William A. Pullum
William A. Pullum (c. 1809 – March 25, 1876) was a 19th-century American slave trader, and a principal of Griffin & Pullum. He was based in Lexington, Kentucky, and for many years purchased, imprisoned, and shipped enslaved people from Virginia and Kentucky south to the Forks-of-the-Road slave market in Natchez, Mississippi.
William A. Pullum | |
|---|---|
"Negroes Wanted!" The Kentucky Tribune, August 22, 1856 | |
| Born | c. 1809 Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | March 25, 1876 Missouri, U.S. |
| Other names | Pullium, Pulliam |
| Occupation | Slave trader |
Biography edit
Pullum was born about 1810 in Kentucky.[1] He was said to be one of the "early residents" of Fayette County, Kentucky.[2] Pullum married Eliza Jane McCann in Fayette County in December 1835.[3] It is unknown when Pullum entered the slave trade in the United States but he had letters waiting for him at the Natchez, Mississippi post office in 1833[4] and 1837.[5]
In 1848, Pullum advertised in a Lexington newspaper that he wanted "BLACKS—50 Likely Young Negroes wanted to purchase. Inquire of W. A. Pullum, near the Bruen House."[6] In May 1902, historian Frederic Bancroft interviewed a man named Alfred Wornell, who had been trafficked to Natchez from Lexington by Pullum, likely in the late 1840s. Wornell said:
Den Billy Pullum bought me. Him an' Pierce Griffin was niggah-tradahs, an' put me in his jail in Lexin'ton. Pullum brought me down t' Griffin's yahd at de Forks o' de Road...Sixty-three hade [head] of us walked. Dere was two wagons an' a amb 'lance. Here was only one little chile; de res' was men an' women. De oldes' man was 'bout 45 and de women 'bout 15 to 25. Dey give us meat an' bread an' coffee. Dere was plenty of it while we was comin'. We started 'fore day an' traveled till three o'clock in de ev'nin. We stopped some days to res' up...Fettahs was kep' on my ankles for a week er two 'cause I had run away."[7]
Sometimes enslaved people trafficked by Pullum were shipped south by steamboat, rather than being driven in coffles, in which case, per court testimony of an agent for Pullum, they were kept chained until the Ohio River became the Mississippi, in order to prevent the prisoners from jumping overboard and attempting to swim to safety in a free state.[8]
Pullum owned a slave jail in Lexington that was leased by Lewis C. Robards in the late 1840s.[9] According to J. Winston Coleman in Slavery Times in Kentucky (1940), Pullum "gave notice that, on account of ill health, he had leased out his 'old stand' near the Bruen House, which faced Broadway with the slave 'coops' fronting on Mechanics Alley. To all of his old friends and customers, Pullum warmly recommended his new lessee."[10] In the 1850s, a kidnapped free woman of color Henrietta Woods was held in a slave jail on Broadway in Lexington that was said to be owned by Pullum. In her legal filings, she described the cell block as wet and rat-infested. Her individual cell was seven by eight, had a barred door, and had one small window close to the ceiling.[8]
At the time of the 1850 census Pullum was living in the household of his in-laws, occupation "none."[1] He owned real estate valued at US$6,000 (equivalent to $219,744 in 2023).[1] The occupation of one of the other members of the household was "trader."[1]
In October 1852, Griffin & Pullum announced in the Natchez Daily Courier newspaper that they had "established themselves at the Forks of the road, Natchez, where they intend establishing a permanent Slave Depot. They have servants of all kinds for sale."[11] Four months later, a follow up announced: "Slaves! Slaves! Slaves! FRESH ARRIVALS WEEKLY. Having established ourselves at the Forks of the Road, near Natchez, for a term of years, we have now on hand and intend to keep throughout the entire year, a large and well-selected stock of Negroes, consisting of field-hands, house servants, mechanics, cooks, seamstresses, washers, ironers, which we can and sell as low or lower than any other house here or in New Orleans. Persons wishing to purchase, would do well to call on us before making purchases elsewhere, as our regular arrivals will keep us supplied with good and general assortment. Our terms are liberal. Give us a call."[12] In October 1853, 41-year-old Pullum remarried in Fayette County, following the death of his first wife, Emma Shrewsbury, age 21.[13] Pullum testified in an 1853 deposition that in the 1840s, the expected profit for traders selling people down the river was about $100 to $150, or about $3,000 or $4,000 per person in 2023 money.[8] Later in the 1850s, Griffin & Pullum became Griffin, Pullum & Co., with Asa Blackwell and F. G. Murphy representing the Co.[14]
In 1858, a newspaper in Frankfort, Kentucky reported "Lexington is once again infested with incendiaries. Several stables have been set on fire within the last few days, and one owned by W. A. Pullum was totally destroyed."[15]
In 1866, property in Desha County, Arkansas titled to William A. and Emma Pullum was auctioned to pay a debt.[16] At the time of the 1870 census, Pullum lived in Springfield, Missouri.[17] He worked as a retail grocer, and the value of his personal estate was US$1,000 (equivalent to $24,095 in 2023).[18] His wife was proprietress of a boarding house called Kentucky House, which was located on Olive Street 50 yd (46 m) north of the courthouse.[19] She placed a newspaper advertisement seeking "day, transient and week boarders."[19]
In popular culture edit
Pullum appears as a character in Milton Meltzer's Underground Man, a juvenile historical fiction book set in the border states before the American Civil War.[20]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d "United States Census, 1850", database with images, FamilySearch https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M659-G55 Entry for Neal McCann and Elizabeth McCann, 1850.
