Virata Parva, also known as the “Book of Virata”, is the fourth of eighteen books of the Indian Epic Mahabharata.[1] Virata Parva traditionally has 4 parts and 72 chapters.[2][3] The critical edition of Virata Parva has 4 parts and 67 chapters.[4][5]
In Book 2 of Mahabharata, the Pandavas agree to spend 13th year of their exile incognito. Virata Parva describes their efforts at living under concealed identities (shown above), traumas and adventures.
It discusses the 13th year of exile which the Pandavas must spend incognito to avoid another 12 years of exile in the forest. They do so in the court of Virata.[2] They assume a variety of identities. Yudhishthira assumes the identity of game entertainer to the king and calls himself Kanka, Bhima of a cook Ballava,[6] Arjuna teaches dance and music as eunuch Brihannala and dresses as a woman, Nakula tends horses as Granthika, Sahadeva herds cows as Tantipala, and Draupadi in the name of Malini went as Sairandhri to queen Shudeshna.[1]
The Pandavas discuss ways they can each conceal their identity for one year, and thus meet the pledge they made at the time of their exile. While Pandavas have grown up in a princely family, they must now assume non-princely professions to avoid being detected. If they are detected, the terms of their exile pledge would extend the exile by another 12 years. They chose to spend last year exile in King Virata kingdom in disguise. Yudhishthira presents himself to King as courtier, by the name of Kanka, Bhima as cook and wrestler by name Vallaba,[8] Arjuna dresses up in a saree as neuter by the name of Brihannala,[9] Nakula as keeper of horses by name Granthika, Sahadeva as keeper of kine by name Tantipala,[10] and Draupadi as female artisan by name Sairandhri.[11][12] The parva describes Pandavas' life as workers in Virata's kingdom, with king Virata as a famous cow baron.[1] Chapter 13 is sometimes named Samayapalana Parva.[13]
Maid Sairandhri (Draupadi) is humiliated in Virata's court by Kichaka (left) in the last month of the 13th year. Bhima kills Kichaka.
Kichaka,[15] the commander of king Virata's forces, sees maid Sairandhri (incognito Draupadi), lusts for her. Kichaka approaches the queen, and inquires about Sairandhri. The queen does not know the true identity of Sairandhri, and arranges a meeting. Sairandhri informs Kichaka that she is married, and his stalking of her is inappropriate and against Dharma. Kichaka offers her release from being a maid and a life of luxury. Sairandhri says it is wrong for him to continue pursuing her. Kichaka gets desperate, desires Sairandhri even more. Queen Shudeshna asks Sairandhri to go get wine for her from Kichaka's house. Sairindhri goes in fear to Kichaka house to get wine. Kichaka meets her there, tries to molest her, Sairandhri pushes him and runs to the court of king Virata. Kichaka chases her, catches and kicks her in the court of Virata in front of the king. Sairandhri (Draupadi) demands justice from the king. Virata and Kanka (Yudhishthira) console Sairandhri, promise due investigation of all facts and then justice. Sairandhri, upset with her humiliation, the delay in justice, scolds both the king and Kanka. The queen learns about the mistreatment of Sairindhri, promises death to Kichaka. Draupadi meets Bhima, describes her humiliation by Kichaka, as well as how frustrated she has been with the 12 years of exile, for suffering the vice of her husband Yudhishthira. Draupadi explains why Kichaka is evil, explains she repeatedly rejected Kichaka, and demands Kichaka's death. Next day, Kichaka again approaches maid Sairandhri, and harasses her. Sairandhri asks him to meet her at a hiding place. Bhima meets Kichaka instead, and kills Kichaka. Friends and family of Kichaka blame maid Sairandhri, for Kichaka's death, catch her and try to burn her to death. Bhima gets upset, attacks and kills all those trying to burn Sairandhri. Draupadi is saved.[3] The story presents the interconnectedness of crime to people related to the victim and the perpetrator, their emotions and how people take sides. Kichaka story from the Mahabharata is one of those that is dramatized in Indian classical dances, such as Kathakali.[16]
