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List of Alamo defenders

April 14, 2024

The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a crucial conflict of the Texas Revolution. In 1835, colonists from the United States joined with Tejanos (Mexicans born in Texas) in putting up armed resistance to the centralization of the Mexican government.[1] President Antonio López de Santa Anna and the government in Mexico City believed the United States had instigated the insurrection with a goal of annexing Texas.[2]

Partial scan of the March 24, 1836 Telegraph and Texas Register with the first Texian list of defenders killed at the Battle of the Alamo

In an effort to tamp down on the unrest, martial law was declared and military governor General Martín Perfecto de Cos established headquarters in San Antonio de Béxar, stationing his troops at the Alamo.[3] When the Texian volunteer soldiers gained control of the fortress at the Siege of Béxar, compelling Cos to surrender on December 9, many saw his expulsion to the other side of the Rio Grande as the end of Mexican forces in Texas.[4] Most Texian soldiers in Béxar left to join a planned invasion of Matamoros, Mexico.[5]

Garrison commander James C. Neill went home on family matters February 11, 1836, leaving James Bowie and William B. Travis as co-commanders over the predominantly volunteer force.[6] When the Mexican Army of Operations under the command of Santa Anna arrived in Béxar with 1,500 troops on February 23, the remaining Alamo garrison numbered 150.[Note 1] Over the course of the next several days, new volunteers arrived inside the fortress while others were sent out as couriers, to forage for food, or to buy supplies.[7]

A fierce defense was launched from within the walls, even as Bowie and Travis made unsuccessful attempts to negotiate with the Mexican army.[8] Travis repeatedly dispatched couriers with pleas for reinforcements.[9] Although Santa Anna refused to consider a proposed conditional surrender, he extended an offer of amnesty for all Tejanos inside the fortress to walk away unharmed. Most Tejanos evacuated from the fortress about February 25, either as part of the amnesty, or as a part of Juan Seguín's company of courier scouts on their last run.[Note 2]

Cathedral of San Fernando sarcophagus with images of Travis, Bowie and Crockett

In response to pleas from Travis, James Fannin started from Goliad with 320 men, supplies and armaments, yet had to abort a day later due to a wagon breakdown. Final reinforcements were able to enter the Alamo during March 1–4, most of them from Gonzales which had become a recruitment camp.[Note 3] Others who had left intending to return were unable to re-enter.[10] At 5:30 a.m. on March 6, the Mexican army began the final siege. An hour later, all combatants inside the Alamo were dead.[11] The bodies, with the exception of Gregorio Esparza's, were cremated on pyres and abandoned. Esparza's brother Francisco was a soldier in the Mexican army and received permission from Santa Anna for a Christian burial.[12]

Juan Seguín oversaw the 1837 recovery of the abandoned ashes and officiated at the February 25 funeral. The March 28 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register only gave the burial location as where "the principal heap of ashes" had been found.[13] In the following decades, the public wanted to know the location of the burial site, but Seguín gave conflicting statements, perceived as due to age-related memory problems.[14] Remains thought to be those of the Alamo defenders were discovered at the Cathedral of San Fernando during the Texas 1936 centennial, and re-interred in a marble sarcophagus. Purported to hold the ashes of Travis, Bowie and Crockett, some have doubted it can be proven whose remains are entombed there.[14]

Identifying the combatants edit

Below are 215 known combatants: 193 who died during the siege, 31 survivors, and one escapee who later died of his wounds.

Mexican Colonel Juan Almonte, Santa Anna's aide-de-camp, recorded the Texian fatality toll as 250 in his March 6 journal entry. He listed the survivors as five women, one Mexican soldier and one slave. Almonte did not record names, and his count was based solely on who was there during the final assault.[15] Santa Anna reported to Mexico's Secretary of War Tornel that Texian fatalities exceeded 600. Historians Jack Jackson and John Wheat attributed that high figure to Santa Anna's playing to his political base.[16]

Research into the battle, and exactly who was inside the fortress, began when the Alamo fell and has continued with no signs of abatement. The first published Texian list of casualties was in the March 24, 1836 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register. The 115 names were supplied by John W. Smith and Gerald Navan,[17] who historian Thomas Ricks Lindley believed likely drew from their own memories, as well as from interviews with those who might have left or tried to enter.[18] In an 1860 statement for the Texas Almanac, former San Antonio alcalde (mayor) Francisco Antonio Ruiz set the number at 182.[19]

When the Alamo Cenotaph was created by Pompeo Coppini in 1939, the 187 defender names on the monument came from the research of Amelia Williams,[20] considered the leading Alamo authority of her day.[21] Her work is still used by some as a benchmark, although skepticism has been voiced. Lindley's 2003 Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions upended much of what was previously accepted as fact.[22] He devoted a chapter to deconstructing Williams' research as "misrepresentation, alteration, and fabrication of data",[23] criticizing the low value she placed on muster rolls as evidence that a man died at the Alamo, and her over-reliance on military land grants, even though the officials who approved the land grants considered the muster rolls to be sufficient proof.[24] Many historians have been slow to embrace Lindley's findings, however. At this writing, most Alamo defender biographies on the Texas State Historical Association's website (tshaonline.org) and the official Alamo site (thealamo.org) draw from the work of historian Bill Groneman, who relied heavily on Williams, and show little, if any, influence from Lindley.

In the pursuit of uncovering every infinitesimal piece of evidence about what happened during the battle, more thorough research methods continue to evolve and Tejanos have begun to add their voices. Until recent decades, accounts of Tejano participation in the Texas revolution were notably absent, but historians such as Timothy M. Matovina[25] and Jesús F. de la Teja[26] have helped add that missing perspective to the battle's events.

Key to military rank abbreviations edit

Key to military rank abbreviations
COL Colonel LT Lieutenant SGM Sergeant-Major CPL Corporal
LTC Lieutenant Colonel 1LT First Lieutenant 4SG Fourth Sergeant PVT Private
MAJ Major 2LT Second Lieutenant SGT Sergeant QM Quartermaster
CPT Captain CNT Cornet 3CPL Third Corporal AQM Assistant Quartermaster

