge in gender-responsive budgeting.[19]

References edit

  1. ^ Bank, World (2012). "World Development Report 2012".
  2. ^ Van Marle 2006, p. 125.
  3. ^ a b Martin 1991, p. 200.
  4. ^ a b c d Shifting views...
  5. ^ Bolles 1999, p. 23.
  6. ^ Pattnaik 1996, p. 42.
  7. ^ Taylor 1999, p. 15.
  8. ^ a b Campillo 1993, p. 34.
  9. ^ Agrawal & Aggarwal 1996, p. 371.
  10. ^ Joekes 1990, pp. 147ff.
  11. ^ Weekes-Vagliani 1985, pp. 52ff.
  12. ^ Moser 2002, p. 174.
  13. ^ Ochola, Sanginga & Bekalo 2010, pp. 238–239.
  14. ^ Gender Analysis...
  15. ^ Agrawal & Aggarwal 1996, p. 210.
  16. ^ Ascher 2001, pp. 89–90.
  17. ^ Taylor 1999, p. 20.
  18. ^ Collier 1988.
  19. ^ D'Agostino & Levine 2010, pp. 141ff.

Sources

  • Agrawal, Suran; Aggarwal, J. C. (1996). Second historical survey of women's education in India, 1988–1994: present status, perspective plan, statistical indicators with a global view. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7022-544-2.
  • Ascher, William (2001). Guide to sustainable development and environmental policy. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2745-7.
  • Bolles, A. Lynn (1999). "Theories of Women in Development in the Caribbean". In Patricia Mohammed, Catherine Shepherd (ed.). Gender in Caribbean development: papers... ... Canoe. ISBN 976-8125-55-1.
  • Campillo, Fabiola (1993). Gender Women And Development A Framework for IICA's Action in Latin America and the Caribbean. IICA.
  • Collier, Paul (December 1988). Women in Development: Defining the Issues. World Bank.
  • D'Agostino, Maria J; Levine, Helisse (2010). Women in Public Administration: Theory and Practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-7637-7725-8.
  • "Gender Analysis Frameworks" (PDF). USAID. 2008. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
  • Joekes, Susan P. (1990). "Excerpts on Women in Development: International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade". Women in the world economy: an INSTRAW study. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-506315-5.
  • Martin, Lee R. (1991). A Survey of Agricultural Economics Literature: Agriculture in economic development 1940s to 1990s. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1942-5.
  • Moser, Caroline (2002). Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-41194-3.
  • Ochola, Washington O.; Sanginga, Pascal C.; Bekalo, Isaac (2010). Managing Natural Resources for Development in Africa. IDRC. ISBN 978-9966-792-09-9.
  • Pattnaik, Avaya Kesari Parichha (1996). "Women in Development". In S. N. Tripathy (ed.). Unorganised women labour in India. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 81-7141-325-0.
  • Taylor, Viviene (1999). Gender mainstreaming in development planning: a reference manual for governments and other stakeholders. Commonwealth Secretariat. ISBN 0-85092-592-4.
  • "Shifting views of women and development". Africa Recovery. United Nations. 11. April 1998. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
  • Van Marle, Karin (2006). Sex, gender, becoming: post-apartheid reflections. PULP. ISBN 0-9585097-5-1.
  • Weekes-Vagliani, Winifred (1985). The Integration of Women in Development Projects. OECD Publishing.