Prince Uttara, with the help of Arjuna, defeats the attack by the army of Kuru brothers. He returns to his capital with wealth and cows that were looted from Matsya kingdom. This story is recited in Go-grahana sub-book of Virata Parva.[14]
Dhritarashtra and Duryodhana disclose their spies have been looking for Pandavas in forests, villages, provinces and cities, unsuccessfully. Two more weeks are left of the 13th year of exile. Karna suggests they hire more competent spies, fan inside their kingdom, in holy places among ascetics, and in distant kingdoms. Drona recommends that instead of sending spies, Dhritarashtra should seek peace and welcome the Pandavas. Bhishma agrees with Drona, counsels Dhritarashtra to find the brothers where they are likely to be and bring them back. Bhishma speculates that the good and high souled people like Pandava brothers always create prosperity, peace, cheer and health of all creatures wherever they go. Look for them in places where prosperity and cheer has recently increased. Kripa agrees with Bhishma speculation, but suggests Dhritarashtra to prepare for war to kill Pandavas, as they are likely to be weak and without soldiers at the end of the exile. Susharma, the king of Trigartas, present during this discussion, suggests Virata kingdom fits this profile. Susharma recommends an attack on the Virata's kingdom of Matsya, seizure of its wealth of kine (cows) and recent prosperity. The army of Susharma attack Matsya, loot his kine and wealth, take king Virata captive. Bhima recommends immediate retaliation and war. Yudhishthira recommends caution and careful response. Bhima frees Virata, takes injured Susharma captive. Yudhishthira recommends that Susharma - the prisoner of war - be forgiven and freed, not killed. Virata, accompanied with Yudhishthira and Bhima, leaves his kingdom to bring back the kine and wealth from Susharma. Duryodhana surmises that the Pandavas were hiding in Matsya. A host of Kaurava warriors attack Virata, presumably to steal their cattle, but in reality, desiring to pierce the Pandavas' veil of anonymity. Full of bravado, Virata's son Uttar attempts to take on the army by himself while the rest of the Matsya army has been lured away to fight Susharma and the Trigartas. As suggested by Draupadi, Uttar takes Brihannala with him, as his charioteer. When he sees the Kaurava army, Uttar loses his nerve and attempts to flee. There, Arjuna reveals his identity and those of his brothers'. Switching places with Uttar, Arjuna takes up the Gandiva and Devadatta. Eager to defend the land that had given him refuge, Arjuna engaged the legion of Kaurava warriors. All the warriors including Bhishma, Drona, Karna, Kripa and Ashwatthama together attacked Arjuna to kill him but Arjuna defeated all of them multiple times.[18] During the battle, Arjuna also killed Sangramjit-the foster brother of Karna and instead of taking the revenge of his brother, Karna took heroic flight in order to save his life from Arjuna.Ashwatthama cuts the string of Gandiva while fighting with Arjuna, thus becoming the first warrior to do so. Arjuna invoked Sammohana Astra which made all of them fall asleep. Uttar asked Arjuna why he couldn't have killed them instead of making them fall-sleep. Arjuna then told Uttara that clothes of dead people would become unholy. Arjuna asked Uttar to collect their clothes for Uttarā (his sister) to decorate her dolls. He asked Uttara to collect Duryodhana's red clothes; Karna's pink colored and Dushasana's blue colored clothes. [19][20] Prince Uttara returns victorious with wealth and Arjuna. When the news of prince Uttara victory heard by King, he became filled with joy and played game of dice with Kanka. Kanka began to applaud prowess of Vrihannala(Arjuna) for the victory of his son. King Virata inflamed with anger forcibly struck Yudhishthira in the face with a dice, and went away. Thus struck, blood began to flow from his nose. Yudhisthira held his nose and cleanses it with water with the help of Draupadi. Meanwhile Uttara returns to give his victory news in the court to the King, where Arjuna was held from entering by a guard as per Yudhishthira words as he could get angry at the insult of his brother and could slay the King with his troops. Uttara criticizes his father's act and the King asks for forgiveness.