Defenders edit

Name Rank Birth year Birthplace Status Legacy and notes Ref(s)
Juan Abamillo SGT — Texas fatality [27]
James L. Allen PVT 1815 Kentucky survivor Left on March 5 as the final courier sent from the Alamo [28]
Robert Allen PVT — Virginia fatality [29]
George Andrews — — — fatality [30]
Miles DeForest Andross PVT 1809 Vermont fatality [31]
José María Arocha — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Simon Arreola — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Micajah Autry PVT 1793[32] North Carolina fatality [33]
Juan A. Badillo SGT — Texas fatality [34]
Peter James Bailey III PVT 1812 Kentucky fatality Namesake of Bailey County, Texas [35]
Isaac G. Baker PVT 1814 Arkansas fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [36]
William Charles M. Baker CPT — Missouri fatality [37]
John J. Ballentine PVT — Pennsylvania fatality [38]
Richard W. Ballentine PVT 1814 Scotland fatality [39]
John J. Baugh CPT 1803 Virginia fatality Adjutant of the garrison, next in command after co-commanders Bowie and Travis [40]
Samuel G. Bastian — — Louisiana survivor Claimed to be a courier, quickly denounced as a fraud, but now accepted by some historians [41]
Joseph Bayliss PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality [40]
John Walker Baylor Jr. PVT 1813 Kentucky survivor Sent as a courier to Goliad [42]
John Blair PVT 1803 Tennessee fatality [43]
Samuel Blair CPT 1807 Tennessee fatality Assistant to Master of Ordnance [44]
William Blazeby CPT 1795 England fatality [44]
James Bonham 2LT 1807 South Carolina fatality Courier to Goliad and Gonzales, returned March 3, possibly died manning one of the cannons [45]
Daniel Bourne PVT 1810 England fatality [46]
James Bowie COL c. 1796 Kentucky fatality Co-commander of the garrison after the departure of James. C. Neill; became bedridden the day after the siege began. Namesake of Bowie County. [47]
J. B. Bowman — — — fatality Possibly a.k.a. James H. Bowman [48]
Robert Brown PVT c. 1818 — survivor Left after February 25, later served as a baggage guard at the Battle of San Jacinto [49]
James Buchanan PVT 1813 Alabama fatality [50]
Samuel E. Burns PVT 1810 Ireland fatality [50]
George D. Butler PVT 1813 Missouri Territory fatality [50]
John Cain PVT 1802 Pennsylvania fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [51]
Robert Campbell LT 1810 Tennessee fatality [52]
William R. Carey CPT 1806 Virginia fatality [52]
Cesario Carmona — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
M.B. Clark PVT — Mississippi fatality [53]
Daniel W. Cloud PVT 1812 Kentucky fatality [54]
Robert E. Cochran PVT 1810 New Hampshire fatality Namesake of Cochran County, Texas [55]
George Washington Cottle LT 1811 Missouri fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company; namesake of Cottle County, Texas [56]
Henry Courtman PVT 1808 Germany fatality [57]
Lemuel Crawford PVT 1814 South Carolina fatality [58]
David Crockett COL 1786 Tennessee fatality Frontiersman and congressman, his life was portrayed in many exploits during and after his death. Namesake of Crockett County, Texas [59]
Robert Crossman PVT 1810 Pennsylvania fatality [60]
Antonio Cruz y Arocha PVT — Mexico survivor Left as courier with Seguin on February 25 [61]
David P. Cummings PVT 1809 Pennsylvania fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [62]
Robert Cunningham PVT 1804 New York fatality [63]
Matias Curvier — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Jacob C. Darst LT 1793 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [64]
John Davis PVT 1811 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [65]
Freeman H.K. Day PVT 1806 — fatality [66]
Squire Daymon PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [67]
William Dearduff PVT c. 1811 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [67]
Alexandro De la Garza PVT — Texas survivor Dispatched as a courier [68]
Stephen Dennison PVT 1812 England or Ireland fatality [69]
John Desauque — — Louisiana fatality Slave of Francis Desauque, served as a combatant (Slaves identified by last names of their masters) [70]
Charles Despallier PVT 1812 Louisiana fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [71]
Lewis Dewall PVT 1812 New York fatality [72]
Almaron Dickinson CPT 1810 Tennessee fatality [73]
John Henry Dillard PVT 1805 Tennessee fatality [74]
James R. Dimpkins SGT — England fatality AKA Dicken, Dickon, Dickson, Dockon, Dimkin, Dinkin, Dinkins [75]
Andrew Duvalt PVT 1804 Ireland fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [76]
Samuel M. Edwards — — — fatality [77]
Conrad Eigenauer — — — fatality [78]
Lucio Enriques — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Carlos Espalier PVT 1819 Texas fatality [79]
José Gregorio Esparza PVT 1802 Texas fatality [80]
Robert Evans MAJ 1800 Ireland fatality Master of Ordnance [81]
Samuel B. Evans PVT 1812 New York fatality [82]
James L. Ewing PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality [82]
William Keener Fauntleroy PVT 1814 Kentucky fatality [83]
William Fishbaugh PVT — Alabama fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [84]
John Flanders PVT 1800 Salisbury, Massachusetts fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [84]
Manuel N. Flores — c.1801 Texas survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Salvador Flores CPT 1806 Texas survivor Left with Seguín on February 25 [85]
Dolphin Ward Floyd PVT 1804 North Carolina fatality Namesake of Floyd County, Texas; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [86]
John Hubbard Forsyth CPT 1797 New York fatality [87]
Antonio Fuentes PVT 1813 Texas fatality [88]
Galba Fuqua PVT 1819 Alabama fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [89]
William Garnett PVT 1812 Virginia fatality [90]
James W. Garrand PVT 1813 Louisiana fatality [90]
James Girard Garrett PVT 1806 Tennessee fatality [91]
John E. Garvin PVT 1809 — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [92]
John E. Gaston PVT 1819 — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [93]
James George PVT 1802 — fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [94]
John C. Goodrich CNT 1809 Virginia fatality [95]
Albert Calvin Grimes PVT 1817 Georgia fatality [96]
Ignacio Gurrea — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Brigido Guerrero PVT — Mexico survivor A deserter from Ugartechea's troops, convinced the Mexican troops he was a prisoner of war [97]
James C. Gwin PVT 1804 England fatality aka Gwynne [98]
John Harris PVT 1813 Kentucky fatality [99]
Andrew Jackson Harrison PVT 1809 Tennessee fatality [99]
I.L.K. Harrison — — — fatality [100]
William B. Harrison CPT 1811 Ohio fatality [101]
Joseph M. Hawkins PVT 1799 Ireland fatality [101]
John M. Hays PVT 1814 Tennessee fatality [102]
Charles M. Heiskell PVT 1813 Tennessee fatality [102]
Patrick Henry Herndon PVT 1802 Virginia fatality [103]
Pedro Herrera — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
William Daniel Hersee SGT 1805 England fatality [104]
Tapley Holland PVT 1810 Ohio fatality First to cross over the line in the sand. [105]
James Holloway — — — fatality [30]
Samuel Holloway PVT 1808 Pennsylvania fatality [106]
William D. Howell — 1791 Massachusetts fatality [107]
Thomas P. Hutchinson — — — fatality [30]
Thomas R. Jackson PVT — Ireland fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [108]
William Daniel Jackson LT 1807 Kentucky fatality [109]
Green B. Jameson MAJ 1807 Kentucky fatality [110]
Gordon C. Jennings CPL 1780 Connecticut fatality Oldest defender of The Alamo [111]
Damacio Jiménez PVT — Texas fatality [112]
John Johnson PVT 1800 Missouri survivor Dispatched as courier February 23 [113]
Lewis Johnson PVT — Illinois Territory fatality [114]
William Johnson PVT — Pennsylvania fatality [115]
John Jones 1LT 1810 New York fatality [115]
John Benjamin Kellogg LT 1817 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company
James Kenny PVT 1814 Virginia fatality [116]
Andrew Kent PVT 1791 Kentucky fatality Namesake of Kent County, Texas, Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [117]
Joseph Kerr PVT 1814 Louisiana fatality [118]
George C. Kimble LT 1803 Pennsylvania fatality Namesake of Kimble County, Texas; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [119]
William Philip King PVT 1820 Mississippi fatality Youngest defender fatality; namesake of King County; Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [120]
William Irvine Lewis PVT 1806 Virginia fatality [121]
William J. Lightfoot 3CPL 1805 Kentucky fatality [121]
Jonathan Lindley PVT 1814 Illinois fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [122]
William Linn PVT — Massachusetts fatality [123]
Byrd Lockhart CPT 1782 Virginia survivor Left with Andrew Jackson Sowell to buy supplies; namesake of Lockhart, Texas [124]
Toribio Losoya PVT 1808 Texas fatality [116]
George Washington Main LT 1807 Virginia fatality [125]
William T. Malone PVT 1817 Georgia fatality [126]
William Marshall PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality [126]
Albert Martin CPT 1808 Rhode Island fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company dispatched with the Travis letter To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World; returned to the Alamo [127]
Samuel Augustus Maverick PVT 1803 South Carolina survivor Garrison delegate to the March 1 Convention of 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos [128]
Edward McCafferty LT — — fatality [129]
Ross McClelland — — — fatality [130]
Jesse McCoy PVT 1804 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [131]
William McDowell PVT 1794 Pennsylvania fatality [132]
James McGee PVT — Ireland fatality [132]
John McGregor SGT — Scotland fatality [133]
Robert McKinney PVT 1809 Ireland fatality [134]
Eliel Melton QM, LT 1798 Georgia fatality [135]
Thomas R. Miller PVT 1795 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [136]
William Mills PVT 1815 Tennessee fatality [137]
Isaac Millsaps PVT c. 1795 Mississippi fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [138]
Edward F. Mitchasson — 1806 Virginia fatality a.k.a. Dr. E.F. Mitchusson [139]
Edwin T. Mitchell PVT 1806 — fatality [140]
Napoleon B. Mitchell PVT 1804 — fatality [141]
Robert B. Moore PVT 1781 Virginia fatality [142]
Willis A. Moore PVT 1808 Marion County

