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William P. C. Barton

January 01, 1970

William Paul Crillon Barton (November 17, 1786 – March 27, 1856), was a medical botanist, physician, professor, naval surgeon, and botanical illustrator.[1]

William P. C. Barton
BornNovember 17, 1786
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DiedMarch 27, 1856 (1856-03-28) (aged 69)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Resting placeLaurel Hill Cemetery
NationalityUnited States of America
Occupation(s)botanical illustrator, university teacher, physician, botanist, surgeon
Liriodendron tulipifera
by William Barton

Biography edit

Barton was born on November 17, 1786, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father William Barton, a lawyer, was the designer of the Great Seal of the United States. His uncle, Benjamin Smith Barton (1766–1815) was an eminent medical botanist and vice-president of the American Philosophical Society. In 1813, the younger Barton was also elected a member of the American Philosophical Society.[2]

Education edit

As was customary for the era, Barton pursued a classical education at Princeton University, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1805.[1] The curriculum included Aristotelian logic, and study of the Greek and Latin languages. While he was at Princeton, each member of his class assumed the name of some celebrated man. The one he chose was Count Paul Crillon, and the initials P. C. were retained by him the rest of his life.[3] Barton began studying medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1805 under his uncle, Benjamin Smith Barton, who was a renowned botanist and author of the first American text book on botanical science. In these years of study, William Barton's interest in botany and the natural sciences grew into a lifelong passion.

In 1808, upon publication of A Dissertation on Chymical Properties and Exhilarating Effects of Nitrous Oxide Gas and Its Application to Pneumatick Medicine, Barton received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania. Complete with an illustration of a giddy man breathing in “laughing gas” from a sheep's bladder, the treatise had great impact on scientific thought when nitrous oxide experiments were “generally derided as extravagant and imaginary.”[4]

U.S. Naval Surgeon edit

At the age of 23, Barton chose to enter the U.S. Navy as a surgeon. He received his commission on April 10, 1809, and less than week later commissioned the famous Thomas Sully to paint his portrait for a sum of $50. This painting, now in the Wilstach Collection at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, shows a young Barton in uniform – a blue coat with gold braid, and hands gloved. Barton wrote, “I was overwhelmed with the difficulties I had to encounter in the performance of professional duties, where every species of inconvenience and disadvantage that can be imagined was opposed to the exertions of the surgeon.”[5] Ultimately, Barton was not one to accept inadequacies, but rather to fight for reform.

Barton fought to tighten the controls of shipboard medical supplies. He called for the introduction of lemons and limes aboard Navy ships long before the U.S. Navy accepted the importance of an antiscorbutic treatment for vitamin C deficiency or scurvy.[6] Barton went as far as to send a bottle of lime juice to the Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton with the instructions to drink it in the form of lemonade.[7] His outspoken manner angered many of his colleagues. Barton, of necessity, became familiar with the administration of hospitals.

In February, 1811, Congress passed an act establishing naval hospitals. Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton later asked Barton to compose a set of regulations for governing these hospitals. Barton was well aware of the shortcomings in Navy medical care. Shipboard facilities were primitive, and there were no permanent hospitals ashore, only temporary facilities in Navy yards.[8]

Barton began by drafting rules for governing naval hospitals. In 1812, the Navy Department submitted them to Congress. "Each hospital accommodating at least one hundred men should maintain a staff including a surgeon, who must be a college or university graduate; two surgeon's mates; a steward; a matron; a wardmaster; four permanent nurses; and a variety of servants."[8] Not satisfied with the hastily drafted suggestions, Barton expanded his theories in a treatise published in 1814.[8]

He was the first to promote the idea of employing female nurses in the U.S. Navy. He described the "matron's characteristics: she should be "discreet ... reputable ... capable ... neat, cleanly, and tidy in her dress, and urbane and tender in her deportment." She would supervise the nurses and other attendants as well as those working in the laundry, larder, and kitchen, but her main function was to ensure that patients were clean, well-fed, and comfortable.[8]

 
William Barton serves on naval board, June 11, 1824

By 1824, Barton served on the first board to examine candidates for the Navy's medical service.[9] The intent of the board was to examine Surgeon's Mates, "preparatory to their promotion to the rank of Surgeons." The board was also authorized to examine applicants for Commissions as Surgeons' Mates and report upon their fitness.[10]

In 1830 he became the commanding officer at Naval Hospital Norfolk, VA. He was involved in the development of the Philadelphia Naval Hospital when it was located in the Naval Asylum. Today, this gothic structure, that also served as the first home of the U.S. Naval Academy, stands in Grays Ferry.