On 3rd day after Virata victory, attired in costly robes Pandavas entered the council-hall of Virata and took their seat on the thrones reserved for Kings. Virata came there for holding his council and beholding his courtiers occupying royal seat, filled with wrath. Arjuna discloses to king Virata that he and his Pandava brothers have been in his kingdom in disguise, over the 13th year of their exile. Virata asks for forgiveness and gives his daughter, princess Uttarā hand to Arjuna's son Abhimanyu.
English translations
Several translations of the Sanskrit book Virata Parva in English are available. Two translations from 19th century, now in public domain, are those by Kisari Mohan Ganguli[14] and Manmatha Nath Dutt.[3] The translations vary with each translator's interpretations.
J. A. B. van Buitenen completed an annotated edition of Virata Parva, based on critically edited and least corrupted version of Mahabharata known in 1975.[1] Debroy, in 2011, notes that updated critical edition of Virata Parva, with spurious and corrupted text removed, has 4 parts, 67 adhyayas (chapters) and 1,736 shlokas (verses).[21] Debroy's translation of a critical edition of Virata Parva appears in Volume 4 of his series.[22]
Clay Sanskrit Library has published a 15-volume set of the Mahabharata that includes a translation of Virata Parva by Kathleen Garbutt. This translation is modern and uses an old manuscript of the Epic. The translation does not remove verses and chapters now widely believed to be spurious and smuggled into the Epic in 1st or 2nd millennium CE.[23]
Quotations and teachings
This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process.
Abhimanyu marries princess Uttarā in Virata Parva. Their story is often displayed in traditional Wayang (puppet, pop and theatre) in the Hindu culture found in Bali and pockets of Java, Indonesia.[24]
Pandava Pravesha Parva, Chapter 4:
A wise man should never contract friendship with the wife of the king nor with other attendants of his, nor with those whom he despises and who are hostile to him.
— Pandava Pravesha Parva, Virata Parva, Mahabharata Book iv.4.19[25]
Pandava Pravesha Parva, Chapter 14:
Tell me, O lady, who is this bewitching girl of fine beauty, endued with the grace of a goddess, and whose she is and where she comes from. She has brought me to subjection by grinding my heart. I think there is no other medicine to heal me, except her.
— Kichaka lusting for Draupadi, Pandava Pravesha Parva, Virata Parva, Mahabharata Book iv.14.8[26]
Kichaka-vadha Parva, Chapter 21:
That wicked-souled Kichaka is war like, proud, outrager of female modesty and engrossed in all objects of pleasure. He steals money from the king. He extorts money from others, even if they cry in woe; he never stays in paths of rectitude nor does he even feel inclined to virtue. He is wicked-souled, of sinful disposition, impudent, villaneous and afflicted by Cupid's shaft. Although I have repeatedly rejected him, he will, I am sure, outrage me, whenever he happens to see me.
— Draupadi explaining her case against Kichaka, Kichaka-badha Parva, Virata Parva, Mahabharata Book iv.21.36-39[27]
Go-harana Parva, Chapter 38:
Uttara said: Let the Kurus take away the profuse riches of the Matsyas as they like; let men and women laugh at me, O Vrihannala. Let the kine go any where, let my city be desolate, let me fear my father, but I shall not enter into battle. Vrihannala said: To fly is not the practice of the brave; death in battle is preferable to flight in fear.