MS

fatality [143]
John Morman — — — fatality [144]
Robert Musselman SGT 1805 Ohio fatality [145]
Andrés Nava SGT 1810 Texas fatality [146]
George Neggan PVT 1808 South Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [147]
Andrew M. Nelson PVT 1809 Tennessee fatality [148]
Edward Nelson PVT 1816 South Carolina fatality [148]
George Nelson PVT 1805 South Carolina fatality [149]
James Northcross PVT 1804 Virginia fatality [150]
James Nowlan PVT 1809 England fatality [151]
George Olamio PVT — Ireland fatality [77]
William Sanders Oury PVT 1817 Virginia survivor Dispatched as a courier February 29 [152]
George Pagan PVT 1810 — fatality [153]
Christopher Adams Parker PVT 1814 — fatality [145]
William Parks PVT 1805 North Carolina fatality [145]
William Patton AQM, LT 1808 Kentucky survivor Assumed to be a courier, who left with John William Smith [154]
Richardson Perry PVT 1817 Mississippi fatality [155]
Amos Pollard — 1803 Massachusetts fatality Chief surgeon of the garrison, created a hospital in the fortress [156]
Eduardo Ramirez — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
John Purdy Reynolds PVT 1806 Pennsylvania fatality [157]
Thomas H. Roberts PVT — — fatality [158]
James Waters Robertson PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality [159]
Ambrosio Rodriguez — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Guadalupe Rodriquez — — — fatality [77]
James M. Rose PVT 1805 Ohio fatality [160]
(Louis?) Rose PVT Nacogdoches fatality or left before the battle Historians are divided over whether a purported Alamo survivor named Louis "Moses" Rose is the same man who appears on most early Alamo casualty lists. [161]
Jacob Roth MAJ — — fatality [100]
Jackson J. Rusk PVT — Ireland fatality [162]
Joseph Rutherford PVT 1798 Kentucky fatality [163]
Isaac Ryan PVT 1805 Louisiana fatality [162]
Mial Scurlock PVT 1809 North Carolina fatality [155]
Juan Seguín CPT 1806 Texas survivor Left February 25 to recruit reinforcements [164]
Marcus L. Sewell PVT 1805 England fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [Note 4]
Manson Shied PVT 1811 Georgia fatality aka Shudd [155]
Silvero — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]
Cleveland Kinloch Simmons LT 1815 South Carolina fatality [165]
Andrew H. Smith PVT 1815 Tennessee fatality [165]
Charles S. Smith PVT 1806 Maryland fatality [166]
John William Smith — 1792 Virginia survivor The final courier sent to Washington-on-the-Brazos, unable to return [167]
Joshua G. Smith SGT 1808 North Carolina fatality [168]
William H. Smith PVT 1811 — fatality [169]
Launcelot Smither PVT 1800 — survivor Left for Gonzales as a courier on February 23; relayed the Travis letter from Albert Martin to the provisional government at San Felipe [170]
Andrew Jackson Sowell PVT 1815 Tennessee survivor Left with Byrd Lockhart to buy supplies [171]
John Spratt PVT — — fatality [30]
Richard Starr PVT 1811 England fatality [172]
James E. Stewart PVT 1808 England fatality [172]
Richard L. Stockton PVT 1817 New Jersey fatality [172]
A. Spain Summerlin PVT 1817 Tennessee fatality [173]
William E. Summers PVT 1812 South Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [174]
John Sutherland PVT 1792 Virginia survivor Sent to Gonzales for reinforcements on February 23 [175]
William DePriest Sutherland PVT 1818 Alabama fatality [169]
Edward Taylor PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of James and George [176]
George Taylor PVT 1816 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, brother of Edward and James [177]
James Taylor PVT 1814 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of George and Edward [178]
William Taylor PVT 1799 Tennessee fatality [179]
B. Archer M. Thomas PVT 1818 Kentucky fatality [180]
Henry Thomas PVT 1811 Germany fatality [181]
Thompson — — — fatality Per historian Lindley, no first name on the muster rolls [182]
John W. Thomson PVT 1807 North Carolina fatality [183]
John, M. Thurston 2LT 1812 Pennsylvania fatality [184]
Burke Trammel PVT 1810 Ireland fatality [184]
Joe Travis — 1813 or 1815 Alabama survivor Slave of William B. Travis, fought beside him in the battle; accompanied Susanna Dickinson to Gonzales. (Slaves identified by last names of their masters) [185]
William B. Travis LTC 1809 South Carolina fatality Shared command of the garrison with James Bowie until the latter became bedridden and unable to command. Namesake of Travis County. [186]
George W. Tumlinson PVT 1814 Missouri Territory fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [187]
James Tylee PVT 1795 New York fatality [188]
Asa Walker PVT 1813 Tennessee fatality [189]
Jacob Walker PVT 1799 Tennessee fatality [189]
William B. Ward SGT 1806 Ireland fatality [189]
Henry Warnell PVT 1812 Arkansas escaped Died June 1836 of wounds incurred during the battle or during his escape [190]
Joseph G. Washington PVT c. 1808 Tennessee fatality Possibly a.k.a. James Morgan [189]
Thomas Waters PVT 1812 England fatality [189]
William Wells PVT 1798 Georgia fatality [189]
Isaac White SGT — — fatality [191]
Robert White CPT 1806 England fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [192]
Hiram James Williamson SGM 1810 Pennsylvania fatality [193]
William Wills — — — fatality [193]
David L. Wilson PVT 1807 Scotland fatality [193]
John Wilson PVT 1804 Pennsylvania fatality [193]
Anthony Wolf PVT 1782 — fatality [193]
Claiborne Wright PVT 1810 North Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company [194]
Charles Zanco LT 1808 Denmark fatality [193]
Vicente Zepeda — — — survivor Juan Seguin's volunteers [Note 2]

See also edit

Citations edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "The enemy in large force is in sight. We want men and provisions. Send them to us. We have 150 men and are determined to defend the Alamo to the last. Give us assistance. (signed) William Barret Travis, February 23, 1836" Letter to Gonzales alcalde Andrew Ponton. Groneman (2001), p. 1; The Alamo was under Sam Houston's authority as commander-in-chief of the paid army, which included Neill, Bowie, Travis and Crockett. Until March 4, Houston's authority did not extend to volunteers and local militias, which were the majority of the fighting force inside the Alamo. Hatch (1999), p. 188.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Some Tejanos were part of the Bexar military garrison, but others were part of Seguin's volunteer scout company and were in the Alamo on or before Feb 23. Enrique Esparza, who was inside the fortress as the son of defender Gregorio Esparza, later recalled that Santa Anna offered a three-day amnesty to all Tejano defenders. According to Esparza, Tejanos discussed the matter with Bowie who advised them to take the amnesty. It is believed most of the Tejanos left when Seguin did, either as couriers or because of the amnesty. Poyo (1996), pp. 53, 58 "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Hardin); Lindley (2003), pp. 94, 134.
  3. ^ The most notable group from Gonzales in the final days was the Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company, nicknamed the Immortal 32 in later decades, although the exact head count of that company varies by source. Moore (2004), pp. 28–29, 39–43, 46, 51; Moore (2007), p. 100; Lindley (2003), p. 98.
  4. ^ Some lore give the birthplace of Sewell as Tennessee but have no definitive source; however, scholars and other sourcing, including the Alamo, say he was born in England. Todish (1998), p. 85; Moore (2007), p. 100.; . Alamo Mission in San Antonio. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016."Who Was Marcus Sewell?". Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas. TAMU. Retrieved March 30, 2016.Groneman, Bill (June 15, 2010). "Marcus Sewell". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved March 30, 2016.