President John Tyler appointed Barton to the office of first head of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery on September 2, 1842. (The post of Navy Surgeon General was created in March 1871). His time as Chief clerk was active, but short. Among his recommendations were the adoption of a supply table so that drugs and medical supplies could be properly procured and accounted for; the abolition of a venereal fee; uniform standards for recruits; higher professional standards for Navy physicians; standardizations and administrations of naval hospitals; and strict control over the use of liquor on board ships. He was a vehement prohibitionist, and had a “liquor circular” pasted on boxes of whisky identifying the contents as medical supplies which required stringent accounting, a step which was not popular in the fleet.

Treatise on U.S. Navy hospitals edit

His A Treatise Containing a Plan for the Internal Organization and Government of Marine Hospitals in the United States: Together with A Scheme for Amending and Systematizing the Medical Department of the United States Navy (1814) contained recommendations of reform for the already new Navy hospital system. He urged that U.S. Navy hospitals should be modeled after British medical facilities. One of his many recommendations recommended that all hospital property should be marked “U.S. Naval Hospital” to prevent theft.[11] The mere fact of the book having achieved a second edition three years later, is an indication of the estimation in which it was held. It contained a fund of information collected from various sources, both at home and abroad, and revealed an originality of thought and expression which stamped its author as far in advance of the times.[12]

Pennsylvania academics edit

On the death of his uncle Benjamin Smith Barton in 1815, William Barton became professor of botany at the University of Pennsylvania,[3] and for years much of Barton's time was dedicated to the teaching of Materia Medica, or medical botany, at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Thomas Jefferson Medical College. One of his prominent students was Dr. Samuel D. Gross, later immortalized in the Thomas Eakins painting The Gross Clinic (1876). Gross portrayed his old teacher as a colorful character in a speech delivered to Alumni Association of Thomas Jefferson Medical College on March 11, 1871.[13]

From 1828 to 1829, Barton also served as the Dean of Jefferson Medical College.[13] He was a fellow of the college of physicians in Philadelphia, president of the Linnaean Society, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, and other scientific societies.[3]

Personal life edit

His brother was John Rhea Barton (1796–1871), the originator of corrective osteotomy for joint ankylosis. He invented both the "Barton bandage" (a figure eight bandage that provides support below and anterior to the lower jaw), and Barton forceps (obstetrical forceps with one fixed, curved blade and lunged anterior blade for application to a high transverse position of the head). The Barton Collection at Boston Public Library is named after Benjamin Smith Barton's son Thomas Pennant Barton (1803–1869), who was William Barton's first cousin. It comprises one of largest and most valuable Shakespeare collections in the world.

Barton was married to Esther Sergeant the grand daughter of David Rittenhouse, the great American astronomer and President of the American Philosophical Society. Esther Barton allegedly colored many of Dr. Barton's botanical drawings in his A Flora of North America, but a search for documentation was not unsuccessful. The colored plates in Flora that were engraved by Cornelius Tiebout (using what Barton called "the new style of engraving" and "the French method") can be viewed online.[14]

He died on March 27, 1856, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[1][15]