— Vrihannala (incognito Arjuna) and Prince Uttara fearful of war, Go-harana Parva, Virata Parva, Mahabharata Book iv.38.26-29[28]
^ abcdvan Buitenen, J.A.B. (1978) The Mahabharata: Book 4: The Book of the Virata; Book 5: The Book of the Effort. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
^ abcGanguli, K.M. (1883-1896) "Virata Parva" in The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa (12 Volumes). Calcutta
^van Buitenen, J.A.B. (1973) The Mahabharata: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, p 476
^Debroy, B. (2010) The Mahabharata, Volume 1. Gurgaon: Penguin Books India, pp xxiii - xxvi
^Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 75.
^"Mahābhārata (Table of Contents)". The Titi Tudorancea Bulletin. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
Virata Parva, Translation in English, by Manmatha Nath Dutt
Le Mahabharata, Translation in French, by H. Fauche (Paris, 1868)
Virata Parva in Sanskrit by Vyasadeva and commentary by Nilakantha (Editor: Kinjawadekar, 1929)
January 07, 2023
virata, parva, also, known, book, virata, fourth, eighteen, books, indian, epic, mahabharata, traditionally, parts, chapters, critical, edition, parts, chapters, book, mahabharata, pandavas, agree, spend, 13th, year, their, exile, incognito, describes, their, . Virata Parva also known as the Book of Virata is the fourth of eighteen books of the Indian Epic Mahabharata 1 Virata Parva traditionally has 4 parts and 72 chapters 2 3 The critical edition of Virata Parva has 4 parts and 67 chapters 4 5 In Book 2 of Mahabharata the Pandavas agree to spend 13th year of their exile incognito Virata Parva describes their efforts at living under concealed identities shown above traumas and adventures It discusses the 13th year of exile which the Pandavas must spend incognito to avoid another 12 years of exile in the forest They do so in the court of Virata 2 They assume a variety of identities Yudhishthira assumes the identity of game entertainer to the king and calls himself Kanka Bhima of a cook Ballava 6 Arjuna teaches dance and music as eunuch Brihannala and dresses as a woman Nakula tends horses as Granthika Sahadeva herds cows as Tantipala and Draupadi in the name of Malini went as Sairandhri to queen Shudeshna 1 Contents 1 Structure and chapters 2 English translations 3 Quotations and teachings 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksStructure and chapters EditThis book traditionally has 4 sub parvas parts or little books and 72 adhyayas sections chapters 2 3 The following are the sub parvas 7 1 Pandava Pravesha Parva Chapters 1 13 3 The Pandavas discuss ways they can each conceal their identity for one year and thus meet the pledge they made at the time of their exile While Pandavas have grown up in a princely family they must now assume non princely professions to avoid being detected If they are detected the terms of their exile pledge would extend the exile by another 12 years They chose to spend last year exile in King Virata kingdom in disguise Yudhishthira presents himself to King as courtier by the name of Kanka Bhima as cook and wrestler by name Vallaba 8 Arjuna dresses up in a saree as neuter by the name of Brihannala 9 Nakula as keeper of horses by name Granthika Sahadeva as keeper of kine by name Tantipala 10 and Draupadi as female artisan by name Sairandhri 11 12 The parva describes Pandavas life as workers in Virata s kingdom with king Virata as a famous cow baron 1 Chapter 13 is sometimes named Samayapalana Parva 13 dd Maid Sairandhri Draupadi is humiliated in Virata s court by Kichaka left in the last month of the 13th year Bhima kills Kichaka 2 Kichaka vadha Parva Chapters 14 24 14 Kichaka 15 the commander of king Virata s forces sees maid Sairandhri incognito Draupadi lusts for her Kichaka approaches the queen and inquires about Sairandhri The queen does not know the true identity of Sairandhri and arranges a meeting Sairandhri informs Kichaka that she is married and his stalking of her is inappropriate and against Dharma Kichaka offers her release from being a maid and a life of luxury Sairandhri says it is wrong for him to continue pursuing her Kichaka gets desperate desires Sairandhri