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Viltis (newspaper)

April 12, 2024

Viltis (literally: hope) was a Lithuanian-language newspaper published in Vilnius in 1907–1915 and 1991–1994. The newspapers was established in October 1907 by Antanas Smetona and Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas. It promoted unity among Lithuanians attempting to bring together conservative Catholic clergy and more liberal intelligentsia. The newspaper concentrated on cultural matters as opposed to politics or news reports. It was supported by the clergy, but it was not a religious newspaper. Eventually, the clergy grew dissatisfied with the secular and moderate tone and Smetona left in 1913 to establish a separate newspaper Vairas. The intellectuals around Viltis became known as viltininkai and formed an early embryo of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union, the ruling party in Lithuania in 1926–1940.[1] Viltis was discontinued due to World War I. It was briefly resurrected in the early 1990s by the Lithuanian Nationalist Union.

Viltis in 1907–1915 edit

History edit

 
Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas (right) transfers Viltis to its new editor Fabijonas Kemėšis (left)

The newspapers was established in October 1907 and published three time a week. It filed the void of Lithuanian-language newspapers in Vilnius as Vilniaus žinios was discontinued due to financial difficulties in March 1907.[2] Antanas Smetona, an intellectual who previously edited Vilniaus žinios, and Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, a priest who previously edited Tėvynės sargas, formed a partnership in hopes of uniting Lithuanians.[2] They hoped to bring together the conservative clergy and the more liberal intelligentsia (known as pirmeiviai) to combat Polonization, particularly in the mixed Vilnius Region.[3] Smetona was the responsible editor setting newspaper's ideology while Tumas-Vaižgantas handled the business and the finances. They established a trust company, supported initially by 179 subscribers – mostly members of the clergy – who contributed 100 rubles each, to finance the operations.[2] It was the first Lithuanian newspaper set up this way.[4] In 1908, Viltis had a circulation of 4,000 copies.[5]

In November 1910, Tumas-Vaižgantas published an article listing known churches were Lithuanian-language services were removed by orders of Kazimierz Nicholas Michalkiewicz [pl], administrator of the Diocese of Vilnius while Bishop Eduard von der Ropp was in exile.[6] This caused much controversy and Bishop Gaspar Felicjan Cyrtowt [pl] assigned Tumas-Vaižgantas to Laižuva in northern Lithuania. Effectively, it was an exile and also meant his departure from Viltis.[6] His place was taken by other priests, Fabijonas Kemėšis and later Juozas Dabužis. Various Lithuanian groups sent letters protesting the removal of Tumas-Vaižgantas to Viltis for three months.[6]

In light of other Catholic publications, such as Šaltinis and Vienybė, Viltis seemed too secular and the clergy grew dissatisfied. The pressure only increased when Viltis announced its plans to become a daily.[6] During the September 1913 shareholders' meeting, the clergy insisted that Pranas Dovydaitis, member of the Catholic Ateitis federation, would become Smetona's deputy.[7] Unexpectedly, Smetona interpreted it as a vote of no confidence in him and resigned.[2] Dovydaitis took over the newspaper, which switched to daily publication on 1 January 1914 at an annual cost of 25,000 rubles.[6] Smetona, with financial support from Martynas Yčas, went on to establish another newspaper, Vairas, where he continued to advocate the middle road between the clergy and the intelligentsia.[7] The episode illustrated continued splintering of Lithuanian cultural movement.[6]

Content edit

Initially, Viltis was published three times a week. Its primary goal and hope was national unity among Lithuanians. The newspaper promoted Lithuanian national identity above political differences and considered itself a non-party newspaper.[2] Viltis liked to emphasize that it was the middle road, though its political views were right-wing.[7] Despite attempts at reconciliation, Viltis received criticism from both sides. The clergy criticized the newspaper for not sufficiently promoting Catholic ideas.[6] For example, they attacked articles that positively evaluated Vydūnas' thoughts on the theory of evolution, theosophy, and pantheism. Intelligentsia, on the other hand, thought that the newspaper was too religious. For example, Kazys Grinius wrote that Viltis and nationalistic consideration were only a tool used by the clergy to defend their privileged status in the society.[6]

Viltis published little of news reports, but paid particular attention to the Lithuanian language and folk culture as well as issues in art, science, education, and morals. Viltis understood that increasing peasants' material wealth was instrumental in achieving cultural goals and, therefore, advocated mutual aid societies, credit unions, and trade while opposing emigration (mostly to the United States), but provided little in terms of practical advice or guidance.[2] It defended the Catholic Church against attacks by the socialists, but it was not a religious newspaper. Unlike the more active socialist revolutionaries, the newspaper took a moderate stand on the Tsarist regime: Lithuanian movement was weak and it would be foolish to fight the regime. At the same time, it criticized Lithuanian involvement in Russian politics urging them to concentrate on Lithuanian issues.[2]