Bibliography edit

  • A Dissertation on Chymical Properties and Exhilarating Effects of Nitrous Oxide Gas and Its Application to Pneumatick Medicine Philadelphia: Lorenzo Pres, 1808: xiii–v.
  • A Treatise Containing a Plan for the Internal Organization and Government of Marine Hospitals in the United States: Together with A Scheme for Amending and Systematizing the Medical Department of the United States Navy 1st ed. Philadelphia; Privately printed, 1814.
  • Vegetable Materia Medica of the United States (1817)
  • Compedium Florae Philadelphicae (1818)
  • A Flora of North America (vol. 1, 1821; vol. 2, 1822; vol. 3, 1823)
  • Hints for Medical Officers Cruising in the West Indies (1830)
  • A Polemical Remonstrance Against the Project of Creating the New Office of Surgeon General in the Navy of the United States (1838)

Miscellaneous edit

The Philadelphia Botanical Club publishes a journal named after Dr. Barton called the Bartonia. The publication publishes articles about original research in plant systematics, plant ecology, and plant conservation biology.[16]

The standard author abbreviation W.P.C.Barton is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[17]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.). "Barton, William Paul Crillon" . American Medical Biographies . Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.
  2. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Barton, Thomas" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
  4. ^ Barton, WPC. A Dissertation on Chymical Properties and Exhilarating Effects of Nitrous Oxide Gas and Its Application to Pneumatick Medicine. Philadelphia: Lorenzo Pres, 1808: pages xiii–v.
  5. ^ Barton, WPC. A Treatise Containing a Plan for the Internal Organization and Government of Marine Hospitals in the United States: Together with A Scheme for Amending and Systematizing the Medical Department of the United States Navy. 1st ed. Philadelphia; privately printed, 1814. page xiii
  6. ^ Vitamin C in health and disease. Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1997. May 5, 1997. ISBN 978-0-8247-9313-5. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
  7. ^ Barton, WPC. A Treatise Containing a Plan for the Internal Organization and Government of Marine Hospitals in the United States: Together with A Scheme for Amending and Systematizing the Medical Department of the United States Navy. 1st ed. Philadelphia; privately printed, 1814. pages 147–155
  8. ^ a b c d Godson, Susan H. Serving Proudly: A History of Women in the U.S. Navy. Naval Institute, 2001.
  9. ^ McCallum, Jack Edward (2008). Military medicine: from ancient times to the 21st century. ABC-CLIO, 2008. ISBN 978-1-85109-693-0. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  10. ^ "Navy Board". New York Spectator. New York, New York. June 11, 1824.
  11. ^ Barton, WPC. A Treatise Containing a Plan for the Internal Organization and Government of Marine Hospitals in the United States: Together with A Scheme for Amending and Systematizing the Medical Department of the United States Navy. 1st ed. Philadelphia; privately printed, 1814. pages 38–39
  12. ^ Pleadwell, Frank L., Capt. "Edward Cutbush, M.D.: The Nestor of the Medical Corps of the Navy." Annals of Medical History 5 (1923): page 267
  13. ^ a b "49". Part IV: University Components and Activities --- Chapter 49: The Medical College Deanship and Chapter 50: Hospital Administration (pages 850–888). Thomas Jefferson University. p. 851. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  14. ^ Clark Kimberling Cornelius Tiebout Engravings: Part 10. Botany (Barton and Barton)
  15. ^ "Death of Dr. Barton". NY Jour Med: 144. July 1856.
  16. ^ For more information see Bartonia
  17. ^ International Plant Names Index.  W.P.C.Barton.

Further reading edit

 
Wikisource has original works by or about:
William P. C. Barton
  • Croskey, JW. History of Blockley: A History of the Philadelphia General Hospital from its Inception, 1731–1928.
  • Gross, Samuel D. A speech to the Alumni Association at Thomas Jefferson Medical College, March 11, 1871.
  • Langley, HD. A History of Medicine in the Early U.S. Navy. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD. 1995.
  • Philadelphia Museum of Art. William P.C. Barton, W1919-2-1. Fact Sheet.
  • Pleadwell, FL CAPT. William Paul Crillon Barton (1786–1856), Surgeon, United States Navy—A Pioneer in American Naval Medicine. The Military Surgeon 46 (1920): 241–281.
  • Pleadwell, FL CAPT. Edward Cutbush, M.D.: The Nestor of the Medical Corps of the Navy.” Annals of Medical History 5 (1923): 337–86.