even more Queen Shudeshna asks Sairandhri to go get wine for her from Kichaka s house Sairindhri goes in fear to Kichaka house to get wine Kichaka meets her there tries to molest her Sairandhri pushes him and runs to the court of king Virata Kichaka chases her catches and kicks her in the court of Virata in front of the king Sairandhri Draupadi demands justice from the king Virata and Kanka Yudhishthira console Sairandhri promise due investigation of all facts and then justice Sairandhri upset with her humiliation the delay in justice scolds both the king and Kanka The queen learns about the mistreatment of Sairindhri promises death to Kichaka Draupadi meets Bhima describes her humiliation by Kichaka as well as how frustrated she has been with the 12 years of exile for suffering the vice of her husband Yudhishthira Draupadi explains why Kichaka is evil explains she repeatedly rejected Kichaka and demands Kichaka s death Next day Kichaka again approaches maid Sairandhri and harasses her Sairandhri asks him to meet her at a hiding place Bhima meets Kichaka instead and kills Kichaka Friends and family of Kichaka blame maid Sairandhri for Kichaka s death catch her and try to burn her to death Bhima gets upset attacks and kills all those trying to burn Sairandhri Draupadi is saved 3 The story presents the interconnectedness of crime to people related to the victim and the perpetrator their emotions and how people take sides Kichaka story from the Mahabharata is one of those that is dramatized in Indian classical dances such as Kathakali 16 dd 3 Go harana Parva Chapters 25 69 3 17 Prince Uttara with the help of Arjuna defeats the attack by the army of Kuru brothers He returns to his capital with wealth and cows that were looted from Matsya kingdom This story is recited in Go grahana sub book of Virata Parva 14 Dhritarashtra and Duryodhana disclose their spies have been looking for Pandavas in forests villages provinces and cities unsuccessfully Two more weeks are left of the 13th year of exile Karna suggests they hire more competent spies fan inside their kingdom in holy places among ascetics and in distant kingdoms Drona recommends that instead of sending spies Dhritarashtra should seek peace and welcome the Pandavas Bhishma agrees with Drona counsels Dhritarashtra to find the brothers where they are likely to be and bring them back Bhishma speculates that the good and high souled people like Pandava brothers always create prosperity peace cheer and health of all creatures wherever they go Look for them in places where prosperity and cheer has recently increased Kripa agrees with Bhishma speculation but suggests Dhritarashtra to prepare for war to kill Pandavas as they are likely to be weak and without soldiers at the end of the exile Susharma the king of Trigartas present during this discussion suggests Virata kingdom fits this profile Susharma recommends an attack on the Virata s kingdom of Matsya seizure of its wealth of kine cows and recent prosperity The army of Susharma attack Matsya loot his kine and wealth take king Virata captive Bhima recommends immediate retaliation and war Yudhishthira recommends caution and careful response Bhima frees Virata takes injured Susharma captive Yudhishthira recommends that Susharma the prisoner of war be forgiven and freed not killed Virata accompanied with Yudhishthira and Bhima leaves his kingdom to bring back the kine and wealth from Susharma Duryodhana surmises that the Pandavas were hiding in Matsya A host of Kaurava warriors attack Virata presumably to steal their cattle but in reality desiring to pierce the Pandavas veil of anonymity Full of bravado Virata s son Uttar attempts to take on the army by himself while the rest of the Matsya army has been lured away to fight Susharma and the Trigartas As suggested by Draupadi Uttar takes Brihannala with him as his charioteer When he sees the Kaurava army Uttar loses his nerve and attempts to flee There Arjuna reveals his identity and those of his brothers Switching places with Uttar Arjuna takes up the Gandiva and Devadatta Eager to defend the land that had given him refuge Arjuna engaged the legion of Kaurava warriors All the warriors including