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 2, 4, 6.
  2. ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 137–138.
  3. ^ Davis (2004), p. 143; Todish et al. (1998), p. 121.
  4. ^ Poyo (1996), p. 54, "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Hardin).
  5. ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 29, 125.
  6. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 126; Moore (2004), p. 39.
  7. ^ Groneman (2001), p. 1; Lindley (2003), pp. 90, 93.
  8. ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 92–93; Groneman (2001), pp. 4–5; Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 367.
  9. ^ Green, Michael R. (April 1988). "To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 91 (4). Texas State Historical Association: 483–508. JSTOR 30240052.
  10. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 4, 22.
  11. ^ Lord (1961), p. 166.
  12. ^ Edmondson (2000), pp. 45–46, 374.
  13. ^ "Telegraph and Texas Register May 28, 1837". The Portal to Texas History. Texas State Historical Association. March 28, 1837. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
  14. ^ a b Sibley, Marilyn McAdams (October 1966). "The Burial Place of the Alamo Heroes". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 70 (2). Texas State Historical Association: 272–280. JSTOR 30236392.
  15. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 148; Jackson, Wheat (2005), pp. 374, 377.
  16. ^ Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 389.
  17. ^ Chariton (1990), p. 180.
  18. ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 226–227.
  19. ^ Matovina (1995), pp. 43–44.
  20. ^ Williams, Amelia (January 1934). "Reviewed Work: A Critical Study of the Siege of the Alamo and of the Personnel of Its Defenders: IV. Historical Problems Relating to the Alamo". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 37 (3). Texas State Historical Association: 157–184. JSTOR 30235477.
  21. ^ Smoot, Jane (June 15, 2010). "Amelia Worthington Williams". Texas Handbook Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  22. ^ Roell, Craig H. (July 2004). "Reviewed Work: Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions by Thomas Ricks Lindley". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 108 (1). Texas State Historical Association: 105–106. JSTOR 30239499.
  23. ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 37, 39–41, 67–68.
  24. ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 52, 57.
  25. ^ Flores, Richard R (February 1999). "Reviewed Work: The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives by Timothy M. Matovina". American Ethnologist. 26 (1). American Anthropological Association: 265. doi:10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.265. JSTOR 647542.
  26. ^ de la Teja, Jesús F (Spring 1998). "Discovering the Tejano Community in "Early" Texas". Journal of the Early Republic. 18 (1). University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic: 73–98. doi:10.2307/3124734. JSTOR 3124734.
  27. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 76.
  28. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 1.
  29. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 2.
  30. ^ a b c d Lindley (2003), pp. 54, 143.
  31. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 6–7.
  32. ^ Photo of cemetery monument at Hillcrest Cemetery in northern Mississippi, accessed December 8, 2015.
  33. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 7.
  34. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 8; Todish (1998), p. 76.
  35. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 8.
  36. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 9; Moore (2007), p. 100
  37. ^ Todish (1998), p. 76; Groneman (1990), pp. 9–10.
  38. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 10.
  39. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 10–11.
  40. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 11; Todish (1998), p. 76.
  41. ^ Brown, p. 149; Lindley (2003), p. 131.
  42. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 12.
  43. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 13–14.
  44. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 14.
  45. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 15–16.
  46. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 16.
  47. ^ Hopewell (1994), pp. 2–3, 116.
  48. ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 62, 79.
  49. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 20–21; Moore (2004), p. 457.
  50. ^ a b c Groneman (1990), p. 21.
  51. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 22; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  52. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 22.
  53. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 24.
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  56. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 25; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  57. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 25.
  58. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 26.
  59. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 26–27; Lindley (2003), p. 202.
  60. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 29.
  61. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 29–30.
  62. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 30; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  63. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 30–31.
  64. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  65. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 32; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  66. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 32.
  67. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 33; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  68. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 33.
  69. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 34.
  70. ^ Todish (1998), p. 81; Hopewell (1994), p. 125; Nofi (1992), p. 131.
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  72. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 36.
  73. ^ Carrington (1993), pp. 74–75; Groneman (1990), pp. 36–37.
  74. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 39.
  75. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 41–42.
  76. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 42; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  77. ^ a b c Lindley (2003), p. 144.
  78. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143.
  79. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 79.
  80. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 45–46.
  81. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 47; Edmondson (2000), p. 371.
  82. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 48.
  83. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 48–49.
  84. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 49; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  85. ^ de la Teja (1991), pp. 18, 135, 182; Lindley (2003), pp. 94, 112; Moore (2004), p. 60.
  86. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 50; Moore (2007), p. 100; Groneman, Bill (June 12, 2010). "DOLPHIN WARD FLOYD". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
  87. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 50.
  88. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 51.
  89. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 51; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  90. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 52.
  91. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 52–53.
  92. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 53; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  93. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 53; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  94. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 53–54; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  95. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 54–55.
  96. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 55.
  97. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 55–56.
  98. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 56.
  99. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 57.
  100. ^ a b Lindley (2003), p. 53.
  101. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 58.
  102. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 59.
  103. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 59–60.
  104. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 60.
  105. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 61–62.
  106. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 62.
  107. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 62; Lindley (2003), p. 143.
  108. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 63; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  109. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 63.
  110. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 63–64.
  111. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 64.
  112. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 81.
  113. ^ Lindley (2003), pp. 88, 109, 321; Lord (1961), p. 96.
  114. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 66–67.
  115. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 67.
  116. ^ a b Todish (1998), p. 82.
  117. ^ Todish (1998), p. 82; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  118. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 69.
  119. ^ Todish (1998), p. 82; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  120. ^ Groneman, Bill; Hall, Russell S. (September 19, 2010). "William Philip King". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 8, 2014.; Leffler, John (June 15, 2010). "King County, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 8, 2015.; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  121. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 71.
  122. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 71; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  123. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 72.
  124. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. 72–73; Moore (2004), p. 60.
  125. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 74.
  126. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 75.
  127. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 76; Green (1988), p. 500; Lindley (2003), p. 91; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  128. ^ Marks, Paula Mitchell (June 15, 2010). "Samuel Augustus Maverick". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
  129. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 76.
  130. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 59.
  131. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 77; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  132. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 77.
  133. ^ Todish (1998), p. 83.
  134. ^ Lord (1961), p. 217; Todish (1998), p. 83.
  135. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 78–79.
  136. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 79; Todish (1998), p. 83; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  137. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 79–80.
  138. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 80; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  139. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 80.
  140. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 81.
  141. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 81.
  142. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 81–82.
  143. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 82
  144. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 54.
  145. ^ a b c Todish (1998), p. 84.
  146. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 84.
  147. ^ Todish (1998), p. 84; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  148. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 84.
  149. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 85.
  150. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 86.
  151. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 87.
  152. ^ Todish (1998), p. 89.
  153. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 88.
  154. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 202; Groneman (1990), pp. 89–90; Moore (2004), pp. 52–54, 100.
  155. ^ a b c Todish (1998), p. 85.
  156. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 91–92.
  157. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 92.
  158. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 93.
  159. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 93.
  160. ^ Lindley (2003). p. 236; Todish (1998), p. 85.
  161. ^ Groneman (1990). pp. 94-95; Lindley (2003). p. 224-226
  162. ^ a b Groneman (1990), pp. 95–96.
  163. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 96.
  164. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 97; Nofi (1992), pp. 85–86.
  165. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 100.
  166. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 101.
  167. ^ Nofi (1992), p. 79; Myers (1948), p. 202; Groneman (1990), pp. 101–102; Todish (1998), p. 90.
  168. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 103.
  169. ^ a b Todish (1998), p. 86.
  170. ^ Green (1988), pp. 503–504; Groneman (1990), p. 101.
  171. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. 72–73, 105.
  172. ^ a b c Groneman (1990), p. 106.
  173. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 107.
  174. ^ "TSHA | Summers, William E." www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  175. ^ McCaslin, Richard B. (June 15, 2010). "John Sutherland Jr". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  176. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 109.
  177. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 110.
  178. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 110.
  179. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 111.
  180. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 111.
  181. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 111.
  182. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 63.
  183. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 112.
  184. ^ a b Groneman (1990), p. 113.
  185. ^ Groneman (1990), pp. 64–65; Todish (1998), p. 89; Edmondson (2000), p. 369; Lindley (2003), p. 44.
  186. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 115.
  187. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 116; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  188. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 116.
  189. ^ a b c d e f Todish (1998), p. 87.
  190. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 119.
  191. ^ Todish (1998), pp. 87–88.
  192. ^ Groneman (1990), p. 120; Moore (2007), p. 100.
  193. ^ a b c d e f Todish (1998), p. 88.
  194. ^ Todish (1998), p. 88; Moore (2007), p. 100.

References edit

  • Brown, John Henry (November 12, 1988). Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas. Germany: Jazzybee Verlag Jurgen Beck. ISBN 978-3-84967-445-8.
  • Carrington, Evelyn M. (1993). Women in Early Texas. Denton, TX: Texas State Historical Association. OCLC 651721302.
  • Chariton, Wallace O. (1990). Exploring the Alamo Legends. Dallas, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-55622-255-9.
  • Davis, William C (2004). Lone Star Rising: The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic. New York, NY: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-86510-2.
  • de la Teja, Jesús (1991). A Revolution Remembered: The Memoirs and Selected Correspondence of Juan N. Seguin. Austin, Texas: State House Press. ISBN 0-938349-68-6.
  • Edmondson, J. R. (2000). The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts. Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-678-0.
  • Groneman, Bill (1990). Alamo Defenders: A Genealogy, the People and Their Words. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-0-89015-757-2.
  • Groneman, Bill (2001). Eyewitness to the Alamo. Lanham, MD: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-55622-846-9.
  • Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-0593-0.
  • Hopewell, Clifford (1994). James Bowie Texas Fighting Man: A Biography. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. ISBN 0-89015-881-9.
  • Jackson, Jack; Wheat, John (2005). Almonte's Texas: Juan N. Almonte's 1834 Inspection, Secret Report & Role in the 1836 Campaign. Denton, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-87611-207-6.
  • Lindley, Thomas Ricks (2003). Alamo Traces: New Evidence and New Conclusions. Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-983-6.
  • Lord, Walter (1961). A Time to Stand. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7902-7.
  • Matovina, Timothy M. (1995). The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-75186-6.
  • Moore, Stephen L. (2004). Eighteen Minutes: The Battle of San Jacinto and the Texas Independence Campaign. Dallas, Texas: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-58907-009-7.
  • Moore, Stephen L. (2007). Savage Frontier: Rangers, Riflemen, and Indian Wars in Texas, Volume I, 1835–1837. Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-57441-235-2.
  • Myers, John Myers (1948). The Alamo. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-5779-1.
  • Nofi, Albert A. (1992). The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835 to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books, Inc. ISBN 0-938289-10-1.
  • Poyo, Gerald Eugene (1996). Tejano Journey, 1770–1850. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76570-2.
  • Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-1-57168-152-2.