January 01, 1970
william, barton, william, paul, crillon, barton, november, 1786, march, 1856, medical, botanist, physician, professor, naval, surgeon, botanical, illustrator, bornnovember, 1786philadelphia, pennsylvaniadiedmarch, 1856, 1856, aged, philadelphia, pennsylvaniare. William Paul Crillon Barton November 17 1786 March 27 1856 was a medical botanist physician professor naval surgeon and botanical illustrator 1 William P C BartonBornNovember 17 1786Philadelphia PennsylvaniaDiedMarch 27 1856 1856 03 28 aged 69 Philadelphia PennsylvaniaResting placeLaurel Hill CemeteryNationalityUnited States of AmericaOccupation s botanical illustrator university teacher physician botanist surgeon Liriodendron tulipiferaby William Barton Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Education 1 2 U S Naval Surgeon 1 3 Treatise on U S Navy hospitals 1 4 Pennsylvania academics 1 5 Personal life 2 Bibliography 3 Miscellaneous 4 References 5 Further readingBiography editBarton was born on November 17 1786 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania His father William Barton a lawyer was the designer of the Great Seal of the United States His uncle Benjamin Smith Barton 1766 1815 was an eminent medical botanist and vice president of the American Philosophical Society In 1813 the younger Barton was also elected a member of the American Philosophical Society 2 Education edit As was customary for the era Barton pursued a classical education at Princeton University graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1805 1 The curriculum included Aristotelian logic and study of the Greek and Latin languages While he was at Princeton each member of his class assumed the name of some celebrated man The one he chose was Count Paul Crillon and the initials P C were retained by him the rest of his life 3 Barton began studying medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1805 under his uncle Benjamin Smith Barton who was a renowned botanist and author of the first American text book on botanical science In these years of study William Barton s interest in botany and the natural sciences grew into a lifelong passion In 1808 upon publication of A Dissertation on Chymical Properties and Exhilarating Effects of Nitrous Oxide Gas and Its Application to Pneumatick Medicine Barton received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania Complete with an illustration of a giddy man breathing in laughing gas from a sheep s bladder the treatise had great impact on scientific thought when nitrous oxide experiments were generally derided as extravagant and imaginary 4 U S Naval Surgeon edit At the age of 23 Barton chose to enter the U S Navy as a surgeon He received his commission on April 10 1809 and less than week later commissioned the famous Thomas Sully to paint his portrait for a sum of 50 This painting now in the Wilstach Collection at the Philadelphia Museum of Art shows a young Barton in uniform a blue coat with gold braid and hands gloved Barton wrote I was overwhelmed with the difficulties I had to encounter in the performance of professional duties where every species of inconvenience and disadvantage that can be imagined was opposed to the exertions of the surgeon 5 Ultimately Barton was not one to accept inadequacies but rather to fight for reform Barton fought to tighten the controls of shipboard medical supplies He called for the introduction of lemons and limes aboard Navy ships long before the U S Navy accepted the importance of an antiscorbutic treatment for vitamin C deficiency or scurvy 6 Barton went as far as to send a bottle of lime juice to the Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton with the instructions to drink it in the form of lemonade 7 His outspoken manner angered many of his colleagues Barton of necessity became familiar with the administration of hospitals In February 1811 Congress passed an act establishing naval hospitals Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton later asked Barton to compose a set of regulations for governing these hospitals Barton was well aware of the shortcomings in Navy medical care Shipboard facilities were primitive and there were no permanent hospitals ashore only temporary facilities in Navy yards 8 Barton began by drafting rules for governing naval hospitals In 1812 the Navy Department submitted them to Congress Each hospital accommodating at least one hundred men should maintain a staff including a surgeon who must be a college or university graduate two surgeon s mates a steward a matron a wardmaster four permanent nurses and a variety of servants 8 Not satisfied with the hastily drafted suggestions Barton