November 23, 2023
women, development, approach, development, projects, that, emerged, 1960s, calling, treatment, women, issues, development, projects, integration, women, into, global, economies, improving, their, status, assisting, total, development, however, priority, women,. Women in development is an approach of development projects that emerged in the 1960s calling for treatment of women s issues in development projects It is the integration of women into the global economies by improving their status and assisting in total development However the priority of Women in Development later became concerned with how women could contribute to development of away from its initial goals of addressing equity 1 Later the Gender and development GAD approach proposed more emphasis on gender relations rather than seeing women s issues in isolation 2 Contents 1 Concepts 2 Activities 3 Criticism 4 ReferencesConcepts editIn Africa one of the first to recognise the importance of women in farming was Hermann Baumann in 1928 with his classic article The Division of Work According to African Hoe Culture Kaberry published a much quoted study of women in the Cameroon in 1952 and empirical data on male and female activities was documented in Nigerian Cocoa Farmers published in 1956 by Galletti Baldwin and Dina 3 Ester Boserup s pioneering Women s Role in Economic Development brought greater attention to the importance of women s role in agricultural economies and the lack of alignment of development projects with this reality 4 In the preface to her book Boserup wrote that in the vast and ever growing literature on economic development reflections on the particular problems of women are few and far between 5 She showed that women often did more than half the agricultural work in one case as much as 80 and that they also played an important role in trade 3 In other countries women were severely underemployed According to the 1971 census in India women constituted 48 2 of the population but only 13 of economic activity Women were excluded from many types of formal job so 94 of the female workforce was engaged in the unorganized sector employed in agriculture agro forestry fishery handicrafts and so on 6 With growing awareness of women s issues in the 1970s development planners began to try to integrate women better into their projects to make them more productive 4 The WID approach initially accepted existing social structures in the recipient country and looked at how to better integrate women into existing development initiatives 7 The straightforward goal was to increase the productivity and earnings of women 8 Activities editThe United Nations Development Program UNDP established a special Division for Women in Development promoting concrete action to ensure that women participate in UNDP projects 9 The United Nations paper International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade issued in 1980 recognized a number of Women in Development issues It called for women to play an active role in all sectors and at all levels of the Program of Action adopted by the World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women both as agents and beneficiaries Policies on industrialization food and agriculture science and technology and social development should all involve women 10 A 1985 report by the OECD Development Center surveyed a broad sample of development projects aimed at women It concluded that many were too welfare oriented It said future projects should avoid the home economics approach and focus on income generating activities which are relevant and useful to the women participating It also noted the lack of information about women s roles and activities and called for greater research as input to development projects 11 The Harvard Analytical Framework attempted to address these concerns The framework has its origins in 1980 with a request to Harvard University for WID training from the World Bank James Austin who was well known for case method training at Harvard led a team with three women experienced in WID work Catherine Overholt Mary Anderson and Kathleen Cloud These became known as the Harvard Team 12 The framework was elaborated by the Harvard Institute for International Development in collaboration with the WID office of USAID and was first described in 1984 by Catherine Overholt and others It was one of the earliest of such frameworks 13 The starting point for the framework was the assumption that it makes economic sense for development aid projects to allocate resources to women as well as men which will make development more efficient a position named the efficiency approach 14 In November 1990 the leaders of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAARC countries endorsed recommendations of the second SAARC ministerial meeting of Women in Development held in June 1990 agreeing that the years 1991 2000 should be observed as the SAARC Decade of the Girl Child A wide range of recommendations for improving the development of female children were accepted 15 Criticism editThe validity of the basic assumptions of the WID approach have been criticized by some while other consider that it does not go far enough 16 The latter group says it ignores the larger social processes that affect women s lives and their reproductive roles 4 The approach does not address the root causes of gender inequalities 17 The Gender and Development GAD approach in the 1980s attempted to redress the problem using gender analysis to develop a broader view 4 The approach is more concerned with relationships the way in which men and women participate in development processes rather than strictly focusing on women s issues 8 In a 1988 paper Women in Development Defining the Issues for the World Bank Paul Collier argued that gender neutral public policies may be inadequate and gender specific policies may be required to more effectively alleviate problems 18 In at least some countries women have become increasingly involved in financial budgeting and management and since the 1995 Beijing Conference on Women there has been a surge in gender responsive budgeting 19 References edit Bank World 2012 World Development Report 2012 Van Marle 2006 p 125 a b Martin 1991 p 200 a b c d Shifting views Bolles 1999 p 23 Pattnaik 1996 p 42 Taylor 1999 p 15 a b Campillo 1993 p 34 Agrawal amp Aggarwal 1996 p 371 Joekes 1990 pp 147ff Weekes Vagliani 1985 pp 52ff Moser 2002 p 174 Ochola Sanginga amp Bekalo 2010 pp 238 239 Gender Analysis Agrawal amp Aggarwal 1996 p 210 Ascher 2001 pp 89 90 Taylor 1999 p 20 Collier 1988 D Agostino amp Levine 2010 pp 141ff Sources Agrawal Suran Aggarwal J C 1996 Second historical survey of women s education in India 1988 1994 present status perspective plan statistical indicators with a global view Concept Publishing Company ISBN 81 7022 544 2 Ascher William 2001 Guide to sustainable development and environmental policy Duke University Press ISBN 0 8223 2745 7 Bolles A Lynn 1999 Theories of Women in Development in the Caribbean In Patricia Mohammed Catherine Shepherd ed Gender in Caribbean development papers Canoe ISBN 976 8125 55 1 Campillo Fabiola 1993 Gender Women And Development A Framework for IICA s Action in Latin America and the Caribbean IICA Collier Paul December 1988 Women in Development Defining the Issues World Bank D Agostino Maria J Levine Helisse 2010 Women in Public Administration Theory and Practice Jones amp Bartlett Learning ISBN 978 0 7637 7725 8 Gender Analysis Frameworks PDF USAID 2008 Retrieved 2011 06 09 Joekes Susan P 1990 Excerpts on Women in Development International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade Women in the world economy an INSTRAW study Oxford University Press US ISBN 0 19 506315 5 Martin Lee R 1991 A Survey of Agricultural Economics Literature Agriculture in economic development 1940s to 1990s U of Minnesota Press ISBN 0 8166 1942 5 Moser Caroline 2002 Gender Planning and Development Theory Practice and Training Routledge ISBN 0 203 41194 3 Ochola Washington O Sanginga Pascal C Bekalo Isaac 2010 Managing Natural Resources for Development in Africa IDRC ISBN 978 9966 792 09 9 Pattnaik Avaya Kesari Parichha 1996 Women in Development In S N Tripathy ed Unorganised women labour in India Discovery Publishing House ISBN 81 7141 325 0 Taylor Viviene 1999 Gender mainstreaming in development planning a reference manual for governments and other stakeholders Commonwealth Secretariat ISBN 0 85092 592 4 Shifting views of women and development Africa Recovery United Nations 11 April 1998 Retrieved 2011 06 15 Van Marle Karin 2006 Sex gender becoming post apartheid reflections PULP ISBN 0 9585097 5 1 Weekes Vagliani Winifred 1985 The Integration of Women in Development Projects OECD Publishing Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Women in development amp oldid 1151204396, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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