Bhishma Drona Karna Kripa and Ashwatthama together attacked Arjuna to kill him but Arjuna defeated all of them multiple times 18 During the battle Arjuna also killed Sangramjit the foster brother of Karna and instead of taking the revenge of his brother Karna took heroic flight in order to save his life from Arjuna Ashwatthama cuts the string of Gandiva while fighting with Arjuna thus becoming the first warrior to do so Arjuna invoked Sammohana Astra which made all of them fall asleep Uttar asked Arjuna why he couldn t have killed them instead of making them fall sleep Arjuna then told Uttara that clothes of dead people would become unholy Arjuna asked Uttar to collect their clothes for Uttara his sister to decorate her dolls He asked Uttara to collect Duryodhana s red clothes Karna s pink colored and Dushasana s blue colored clothes 19 20 Prince Uttara returns victorious with wealth and Arjuna When the news of prince Uttara victory heard by King he became filled with joy and played game of dice with Kanka Kanka began to applaud prowess of Vrihannala Arjuna for the victory of his son King Virata inflamed with anger forcibly struck Yudhishthira in the face with a dice and went away Thus struck blood began to flow from his nose Yudhisthira held his nose and cleanses it with water with the help of Draupadi Meanwhile Uttara returns to give his victory news in the court to the King where Arjuna was held from entering by a guard as per Yudhishthira words as he could get angry at the insult of his brother and could slay the King with his troops Uttara criticizes his father s act and the King asks for forgiveness dd 4 Vaivahika Parva Chapters 70 72 14 On 3rd day after Virata victory attired in costly robes Pandavas entered the council hall of Virata and took their seat on the thrones reserved for Kings Virata came there for holding his council and beholding his courtiers occupying royal seat filled with wrath Arjuna discloses to king Virata that he and his Pandava brothers have been in his kingdom in disguise over the 13th year of their exile Virata asks for forgiveness and gives his daughter princess Uttara hand to Arjuna s son Abhimanyu dd English translations EditSeveral translations of the Sanskrit book Virata Parva in English are available Two translations from 19th century now in public domain are those by Kisari Mohan Ganguli 14 and Manmatha Nath Dutt 3 The translations vary with each translator s interpretations J A B van Buitenen completed an annotated edition of Virata Parva based on critically edited and least corrupted version of Mahabharata known in 1975 1 Debroy in 2011 notes that updated critical edition of Virata Parva with spurious and corrupted text removed has 4 parts 67 adhyayas chapters and 1 736 shlokas verses 21 Debroy s translation of a critical edition of Virata Parva appears in Volume 4 of his series 22 Clay Sanskrit Library has published a 15 volume set of the Mahabharata that includes a translation of Virata Parva by Kathleen Garbutt This translation is modern and uses an old manuscript of the Epic The translation does not remove verses and chapters now widely believed to be spurious and smuggled into the Epic in 1st or 2nd millennium CE 23 Quotations and teachings EditThis section is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process Abhimanyu marries princess Uttara in Virata Parva Their story is often displayed in traditional Wayang puppet pop and theatre in the Hindu culture found in Bali and pockets of Java Indonesia 24 Pandava Pravesha Parva Chapter 4 A wise man should never contract friendship with the wife of the king nor with other attendants of his nor with those whom he despises and who are hostile to him Pandava Pravesha Parva Virata Parva Mahabharata Book iv 4 19 25 Pandava Pravesha Parva Chapter 14 Tell me O lady who is this bewitching girl of fine beauty endued with the grace of a goddess and whose she is and where she comes from She has brought me to subjection by grinding my heart I think there is no other medicine to heal me except her Kichaka lusting for Draupadi Pandava Pravesha Parva Virata Parva Mahabharata Book iv 14 8 26 Kichaka vadha Parva Chapter 21 That wicked souled Kichaka is war