expanded his theories in a treatise published in 1814 8 He was the first to promote the idea of employing female nurses in the U S Navy He described the matron s characteristics she should be discreet reputable capable neat cleanly and tidy in her dress and urbane and tender in her deportment She would supervise the nurses and other attendants as well as those working in the laundry larder and kitchen but her main function was to ensure that patients were clean well fed and comfortable 8 nbsp William Barton serves on naval board June 11 1824 By 1824 Barton served on the first board to examine candidates for the Navy s medical service 9 The intent of the board was to examine Surgeon s Mates preparatory to their promotion to the rank of Surgeons The board was also authorized to examine applicants for Commissions as Surgeons Mates and report upon their fitness 10 In 1830 he became the commanding officer at Naval Hospital Norfolk VA He was involved in the development of the Philadelphia Naval Hospital when it was located in the Naval Asylum Today this gothic structure that also served as the first home of the U S Naval Academy stands in Grays Ferry President John Tyler appointed Barton to the office of first head of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery on September 2 1842 The post of Navy Surgeon General was created in March 1871 His time as Chief clerk was active but short Among his recommendations were the adoption of a supply table so that drugs and medical supplies could be properly procured and accounted for the abolition of a venereal fee uniform standards for recruits higher professional standards for Navy physicians standardizations and administrations of naval hospitals and strict control over the use of liquor on board ships He was a vehement prohibitionist and had a liquor circular pasted on boxes of whisky identifying the contents as medical supplies which required stringent accounting a step which was not popular in the fleet Treatise on U S Navy hospitals edit His A Treatise Containing a Plan for the Internal Organization and Government of Marine Hospitals in the United States Together with A Scheme for Amending and Systematizing the Medical Department of the United States Navy 1814 contained recommendations of reform for the already new Navy hospital system He urged that U S Navy hospitals should be modeled after British medical facilities One of his many recommendations recommended that all hospital property should be marked U S Naval Hospital to prevent theft 11 The mere fact of the book having achieved a second edition three years later is an indication of the estimation in which it was held It contained a fund of information collected from various sources both at home and abroad and revealed an originality of thought and expression which stamped its author as far in advance of the times 12 Pennsylvania academics edit On the death of his uncle Benjamin Smith Barton in 1815 William Barton became professor of botany at the University of Pennsylvania 3 and for years much of Barton s time was dedicated to the teaching of Materia Medica or medical botany at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Thomas Jefferson Medical College One of his prominent students was Dr Samuel D Gross later immortalized in the Thomas Eakins painting The Gross Clinic 1876 Gross portrayed his old teacher as a colorful character in a speech delivered to Alumni Association of Thomas Jefferson Medical College on March 11 1871 13 From 1828 to 1829 Barton also served as the Dean of Jefferson Medical College 13 He was a fellow of the college of physicians in Philadelphia president of the Linnaean Society and a member of the American Philosophical Society and other scientific societies 3 Personal life edit His brother was John Rhea Barton 1796 1871 the originator of corrective osteotomy for joint ankylosis He invented both the Barton bandage a figure eight bandage that provides support below and anterior to the lower jaw and Barton forceps obstetrical forceps with one fixed curved blade and lunged anterior blade for application to a high transverse position of the head The Barton Collection at Boston Public Library is named after Benjamin Smith Barton s son Thomas Pennant Barton 1803 1869 who was William Barton s first cousin It comprises one of largest and most valuable Shakespeare collections in the world Barton was married to Esther Sergeant the grand daughter of David Rittenhouse the great American astronomer and President of the American Philosophical Society Esther Barton allegedly colored many of Dr Barton s botanical drawings in his A Flora of North America but a search for documentation