Linguistic matters were discussed by Antanas Smetona, Jonas Jablonskis, Juozas Balčikonis, Jurgis Šlapelis, music by Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, theater by Gabrielius Landsbergis-Žemkalnis, general cultural topics by Jonas Basanavičius, Tadeusz Dowgird, Adomas Dambrauskas, Augustinas Voldemaras, literature by Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, Šatrijos Ragana, Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė.[4] Viltis also published many works of fiction. The literary section was edited by Liudas Gira and included short stories by Lazdynų Pelėda, dramas and legends by Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius, first short stories of Ignas Šeinius, feuilletons by Juozas Balčikonis.[4]

Viltis in 1991–1994 edit

After the declaration of independence, the newspaper was reestablished by the Lithuanian Nationalist Union in 1991. Initially, it was published weekly and had circulation of 12,000 copies.[8] It was edited by Rimantas Smetona (nephew of Antanas Smetona) and Balys Sriubas. Later, the publishing frequency was reduced to twice a month. In 1994, when circulation dropped to 2,000 copies, the newspaper was discontinued.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ Jakštas, Juozas (1970–1978). "Periodicals". In Sužiedėlis, Simas (ed.). Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. IV. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. p. 222. OCLC 95559.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015). Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940). On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Translated by Alfred Erich Senn. Brill Rodopi. pp. 33–44. ISBN 9789004302037.
  3. ^ Balkelis, Tomas (2009). The Making of Modern Lithuania. BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies. Routledge. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-415-45470-4.
  4. ^ a b c Urbonas, Vytas (2002). Lietuvos žurnalistikos istorija (in Lithuanian) (2nd ed.). Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla. pp. 102–103. ISBN 9955-456-49-3.
  5. ^ Mastianica, Olga (2016). Bajorija lietuvių tautiniame projekte (XIX a. pabaiga – XX a. pradžia) (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas. p. 97. ISBN 978-609-8183-13-9.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Grigaravičius, Algirdas (2009). "Nesantaikos laikai: Vilties redaktoriaus Antano Smetonos pasitraukimas". Kultūros barai (in Lithuanian). 10: 75–80. ISSN 0134-3106.
  7. ^ a b c Truska, Liudas (1995). "Antanas Smetona". In Liekis, Algimantas (ed.). Lietuvos respublikos prezidentai (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Valstybinis leidybos centras. pp. 25–26. OCLC 654379537.
  8. ^ a b Tapinas, Laimonas; et al., eds. (1997). "Viltis" (PDF). Žurnalistikos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Pradai. p. 565. ISBN 9986-776-62-7.