External links edit

April 14, 2024
list, alamo, defenders, battle, alamo, february, march, 1836, crucial, conflict, texas, revolution, 1835, colonists, from, united, states, joined, with, tejanos, mexicans, born, texas, putting, armed, resistance, centralization, mexican, government, president,. The Battle of the Alamo February 23 March 6 1836 was a crucial conflict of the Texas Revolution In 1835 colonists from the United States joined with Tejanos Mexicans born in Texas in putting up armed resistance to the centralization of the Mexican government 1 President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna and the government in Mexico City believed the United States had instigated the insurrection with a goal of annexing Texas 2 Partial scan of the March 24 1836 Telegraph and Texas Register with the first Texian list of defenders killed at the Battle of the AlamoIn an effort to tamp down on the unrest martial law was declared and military governor General Martin Perfecto de Cos established headquarters in San Antonio de Bexar stationing his troops at the Alamo 3 When the Texian volunteer soldiers gained control of the fortress at the Siege of Bexar compelling Cos to surrender on December 9 many saw his expulsion to the other side of the Rio Grande as the end of Mexican forces in Texas 4 Most Texian soldiers in Bexar left to join a planned invasion of Matamoros Mexico 5 Garrison commander James C Neill went home on family matters February 11 1836 leaving James Bowie and William B Travis as co commanders over the predominantly volunteer force 6 When the Mexican Army of Operations under the command of Santa Anna arrived in Bexar with 1 500 troops on February 23 the remaining Alamo garrison numbered 150 Note 1 Over the course of the next several days new volunteers arrived inside the fortress while others were sent out as couriers to forage for food or to buy supplies 7 A fierce defense was launched from within the walls even as Bowie and Travis made unsuccessful attempts to negotiate with the Mexican army 8 Travis repeatedly dispatched couriers with pleas for reinforcements 9 Although Santa Anna refused to consider a proposed conditional surrender he extended an offer of amnesty for all Tejanos inside the fortress to walk away unharmed Most Tejanos evacuated from the fortress about February 25 either as part of the amnesty or as a part of Juan Seguin s company of courier scouts on their last run Note 2 Cathedral of San Fernando sarcophagus with images of Travis Bowie and CrockettIn response to pleas from Travis James Fannin started from Goliad with 320 men supplies and armaments yet had to abort a day later due to a wagon breakdown Final reinforcements were able to enter the Alamo during March 1 4 most of them from Gonzales which had become a recruitment camp Note 3 Others who had left intending to return were unable to re enter 10 At 5 30 a m on March 6 the Mexican army began the final siege An hour later all combatants inside the Alamo were dead 11 The bodies with the exception of Gregorio Esparza s were cremated on pyres and abandoned Esparza s brother Francisco was a soldier in the Mexican army and received permission from Santa Anna for a Christian burial 12 Juan Seguin oversaw the 1837 recovery of the abandoned ashes and officiated at the February 25 funeral The March 28 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register only gave the burial location as where the principal heap of ashes had been found 13 In the following decades the public wanted to know the location of the burial site but Seguin gave conflicting statements perceived as due to age related memory problems 14 Remains thought to be those of the Alamo defenders were discovered at the Cathedral of San Fernando during the Texas 1936 centennial and re interred in a marble sarcophagus Purported to hold the ashes of Travis Bowie and Crockett some have doubted it can be proven whose remains are entombed there 14 Contents 1 Identifying the combatants 2 Key to military rank abbreviations 3 Defenders 4 See also 5 Citations 5 1 Notes 5 2 Footnotes 5 3 References 6 External linksIdentifying the combatants editBelow are 215 known combatants 193 who died during the siege 31 survivors and one escapee who later died of his wounds Mexican Colonel Juan Almonte Santa Anna s aide de camp recorded the Texian fatality toll as 250 in his March 6 journal entry He listed the survivors as five women one Mexican soldier and one slave Almonte did not record names and his count was based solely on who was there during the final assault 15 Santa Anna reported to Mexico s Secretary of War Tornel that Texian fatalities exceeded 600 Historians Jack Jackson and John Wheat attributed that high figure to Santa Anna s playing to his political base 16 Research into the battle and exactly who was inside the fortress began when the Alamo fell and has continued with no signs of abatement The first published Texian list of casualties was in the March 24 1836 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register The 115 names were supplied by John W Smith and Gerald Navan 17 who historian Thomas Ricks Lindley believed likely drew from their own memories as well as from interviews with those who might have left or tried to enter 18 In an 1860 statement for the Texas Almanac former San Antonio alcalde mayor Francisco Antonio Ruiz set the number at 182 19 When the Alamo Cenotaph was created by Pompeo Coppini in 1939 the 187 defender names on the monument came from the research of Amelia Williams 20 considered the leading Alamo authority of her day 21 Her work is still used by some as a benchmark although skepticism has been voiced Lindley s 2003 Alamo Traces New Evidence and New Conclusions upended much of what was previously accepted as fact 22 He devoted a chapter to deconstructing Williams research as misrepresentation alteration and fabrication of data 23 criticizing the low value she placed on muster rolls as evidence that a man died at the Alamo and her over reliance on military land grants even though the officials who approved the land grants considered the muster rolls to be sufficient proof 24 Many historians have been slow to embrace Lindley s findings however At this writing most Alamo defender biographies on the Texas State Historical Association s website tshaonline org and the official Alamo site thealamo org draw from the work of historian Bill Groneman who relied heavily on Williams and show little if any influence from Lindley In the pursuit of uncovering every infinitesimal piece of evidence about what happened during the battle more thorough research methods continue to evolve and Tejanos have begun to add their voices Until recent decades accounts of Tejano participation in the Texas revolution were notably absent but historians such as Timothy M Matovina 25 and Jesus F de la Teja 26 have helped add that missing perspective to the battle s events Key to military rank abbreviations editKey to military rank abbreviationsCOL Colonel LT Lieutenant SGM Sergeant Major CPL CorporalLTC Lieutenant Colonel 1LT First Lieutenant 4SG Fourth Sergeant PVT PrivateMAJ Major 2LT Second Lieutenant SGT Sergeant QM QuartermasterCPT Captain CNT Cornet 3CPL Third Corporal AQM Assistant QuartermasterDefenders editName Rank Birth year Birthplace Status Legacy and notes Ref s Juan Abamillo SGT Texas fatality 27 James L Allen PVT 1815 Kentucky survivor Left on March 5 as the final courier sent from the Alamo 28 Robert Allen PVT Virginia fatality 29 George Andrews fatality 30 Miles DeForest Andross PVT 1809 Vermont fatality 31 Jose Maria Arocha survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 Simon Arreola survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 Micajah Autry PVT 1793 32 North Carolina fatality 33 Juan A Badillo SGT Texas fatality 34 Peter James Bailey III PVT 1812 Kentucky fatality Namesake of Bailey County Texas 35 Isaac G Baker PVT 1814 Arkansas fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 36 William Charles M Baker CPT Missouri fatality 37 John J Ballentine PVT Pennsylvania fatality 38 Richard W Ballentine PVT 1814 Scotland fatality 39 John J Baugh CPT 1803 Virginia fatality Adjutant of the garrison next in command after co commanders Bowie and Travis 40 Samuel G Bastian Louisiana survivor Claimed to be a courier quickly denounced as a fraud but now accepted by some historians 41 Joseph Bayliss PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality 40 John Walker Baylor Jr PVT 1813 Kentucky survivor Sent as a courier to Goliad 42 John Blair PVT 1803 Tennessee fatality 43 Samuel Blair CPT 1807 Tennessee fatality Assistant to Master of Ordnance 44 William Blazeby CPT 1795 England fatality 44 James Bonham 2LT 1807 South Carolina fatality Courier to Goliad and Gonzales returned March 3 possibly died manning one of the cannons 45 Daniel Bourne PVT 1810 England fatality 46 James Bowie COL c 1796 Kentucky fatality Co commander of the garrison after the departure of James C Neill became bedridden