was not unsuccessful The colored plates in Flora that were engraved by Cornelius Tiebout using what Barton called the new style of engraving and the French method can be viewed online 14 He died on March 27 1856 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1 15 Bibliography editA Dissertation on Chymical Properties and Exhilarating Effects of Nitrous Oxide Gas and Its Application to Pneumatick Medicine Philadelphia Lorenzo Pres 1808 xiii v A Treatise Containing a Plan for the Internal Organization and Government of Marine Hospitals in the United States Together with A Scheme for Amending and Systematizing the Medical Department of the United States Navy 1st ed Philadelphia Privately printed 1814 Vegetable Materia Medica of the United States 1817 Compedium Florae Philadelphicae 1818 A Flora of North America vol 1 1821 vol 2 1822 vol 3 1823 Hints for Medical Officers Cruising in the West Indies 1830 A Polemical Remonstrance Against the Project of Creating the New Office of Surgeon General in the Navy of the United States 1838 Miscellaneous editThe Philadelphia Botanical Club publishes a journal named after Dr Barton called the Bartonia The publication publishes articles about original research in plant systematics plant ecology and plant conservation biology 16 The standard author abbreviation W P C Barton is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name 17 References edit a b c Kelly Howard A Burrage Walter L eds Barton William Paul Crillon American Medical Biographies Baltimore The Norman Remington Company APS Member History search amphilsoc org Retrieved April 2 2021 a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Wilson J G Fiske J eds 1900 Barton Thomas Appletons Cyclopaedia of American Biography New York D Appleton Barton WPC A Dissertation on Chymical Properties and Exhilarating Effects of Nitrous Oxide Gas and Its Application to Pneumatick Medicine Philadelphia Lorenzo Pres 1808 pages xiii v Barton WPC A Treatise Containing a Plan for the Internal Organization and Government of Marine Hospitals in the United States Together with A Scheme for Amending and Systematizing the Medical Department of the United States Navy 1st ed Philadelphia privately printed 1814 page xiii Vitamin C in health and disease Marcel Dekker Inc 1997 May 5 1997 ISBN 978 0 8247 9313 5 Retrieved June 17 2010 Barton WPC A Treatise Containing a Plan for the Internal Organization and Government of Marine Hospitals in the United States Together with A Scheme for Amending and Systematizing the Medical Department of the United States Navy 1st ed Philadelphia privately printed 1814 pages 147 155 a b c d Godson Susan H Serving Proudly A History of Women in the U S Navy Naval Institute 2001 McCallum Jack Edward 2008 Military medicine from ancient times to the 21st century ABC CLIO 2008 ISBN 978 1 85109 693 0 Retrieved June 8 2010 Navy Board New York Spectator New York New York June 11 1824 Barton WPC A Treatise Containing a Plan for the Internal Organization and Government of Marine Hospitals in the United States Together with A Scheme for Amending and Systematizing the Medical Department of the United States Navy 1st ed Philadelphia privately printed 1814 pages 38 39 Pleadwell Frank L Capt Edward Cutbush M D The Nestor of the Medical Corps of the Navy Annals of Medical History 5 1923 page 267 a b 49 Part IV University Components and Activities Chapter 49 The Medical College Deanship and Chapter 50 Hospital Administration pages 850 888 Thomas Jefferson University p 851 Retrieved November 27 2011 Clark Kimberling Cornelius Tiebout Engravings Part 10 Botany Barton and Barton Death of Dr Barton NY Jour Med 144 July 1856 For more information see Bartonia International Plant Names Index W P C Barton Further reading edit nbsp Wikisource has original works by or about William P C Barton Croskey JW History of Blockley A History of the Philadelphia General Hospital from its Inception 1731 1928 Gross Samuel D A speech to the Alumni Association at Thomas Jefferson Medical College March 11 1871 Langley HD A History of Medicine in the Early U S Navy Johns Hopkins Press Baltimore MD 1995 Philadelphia Museum of Art William P C Barton W1919 2 1 Fact Sheet Pleadwell FL CAPT William Paul Crillon Barton 1786 1856 Surgeon United States Navy A Pioneer in American Naval Medicine The Military Surgeon 46 1920 241 281 Pleadwell FL CAPT Edward Cutbush M D The Nestor of the Medical Corps of the Navy Annals of Medical History 5 1923 337 86 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title William P C Barton amp oldid 1214146137, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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