External links edit

  • Full-text archives of pre-war Viltis

April 12, 2024
viltis, newspaper, viltis, literally, hope, lithuanian, language, newspaper, published, vilnius, 1907, 1915, 1991, 1994, newspapers, established, october, 1907, antanas, smetona, juozas, tumas, vaižgantas, promoted, unity, among, lithuanians, attempting, bring. Viltis literally hope was a Lithuanian language newspaper published in Vilnius in 1907 1915 and 1991 1994 The newspapers was established in October 1907 by Antanas Smetona and Juozas Tumas Vaizgantas It promoted unity among Lithuanians attempting to bring together conservative Catholic clergy and more liberal intelligentsia The newspaper concentrated on cultural matters as opposed to politics or news reports It was supported by the clergy but it was not a religious newspaper Eventually the clergy grew dissatisfied with the secular and moderate tone and Smetona left in 1913 to establish a separate newspaper Vairas The intellectuals around Viltis became known as viltininkai and formed an early embryo of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union the ruling party in Lithuania in 1926 1940 1 Viltis was discontinued due to World War I It was briefly resurrected in the early 1990s by the Lithuanian Nationalist Union Contents 1 Viltis in 1907 1915 1 1 History 1 2 Content 2 Viltis in 1991 1994 3 References 4 External linksViltis in 1907 1915 editHistory edit nbsp Juozas Tumas Vaizgantas right transfers Viltis to its new editor Fabijonas Kemesis left The newspapers was established in October 1907 and published three time a week It filed the void of Lithuanian language newspapers in Vilnius as Vilniaus zinios was discontinued due to financial difficulties in March 1907 2 Antanas Smetona an intellectual who previously edited Vilniaus zinios and Juozas Tumas Vaizgantas a priest who previously edited Tevynes sargas formed a partnership in hopes of uniting Lithuanians 2 They hoped to bring together the conservative clergy and the more liberal intelligentsia known as pirmeiviai to combat Polonization particularly in the mixed Vilnius Region 3 Smetona was the responsible editor setting newspaper s ideology while Tumas Vaizgantas handled the business and the finances They established a trust company supported initially by 179 subscribers mostly members of the clergy who contributed 100 rubles each to finance the operations 2 It was the first Lithuanian newspaper set up this way 4 In 1908 Viltis had a circulation of 4 000 copies 5 In November 1910 Tumas Vaizgantas published an article listing known churches were Lithuanian language services were removed by orders of Kazimierz Nicholas Michalkiewicz pl administrator of the Diocese of Vilnius while Bishop Eduard von der Ropp was in exile 6 This caused much controversy and Bishop Gaspar Felicjan Cyrtowt pl assigned Tumas Vaizgantas to Laizuva in northern Lithuania Effectively it was an exile and also meant his departure from Viltis 6 His place was taken by other priests Fabijonas Kemesis and later Juozas Dabuzis Various Lithuanian groups sent letters protesting the removal of Tumas Vaizgantas to Viltis for three months 6 In light of other Catholic publications such as Saltinis and Vienybe Viltis seemed too secular and the clergy grew dissatisfied The pressure only increased when Viltis announced its plans to become a daily 6 During the September 1913 shareholders meeting the clergy insisted that Pranas Dovydaitis member of the Catholic Ateitis federation would become Smetona s deputy 7 Unexpectedly Smetona interpreted it as a vote of no confidence in him and resigned 2 Dovydaitis took over the newspaper which switched to daily publication on 1 January 1914 at an annual cost of 25 000 rubles 6 Smetona with financial support from Martynas Ycas went on to establish another newspaper Vairas where he continued to advocate the middle road between the clergy and the intelligentsia 7 The episode illustrated continued splintering of Lithuanian cultural movement 6 Content edit Initially Viltis was published three times a week Its primary goal and hope was national unity among Lithuanians The newspaper promoted Lithuanian national identity above political differences and considered itself a non party newspaper 2 Viltis liked to emphasize that it was the middle road though its political views were right wing 7 Despite attempts at reconciliation Viltis received criticism from both sides The clergy criticized the newspaper for not sufficiently promoting Catholic ideas 6 For example they attacked articles that positively evaluated Vydunas thoughts on the theory of evolution theosophy and pantheism Intelligentsia on the other hand thought that the newspaper was too religious For example Kazys Grinius wrote that Viltis and nationalistic consideration were only a tool used by the clergy to defend their privileged status in the society 6 Viltis published little of news reports but paid particular attention to the Lithuanian language and folk culture as well as issues in art science education and morals Viltis understood that increasing peasants material wealth was instrumental in achieving cultural goals and therefore advocated mutual aid societies credit unions and trade while opposing emigration mostly to the United States but provided little in terms of practical advice or guidance 2 It defended the Catholic Church against attacks by the socialists but it was not a religious newspaper Unlike the more active socialist revolutionaries the newspaper took a moderate stand on the Tsarist regime Lithuanian movement was weak and it would be foolish to fight the regime At the same time it criticized Lithuanian involvement in Russian politics urging them to concentrate on Lithuanian issues 2 Linguistic matters were discussed by Antanas Smetona Jonas Jablonskis Juozas Balcikonis Jurgis Slapelis music by Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis theater by Gabrielius Landsbergis Zemkalnis general cultural topics by Jonas Basanavicius Tadeusz Dowgird Adomas Dambrauskas Augustinas Voldemaras literature by Juozas Tumas Vaizgantas Satrijos Ragana Sofija Kymantaite Ciurlioniene 4 Viltis also published many works of fiction The literary section was edited by Liudas Gira and included short stories by Lazdynu Peleda dramas and legends by Vincas Kreve Mickevicius first short stories of Ignas Seinius feuilletons by Juozas Balcikonis 4 Viltis in 1991 1994 editAfter the declaration of independence the newspaper was reestablished by the Lithuanian Nationalist Union in 1991 Initially it was published weekly and had circulation of 12 000 copies 8 It was edited by Rimantas Smetona nephew of Antanas Smetona and Balys Sriubas Later the publishing frequency was reduced to twice a month In 1994 when circulation dropped to 2 000 copies the newspaper was discontinued 8 References edit Jakstas Juozas 1970 1978 Periodicals In Suziedelis Simas ed Encyclopedia Lituanica Vol IV Boston Massachusetts Juozas Kapocius p 222 OCLC 95559 a b c d e f g Eidintas Alfonsas 2015 Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime 1893 1940 On the Boundary of Two Worlds Translated by Alfred Erich Senn Brill Rodopi pp 33 44 ISBN 9789004302037 Balkelis Tomas 2009 The Making of Modern Lithuania BASEES Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies Routledge pp 88 89 ISBN 978 0 415 45470 4 a b c Urbonas Vytas 2002 Lietuvos zurnalistikos istorija in Lithuanian 2nd ed Klaipeda Klaipedos universiteto leidykla pp 102 103 ISBN 9955 456 49 3 Mastianica Olga 2016 Bajorija lietuviu tautiniame projekte XIX a pabaiga XX a pradzia in Lithuanian Vilnius Lietuvos istorijos institutas p 97 ISBN 978 609 8183 13 9 a b c d e f g h Grigaravicius Algirdas 2009 Nesantaikos laikai Vilties redaktoriaus Antano Smetonos pasitraukimas Kulturos barai in Lithuanian 10 75 80 ISSN 0134 3106 a b c Truska Liudas 1995 Antanas Smetona In Liekis Algimantas ed Lietuvos respublikos prezidentai in Lithuanian Vilnius Valstybinis leidybos centras pp 25 26 OCLC 654379537 a b Tapinas Laimonas et al eds 1997 Viltis PDF Zurnalistikos enciklopedija in Lithuanian Vilnius Pradai p 565 ISBN 9986 776 62 7 External links editFull text archives of pre war Viltis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Viltis newspaper amp oldid 1203938365, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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