like proud outrager of female modesty and engrossed in all objects of pleasure He steals money from the king He extorts money from others even if they cry in woe he never stays in paths of rectitude nor does he even feel inclined to virtue He is wicked souled of sinful disposition impudent villaneous and afflicted by Cupid s shaft Although I have repeatedly rejected him he will I am sure outrage me whenever he happens to see me Draupadi explaining her case against Kichaka Kichaka badha Parva Virata Parva Mahabharata Book iv 21 36 39 27 Go harana Parva Chapter 38 Uttara said Let the Kurus take away the profuse riches of the Matsyas as they like let men and women laugh at me O Vrihannala Let the kine go any where let my city be desolate let me fear my father but I shall not enter into battle Vrihannala said To fly is not the practice of the brave death in battle is preferable to flight in fear Vrihannala incognito Arjuna and Prince Uttara fearful of war Go harana Parva Virata Parva Mahabharata Book iv 38 26 29 28 See also EditPrevious book of Mahabharata Vana Parva Next book of Mahabharata Udyoga ParvaReferences Edit a b c d van Buitenen J A B 1978 The Mahabharata Book 4 The Book of the Virata Book 5 The Book of the Effort Chicago IL University of Chicago Press a b c Ganguli K M 1883 1896 Virata Parva in The Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa 12 Volumes Calcutta a b c d e f Dutt M N 1896 The Mahabharata Volume 4 Virata Parva Calcutta Elysium Press van Buitenen J A B 1973 The Mahabharata Book 1 The Book of the Beginning Chicago IL University of Chicago Press p 476 Debroy B 2010 The Mahabharata Volume 1 Gurgaon Penguin Books India pp xxiii xxvi Gopal Madan 1990 K S Gautam ed India through the ages Publication Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India p 75 Mahabharata Table of Contents The Titi Tudorancea Bulletin Retrieved 2021 03 01 sometimes spelled Ballava sometimes spelled Brihannala Bŗhannaḑa Also spelled Tantripala Sahadeva claims his family name is Arishtanemi in some literature he is referred to as Arishtanemi J A B van Buitenen Translator The Mahabharata Volume 3 1978 ISBN 978 0226846651 University of Chicago Press pages 9 10 sometimes spelled Shairandhri Sairaṃdhrỉ The Mahabharata Book 4 Virata Parva Samayapalana Parva Section XIII www sacred texts com Retrieved 2021 03 01 a b c d Virata Parva Mahabharata Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli Published by P C Roy 1884 sometimes spelled Kicaka See cited J A B van Buitenen source at pages 11 12 David Boland 2006 The Mahabharata in Kathakali Dance Drama Global Vision Publishing ISBN 978 8182201811 pages 105 129 Monier Williams 1868 Indian Epic Poetry University of Oxford Williams amp Norgate London page 105 107 The Mahabharata Book 4 Virata Parva Go harana Parva Section LXI www sacred texts com Retrieved 19 January 2018 YouTube a Google company YouTube a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint url status link The Mahabharata Book 4 Virata Parva Go harana Parva Section LIV www sacred texts com Retrieved 19 January 2018 Bibek Debroy The Mahabharata Volume 3 ISBN 978 0143100157 Penguin Books page xxiii xxiv of Introduction Bibek Debroy 2011 The Mahabharata Volume 4 Penguin ISBN 978 0143100164 Virata Parva Kathleen Garbutt Book IV The Clay Sanskrit Library Mahabharata 15 volume Set ISBN 978 0 8147 3183 3 New York University Press Bilingual Edition Parto F S 2001 Recent history of Javanese classical dance A reassessment Contemporary Theatre Review 11 1 pages 9 17 Manmatha Nath Dutt 1896 Virata Parva The Mahabharata Elysium Press Manmatha Nath Dutt 1896 Virata Parva The Mahabharata Elysium Press Manmatha Nath Dutt 1896 Virata Parva The Mahabharata Elysium Press Manmatha Nath Dutt 1896 Virata Parva The Mahabharata Elysium PressExternal links EditTranslation by Kisari Mohan Ganguli Virata Parva Translation in English by Manmatha Nath Dutt Le Mahabharata Translation in French by H Fauche Paris 1868 Virata Parva in Sanskrit by Vyasadeva and commentary by Nilakantha Editor Kinjawadekar 1929 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Virata Parva amp oldid 1128108216, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