the day after the siege began Namesake of Bowie County 47 J B Bowman fatality Possibly a k a James H Bowman 48 Robert Brown PVT c 1818 survivor Left after February 25 later served as a baggage guard at the Battle of San Jacinto 49 James Buchanan PVT 1813 Alabama fatality 50 Samuel E Burns PVT 1810 Ireland fatality 50 George D Butler PVT 1813 Missouri Territory fatality 50 John Cain PVT 1802 Pennsylvania fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 51 Robert Campbell LT 1810 Tennessee fatality 52 William R Carey CPT 1806 Virginia fatality 52 Cesario Carmona survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 M B Clark PVT Mississippi fatality 53 Daniel W Cloud PVT 1812 Kentucky fatality 54 Robert E Cochran PVT 1810 New Hampshire fatality Namesake of Cochran County Texas 55 George Washington Cottle LT 1811 Missouri fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company namesake of Cottle County Texas 56 Henry Courtman PVT 1808 Germany fatality 57 Lemuel Crawford PVT 1814 South Carolina fatality 58 David Crockett COL 1786 Tennessee fatality Frontiersman and congressman his life was portrayed in many exploits during and after his death Namesake of Crockett County Texas 59 Robert Crossman PVT 1810 Pennsylvania fatality 60 Antonio Cruz y Arocha PVT Mexico survivor Left as courier with Seguin on February 25 61 David P Cummings PVT 1809 Pennsylvania fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 62 Robert Cunningham PVT 1804 New York fatality 63 Matias Curvier survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 Jacob C Darst LT 1793 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 64 John Davis PVT 1811 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 65 Freeman H K Day PVT 1806 fatality 66 Squire Daymon PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 67 William Dearduff PVT c 1811 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 67 Alexandro De la Garza PVT Texas survivor Dispatched as a courier 68 Stephen Dennison PVT 1812 England or Ireland fatality 69 John Desauque Louisiana fatality Slave of Francis Desauque served as a combatant Slaves identified by last names of their masters 70 Charles Despallier PVT 1812 Louisiana fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 71 Lewis Dewall PVT 1812 New York fatality 72 Almaron Dickinson CPT 1810 Tennessee fatality 73 John Henry Dillard PVT 1805 Tennessee fatality 74 James R Dimpkins SGT England fatality AKA Dicken Dickon Dickson Dockon Dimkin Dinkin Dinkins 75 Andrew Duvalt PVT 1804 Ireland fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 76 Samuel M Edwards fatality 77 Conrad Eigenauer fatality 78 Lucio Enriques survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 Carlos Espalier PVT 1819 Texas fatality 79 Jose Gregorio Esparza PVT 1802 Texas fatality 80 Robert Evans MAJ 1800 Ireland fatality Master of Ordnance 81 Samuel B Evans PVT 1812 New York fatality 82 James L Ewing PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality 82 William Keener Fauntleroy PVT 1814 Kentucky fatality 83 William Fishbaugh PVT Alabama fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 84 John Flanders PVT 1800 Salisbury Massachusetts fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 84 Manuel N Flores c 1801 Texas survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 Salvador Flores CPT 1806 Texas survivor Left with Seguin on February 25 85 Dolphin Ward Floyd PVT 1804 North Carolina fatality Namesake of Floyd County Texas Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 86 John Hubbard Forsyth CPT 1797 New York fatality 87 Antonio Fuentes PVT 1813 Texas fatality 88 Galba Fuqua PVT 1819 Alabama fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 89 William Garnett PVT 1812 Virginia fatality 90 James W Garrand PVT 1813 Louisiana fatality 90 James Girard Garrett PVT 1806 Tennessee fatality 91 John E Garvin PVT 1809 fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 92 John E Gaston PVT 1819 fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 93 James George PVT 1802 fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 94 John C Goodrich CNT 1809 Virginia fatality 95 Albert Calvin Grimes PVT 1817 Georgia fatality 96 Ignacio Gurrea survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 Brigido Guerrero PVT Mexico survivor A deserter from Ugartechea s troops convinced the Mexican troops he was a prisoner of war 97 James C Gwin PVT 1804 England fatality aka Gwynne 98 John Harris PVT 1813 Kentucky fatality 99 Andrew Jackson Harrison PVT 1809 Tennessee fatality 99 I L K Harrison fatality 100 William B Harrison CPT 1811 Ohio fatality 101 Joseph M Hawkins PVT 1799 Ireland fatality 101 John M Hays PVT 1814 Tennessee fatality 102 Charles M Heiskell PVT 1813 Tennessee fatality 102 Patrick Henry Herndon PVT 1802 Virginia fatality 103 Pedro Herrera survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 William Daniel Hersee SGT 1805 England fatality 104 Tapley Holland PVT 1810 Ohio fatality First to cross over the line in the sand 105 James Holloway fatality 30 Samuel Holloway PVT 1808 Pennsylvania fatality 106 William D Howell 1791 Massachusetts fatality 107 Thomas P Hutchinson fatality 30 Thomas R Jackson PVT Ireland fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 108 William Daniel Jackson LT 1807 Kentucky fatality 109 Green B Jameson MAJ 1807 Kentucky fatality 110 Gordon C Jennings CPL 1780 Connecticut fatality Oldest defender of The Alamo 111 Damacio Jimenez PVT Texas fatality 112 John Johnson PVT 1800 Missouri survivor Dispatched as courier February 23 113 Lewis Johnson PVT Illinois Territory fatality 114 William Johnson PVT Pennsylvania fatality 115 John Jones 1LT 1810 New York fatality 115 John Benjamin Kellogg LT 1817 Kentucky fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger CompanyJames Kenny PVT 1814 Virginia fatality 116 Andrew Kent PVT 1791 Kentucky fatality Namesake of Kent County Texas Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 117 Joseph Kerr PVT 1814 Louisiana fatality 118 George C Kimble LT 1803 Pennsylvania fatality Namesake of Kimble County Texas Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 119 William Philip King PVT 1820 Mississippi fatality Youngest defender fatality namesake of King County Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 120 William Irvine Lewis PVT 1806 Virginia fatality 121 William J Lightfoot 3CPL 1805 Kentucky fatality 121 Jonathan Lindley PVT 1814 Illinois fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 122 William Linn PVT Massachusetts fatality 123 Byrd Lockhart CPT 1782 Virginia survivor Left with Andrew Jackson Sowell to buy supplies namesake of Lockhart Texas 124 Toribio Losoya PVT 1808 Texas fatality 116 George Washington Main LT 1807 Virginia fatality 125 William T Malone PVT 1817 Georgia fatality 126 William Marshall PVT 1808 Tennessee fatality 126 Albert Martin CPT 1808 Rhode Island fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company dispatched with the Travis letter To the People of Texas amp All Americans in the World returned to the Alamo 127 Samuel Augustus Maverick PVT 1803 South Carolina survivor Garrison delegate to the March 1 Convention of 1836 at Washington on the Brazos 128 Edward McCafferty LT fatality 129 Ross McClelland fatality 130 Jesse McCoy PVT 1804 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 131 William McDowell PVT 1794 Pennsylvania fatality 132 James McGee PVT Ireland fatality 132 John McGregor SGT Scotland fatality 133 Robert McKinney PVT 1809 Ireland fatality 134 Eliel Melton QM LT 1798 Georgia fatality 135 Thomas R Miller PVT 1795 Tennessee fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 136 William Mills PVT 1815 Tennessee fatality 137 Isaac Millsaps PVT c 1795 Mississippi fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 138 Edward F Mitchasson 1806 Virginia fatality a k a Dr E F Mitchusson 139 Edwin T Mitchell PVT 1806 fatality 140 Napoleon B Mitchell PVT 1804 fatality 141 Robert B Moore PVT 1781 Virginia fatality 142 Willis A Moore PVT 1808 Marion County MS fatality 143 John Morman fatality 144 Robert Musselman SGT 1805 Ohio fatality 145 Andres Nava SGT 1810 Texas fatality 146 George Neggan PVT 1808 South Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 147 Andrew M Nelson PVT 1809 Tennessee fatality 148 Edward Nelson PVT 1816 South Carolina fatality 148 George Nelson PVT 1805 South Carolina fatality 149 James Northcross PVT 1804 Virginia fatality 150 James Nowlan PVT 1809 England fatality 151 George Olamio PVT Ireland fatality 77 William Sanders Oury PVT 1817 Virginia survivor Dispatched as a courier February 29 152 George Pagan PVT 1810 fatality 153 Christopher Adams Parker PVT 1814 fatality 145 William Parks PVT 1805 North Carolina fatality 145 William Patton AQM LT 1808 Kentucky survivor Assumed to be a courier who left with John William Smith 154 Richardson Perry PVT 1817 Mississippi fatality 155 Amos Pollard 1803 Massachusetts fatality Chief surgeon of the garrison created a hospital in the fortress 