- ^ Moore, John Trotwood; Foster, Austin Powers (1923). Tennessee: The Volunteer State, 1769-1923. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. pp. 479–480.
- ^ "Kentucky, County Marriages, 1797-1954," database with images, FamilySearch https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2D6-3QCK William A Pullam and Eliza Jane Mccann, 26 Dec 1835; citing Marriage, Fayette, Kentucky, United States, various county clerks and county courts, Kentucky; FHL microfilm 9,003.
- ^ "List of Letters". The Natchez Weekly Courier. 1833-06-14. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
- ^ "The Mississippi Free Trader 09 Feb 1837, page Page 3". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
- ^ "Advertisement". Daily Lexington Atlas. Vol. 1, no. 181. 1848-07-12. Retrieved 2023-09-13 – via Kentucky Room Digital Archives - Image Viewer (rescarta.lexpublib.org).
- ^ Bancroft, Frederic (2023) [1931, 1996]. Slave Trading in the Old South (Original publisher: J. H. Fürst Co., Baltimore). Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman (Reprint ed.). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 287, 306–307. ISBN 978-1-64336-427-8. LCCN 95020493. OCLC 1153619151.
- ^ a b c McDaniel, W. Caleb (2019). Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 87, 105. ISBN 9780190847005. OCLC 1110183789.
- ^ Lucas, Marion Brunson (2003-06-01). A History of Blacks in Kentucky: From Slavery to Segregation, 1760-1891. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-916968-32-8.
- ^ Coleman, J. Winston (1940). "Chapter VI: 'Niggah Tradahs' & Chapter VII: Down the River & Chapter VIII: 'Nigger Stealers'". Slavery times in Kentucky. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. p. 173.
- ^ "Griffin & Pullum". Natchez Daily Courier. 1852-10-15. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
- ^ "Slaves! Slaves! Slaves!". Natchez Daily Courier. 1853-02-11. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
- ^ "Kentucky Marriages, 1785-1979", database, FamilySearch https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:F443-YJH W. A. Pullman, 1853.
- ^ "Just Received: Two First Rate Lots of Negroes". The Natchez Bulletin. 1857-04-03. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
- ^ Frankfort Tri Weekly Commonwealth Newspaper Archives August 27, 1858 Page 3 http://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/kentucky/frankfort/frankfort-tri-weekly-commonwealth/1858/08-27/page-3/
- ^ "Trustee's Sale in Desha Co. Ark". The Times-Picayune. 1866-07-20. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
- ^ "United States Census, 1870", database with images, FamilySearch https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M46Q-5WV Entry for William Pullum and Emma Pullum, 1870.
- ^ "United States Census, 1870", database with images, FamilySearch https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M46Q-5WV Entry for William Pullum and Emma Pullum, 1870.
- ^ a b "Kentucky House". Springfield Leader and Press. 1870-06-30. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-13.
- ^ Meltzer, Milton (2006). Underground Man. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-205518-9.
Further reading edit
External links edit
- "ENSLAVEMENT DEALERS FOUND in OLD RECORD BOOK are "CHILLING"". ForksYaRoads. 2020. Retrieved 2023-09-13.