156 Eduardo Ramirez survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 John Purdy Reynolds PVT 1806 Pennsylvania fatality 157 Thomas H Roberts PVT fatality 158 James Waters Robertson PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality 159 Ambrosio Rodriguez survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 Guadalupe Rodriquez fatality 77 James M Rose PVT 1805 Ohio fatality 160 Louis Rose PVT Nacogdoches fatality or left before the battle Historians are divided over whether a purported Alamo survivor named Louis Moses Rose is the same man who appears on most early Alamo casualty lists 161 Jacob Roth MAJ fatality 100 Jackson J Rusk PVT Ireland fatality 162 Joseph Rutherford PVT 1798 Kentucky fatality 163 Isaac Ryan PVT 1805 Louisiana fatality 162 Mial Scurlock PVT 1809 North Carolina fatality 155 Juan Seguin CPT 1806 Texas survivor Left February 25 to recruit reinforcements 164 Marcus L Sewell PVT 1805 England fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company Note 4 Manson Shied PVT 1811 Georgia fatality aka Shudd 155 Silvero survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 Cleveland Kinloch Simmons LT 1815 South Carolina fatality 165 Andrew H Smith PVT 1815 Tennessee fatality 165 Charles S Smith PVT 1806 Maryland fatality 166 John William Smith 1792 Virginia survivor The final courier sent to Washington on the Brazos unable to return 167 Joshua G Smith SGT 1808 North Carolina fatality 168 William H Smith PVT 1811 fatality 169 Launcelot Smither PVT 1800 survivor Left for Gonzales as a courier on February 23 relayed the Travis letter from Albert Martin to the provisional government at San Felipe 170 Andrew Jackson Sowell PVT 1815 Tennessee survivor Left with Byrd Lockhart to buy supplies 171 John Spratt PVT fatality 30 Richard Starr PVT 1811 England fatality 172 James E Stewart PVT 1808 England fatality 172 Richard L Stockton PVT 1817 New Jersey fatality 172 A Spain Summerlin PVT 1817 Tennessee fatality 173 William E Summers PVT 1812 South Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 174 John Sutherland PVT 1792 Virginia survivor Sent to Gonzales for reinforcements on February 23 175 William DePriest Sutherland PVT 1818 Alabama fatality 169 Edward Taylor PVT 1812 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County Texas brother of James and George 176 George Taylor PVT 1816 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County brother of Edward and James 177 James Taylor PVT 1814 Tennessee fatality Namesake of Taylor County Texas brother of George and Edward 178 William Taylor PVT 1799 Tennessee fatality 179 B Archer M Thomas PVT 1818 Kentucky fatality 180 Henry Thomas PVT 1811 Germany fatality 181 Thompson fatality Per historian Lindley no first name on the muster rolls 182 John W Thomson PVT 1807 North Carolina fatality 183 John M Thurston 2LT 1812 Pennsylvania fatality 184 Burke Trammel PVT 1810 Ireland fatality 184 Joe Travis 1813 or 1815 Alabama survivor Slave of William B Travis fought beside him in the battle accompanied Susanna Dickinson to Gonzales Slaves identified by last names of their masters 185 William B Travis LTC 1809 South Carolina fatality Shared command of the garrison with James Bowie until the latter became bedridden and unable to command Namesake of Travis County 186 George W Tumlinson PVT 1814 Missouri Territory fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 187 James Tylee PVT 1795 New York fatality 188 Asa Walker PVT 1813 Tennessee fatality 189 Jacob Walker PVT 1799 Tennessee fatality 189 William B Ward SGT 1806 Ireland fatality 189 Henry Warnell PVT 1812 Arkansas escaped Died June 1836 of wounds incurred during the battle or during his escape 190 Joseph G Washington PVT c 1808 Tennessee fatality Possibly a k a James Morgan 189 Thomas Waters PVT 1812 England fatality 189 William Wells PVT 1798 Georgia fatality 189 Isaac White SGT fatality 191 Robert White CPT 1806 England fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 192 Hiram James Williamson SGM 1810 Pennsylvania fatality 193 William Wills fatality 193 David L Wilson PVT 1807 Scotland fatality 193 John Wilson PVT 1804 Pennsylvania fatality 193 Anthony Wolf PVT 1782 fatality 193 Claiborne Wright PVT 1810 North Carolina fatality Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company 194 Charles Zanco LT 1808 Denmark fatality 193 Vicente Zepeda survivor Juan Seguin s volunteers Note 2 See also edit nbsp Texas portalList of Texian survivors of the Battle of the AlamoCitations editNotes edit The enemy in large force is in sight We want men and provisions Send them to us We have 150 men and are determined to defend the Alamo to the last Give us assistance signed William Barret Travis February 23 1836 Letter to Gonzales alcalde Andrew Ponton Groneman 2001 p 1 The Alamo was under Sam Houston s authority as commander in chief of the paid army which included Neill Bowie Travis and Crockett Until March 4 Houston s authority did not extend to volunteers and local militias which were the majority of the fighting force inside the Alamo Hatch 1999 p 188 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Some Tejanos were part of the Bexar military garrison but others were part of Seguin s volunteer scout company and were in the Alamo on or before Feb 23 Enrique Esparza who was inside the fortress as the son of defender Gregorio Esparza later recalled that Santa Anna offered a three day amnesty to all Tejano defenders According to Esparza Tejanos discussed the matter with Bowie who advised them to take the amnesty It is believed most of the Tejanos left when Seguin did either as couriers or because of the amnesty Poyo 1996 pp 53 58 Efficient in the Cause Stephen L Hardin Lindley 2003 pp 94 134 The most notable group from Gonzales in the final days was the Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company nicknamed the Immortal 32 in later decades although the exact head count of that company varies by source Moore 2004 pp 28 29 39 43 46 51 Moore 2007 p 100 Lindley 2003 p 98 Some lore give the birthplace of Sewell as Tennessee but have no definitive source however scholars and other sourcing including the Alamo say he was born in England Todish 1998 p 85 Moore 2007 p 100 Marcus L Sewell Alamo Mission in San Antonio Archived from the original on March 28 2016 Retrieved March 30 2016 Who Was Marcus Sewell Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas TAMU Retrieved March 30 2016 Groneman Bill June 15 2010 Marcus Sewell Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association Retrieved March 30 2016 Footnotes edit Todish et al 1998 pp 2 4 6 Todish et al 1998 pp 137 138 Davis 2004 p 143 Todish et al 1998 p 121 Poyo 1996 p 54 Efficient in the Cause Stephen L Hardin Todish et al 1998 pp 29 125 Todish et al 1998 p 126 Moore 2004 p 39 Groneman 2001 p 1 Lindley 2003 pp 90 93 Lindley 2003 pp 92 93 Groneman 2001 pp 4 5 Jackson Wheat 2005 p 367 Green Michael R April 1988 To the People of Texas amp All Americans in the World The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 91 4 Texas State Historical Association 483 508 JSTOR 30240052 Moore 2004 pp 4 22 Lord 1961 p 166 Edmondson 2000 pp 45 46 374 Telegraph and Texas Register May 28 1837 The Portal to Texas History Texas State Historical Association March 28 1837 Retrieved June 13 2015 a b Sibley Marilyn McAdams October 1966 The Burial Place of the Alamo Heroes The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 70 2 Texas State Historical Association 272 280 JSTOR 30236392 Lindley 2003 p 148 Jackson Wheat 2005 pp 374 377 Jackson Wheat 2005 p 389 Chariton 1990 p 180 Lindley 2003 pp 226 227 Matovina 1995 pp 43 44 Williams Amelia January 1934 Reviewed Work A Critical Study of the Siege of the Alamo and of the Personnel of Its Defenders IV Historical Problems Relating to the Alamo The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 37 3 Texas State Historical Association 157 184 JSTOR 30235477 Smoot Jane June 15 2010 Amelia Worthington Williams Texas Handbook Online Texas State Historical Association Retrieved September 3 2015 Roell Craig H July 2004 Reviewed Work Alamo Traces New Evidence and New Conclusions by Thomas Ricks Lindley The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 108 1 Texas State Historical Association 105 106 JSTOR 30239499 Lindley 2003 pp 37 39 41 67 68 Lindley 2003 pp 52 57 Flores Richard R February 1999 Reviewed Work The Alamo Remembered Tejano Accounts and Perspectives by Timothy M Matovina American Ethnologist 26 1 American Anthropological Association 265 doi 10 1525 ae 1999 26 1 265 JSTOR 647542 de la Teja Jesus F Spring 1998 Discovering the Tejano Community in Early Texas Journal of the Early Republic 18 1 University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic 73 98 doi 10 2307 3124734 JSTOR 3124734 Lindley 2003 p 144 Todish 1998 p 76 Groneman 1990 p 1 Groneman 1990 p 2 a b c d Lindley 2003 pp 54 143 Groneman 1990 pp 6 7 Photo of cemetery monument at Hillcrest Cemetery in northern Mississippi accessed December 8 2015 Groneman 1990 p 7 Lindley 2003 p 144 Groneman 1990 p 8 Todish 1998 p 76 Groneman 1990 p 8 Groneman 1990 p 9 Moore 2007 p 100 Todish 1998 p 76 Groneman 1990 pp 9 10 Groneman 1990 p 10 Groneman 1990 pp 10 11 a b Groneman 1990 p 11 Todish 1998 p 76 Brown p 149 Lindley 2003 p 131 Groneman 1990 p 12 Groneman 1990 pp 13 14 a b Groneman 1990 p 14 Groneman 1990 pp 15 16 Groneman 1990 p 16 Hopewell 1994 pp 2 3 116 Lindley 2003 pp 62 79 Groneman 1990 pp 20 21 Moore 2004 p 457 a b c Groneman 1990 p 21 Groneman 1990 p 22 Moore 2007 p 100 a b Groneman 1990 p 22 Lindley 2003 p 143 Groneman 1990 p 24 Groneman 1990 p 24 Groneman 1990 pp 24 25 Lindley 2003 p 144 Groneman 1990 p 25 Moore 2007 p 100 Lindley 2003 p 143 Groneman 1990 p 25 Groneman 1990 p 26 Groneman 1990 pp 26 27 Lindley 2003 p 202 Groneman 1990 p 29 Groneman 1990 pp 29 30 Groneman 1990 p 30 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 pp 30 31 Lindley 2003 p 144 Groneman 1990 p 32 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 p 32 Moore 2007 p 100 Lindley 2003 p 144 Groneman 1990 p 32 a b Groneman 1990 p 33 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 p 33 Lindley 2003 p 143 Groneman 1990 p 34 Todish 1998 p 81 Hopewell 1994 p 125 Nofi 1992 p 131 Groneman 1990 pp 35 36 Todish 1998 p 78 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 p 36 Carrington 1993 pp 74 75 Groneman 1990 pp 36 37 Groneman 1990 p 39 Groneman 1990 pp 41 42 Groneman 1990 p 42 Moore 2007 p 100 a b c Lindley 2003 p 144 Lindley 2003 p 143 Lindley 2003 p 144 Todish 1998 p 79 Groneman 1990 pp 45 46 Groneman 1990 p 47 Edmondson 2000 p 371 a b Groneman 1990 p 48 Groneman 1990 pp 48 49 a b Groneman 1990 p 49 Moore 2007 p 100 de la Teja 1991 pp 18 135 182 Lindley 2003 pp 94 112 Moore 2004 p 60 Groneman 1990 p 50 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman Bill June 12 2010 DOLPHIN WARD FLOYD Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association Retrieved October 22 2017 Groneman 1990 p 50 Groneman 1990 p 51 Groneman 1990 p 51 Lindley 2003 p 144 Moore 2007 p 100 a b Groneman 1990 p 52 Groneman 1990 pp 52 53 Groneman 1990 p 53 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 p 53 Lindley 2003 p 144 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 pp 53 54 Lindley 2003 p 144 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 pp 54 55 Groneman 1990 p 55 Groneman 1990 pp 55 56 Groneman 1990 p 56 a b Groneman 1990 p 57 a b Lindley 2003 p 53 a b Groneman 1990 p 58 a b Groneman 1990 p 59 Groneman 1990 pp 59 60 Groneman 1990 p 60 Groneman 1990 pp 61 62 Groneman 1990 p 62 Groneman 1990 p 62 Lindley 2003 p 143 Groneman 1990 p 63 Lindley 2003 p 144 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 p 63 Groneman 1990 pp 63 64 Groneman 1990 p 64 Lindley 2003 p 144 Todish 1998 p 81 Lindley 2003 pp 88 109 321 Lord 1961 p 96 Groneman 1990 pp 66 67 a b Groneman 1990 p 67 a b Todish 1998 p 82 Todish 1998 p 82 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 p 69 Todish 1998 p 82 Lindley 2003 p 144 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman Bill Hall Russell S September 19 2010 William Philip King Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association Retrieved June 8 2014 Leffler John June 15 2010 King County Texas Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association Retrieved June 8 2015 Moore 2007 p 100 a b Groneman 1990 p 71 Groneman 1990 p 71 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 p 72 Lindley 2003 p 90 Groneman 1990 pp 72 73 Moore 2004 p 60 Groneman 1990 p 74 a b Groneman 1990 p 75 Groneman 1990 p 76 Green 1988 p 500 Lindley 2003 p 91 Moore 2007 p 100 Marks Paula Mitchell June 15 2010 Samuel Augustus Maverick Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association Retrieved June 8 2015 Lindley 2003 p 144 Groneman 1990 p 76 Lindley 2003 p 59 Groneman 1990 p 77 Moore 2007 p 100 a b Groneman 1990 p 77 Todish 1998 p 83 Lord 1961 p 217 Todish 1998 p 83 Groneman 1990 pp 78 79 Groneman 1990 p 79 Todish 1998 p 83 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 pp 79 80 Groneman 1990 p 80 Moore 2007 p 100 Lindley 2003 p 143 Groneman 1990 p 80 Lindley 2003 p 144 Groneman 1990 p 81 Groneman 1990 p 81 Groneman 1990 pp 81 82 Groneman 1990 p 82 Lindley 2003 p 54 a b c Todish 1998 p 84 Lindley 2003 p 144 Todish 1998 p 84 Todish 1998 p 84 Moore 2007 p 100 a b Groneman 1990 p 84 Groneman 1990 p 85 Groneman 1990 p 86 Groneman 1990 p 87 Todish 1998 p 89 Groneman 1990 p 88 Lindley 2003 p 202 Groneman 1990 pp 89 90 Moore 2004 pp 52 54 100 a b c Todish 1998 p 85 Groneman 1990 pp 91 92 Groneman 1990 p 92 Lindley 2003 p 143 Groneman 1990 p 93 Groneman 1990 p 93 Lindley 2003 p 236 Todish 1998 p 85 Groneman 1990 pp 94 95 Lindley 2003 p 224 226 a b Groneman 1990 pp 95 96 Groneman 1990 p 96 Groneman 1990 p 97 Nofi 1992 pp 85 86 a b Groneman 1990 p 100 Groneman 1990 p 101 Nofi 1992 p 79 Myers 1948 p 202 Groneman 1990 pp 101 102 Todish 1998 p 90 Groneman 1990 p 103 a b Todish 1998 p 86 Green 1988 pp 503 504 Groneman 1990 p 101 Lindley 2003 p 90 Groneman 1990 pp 72 73 105 a b c Groneman 1990 p 106 Groneman 1990 p 107 TSHA Summers William E www tshaonline org Retrieved May 5 2021 McCaslin Richard B June 15 2010 John Sutherland Jr Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association Retrieved June 9 2015 Lindley 2003 p 144 Groneman 1990 p 109 Groneman 1990 p 110 Lindley 2003 p 144 Groneman 1990 p 110 Lindley 2003 p 144 Groneman 1990 p 111 Groneman 1990 p 111 Lindley 2003 p 143 Groneman 1990 p 111 Lindley 2003 p 63 Groneman 1990 p 112 a b Groneman 1990 p 113 Groneman 1990 pp 64 65 Todish 1998 p 89 Edmondson 2000 p 369 Lindley 2003 p 44 Groneman 1990 p 115 Groneman 1990 p 116 Moore 2007 p 100 Groneman 1990 p 116 a b c d e f Todish 1998 p 87 Groneman 1990 p 119 Todish 1998 pp 87 88 Groneman 1990 p 120 Moore 2007 p 100 a b c d e f Todish 1998 p 88 Todish 1998 p 88 Moore 2007 p 100 References edit Brown John Henry November 12 1988 Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas Germany Jazzybee Verlag Jurgen Beck ISBN 978 3 84967 445 8 Carrington Evelyn M 1993 Women in Early Texas Denton TX Texas State Historical Association OCLC 651721302 Chariton Wallace O 1990 Exploring the Alamo Legends Dallas TX Republic of Texas Press ISBN 978 1 55622 255 9 Davis William C 2004 Lone Star Rising The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic New York NY Free Press ISBN 978 0 684 86510 2 de la Teja Jesus 1991 A Revolution Remembered The Memoirs and Selected Correspondence of Juan N Seguin Austin Texas State House Press ISBN 0 938349 68 6 Edmondson J R 2000 The Alamo Story From History to Current Conflicts Plano Texas Republic of Texas Press ISBN 1 55622 678 0 Groneman Bill 1990 Alamo Defenders A Genealogy the People and Their Words Austin Texas Eakin Press ISBN 978 0 89015 757 2 Groneman Bill 2001 Eyewitness to the Alamo Lanham MD Republic of Texas Press ISBN 978 1 55622 846 9 Hatch Thom 1999 Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution Jefferson North Carolina McFarland amp Company ISBN 978 0 7864 0593 0 Hopewell Clifford 1994 James Bowie Texas Fighting Man A Biography Austin Texas Eakin Press ISBN 0 89015 881 9 Jackson Jack Wheat John 2005 Almonte s Texas Juan N Almonte s 1834 Inspection Secret Report amp Role in the 1836 Campaign Denton Texas Texas State Historical Association ISBN 978 0 87611 207 6 Lindley Thomas Ricks 2003 Alamo Traces New Evidence and New Conclusions Plano Texas Republic of Texas Press ISBN 1 55622 983 6 Lord Walter 1961 A Time to Stand Lincoln Nebraska University of Nebraska Press ISBN 0 8032 7902 7 Matovina Timothy M 1995 The Alamo Remembered Tejano Accounts and Perspectives Austin Texas University of Texas Press ISBN 978 0 292 75186 6 Moore Stephen L 2004 Eighteen Minutes The Battle of San Jacinto and the Texas Independence Campaign Dallas Texas Republic of Texas Press ISBN 978 1 58907 009 7 Moore Stephen L 2007 Savage Frontier Rangers Riflemen and Indian Wars in Texas Volume I 1835 1837 Denton Texas University of North Texas Press ISBN 978 1 57441 235 2 Myers John Myers 1948 The Alamo Lincoln Nebraska University of Nebraska Press ISBN 0 8032 5779 1 Nofi Albert A 1992 The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence September 30 1835 to April 21 1836 Heroes Myths and History Conshohocken Pennsylvania Combined Books Inc ISBN 0 938289 10 1 Poyo Gerald Eugene 1996 Tejano Journey 1770 1850 Austin Texas University of Texas Press ISBN 978 0 292 76570 2 Todish Timothy J Todish Terry Spring Ted 1998 Alamo Sourcebook 1836 A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution Austin Texas Eakin Press ISBN 978 1 57168 152 2 External links editJackson Ron In the Alamo s Shadow Texas A amp M University reprint of an article about Joe Travis slave of William B Travis originally published in True West Magazine February 1998 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of Alamo defenders amp oldid 1210740000, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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