Vermont coppers were copper coins issued by the Vermont Republic.[1] The coins were first struck in 1785 and continued to be minted until Vermont's admission to the United States in 1791 as the State of Vermont.
Obverse of the 1785 design shows a plow and the Sun rising over the Green Mountains. The Latin motto VERMONTS. RES. PUBLICA. can be translated to mean the republic, or commonwealth, of Vermont.Reverse of the 1785 and 1786 design features an "all-seeing eye" with 13 stars encircled by the Latin motto STELLA. QUARTA. DECIMA. meaning the fourteenth star.
On June 10, 1785, the House of Representatives of the Freemen of Vermont met to select a committee of three to consider a request from Reuben Harmon, Jr. of Rupert to mint copper coins for the new entity Vermont.[2] Though Vermont's legislative branch at this period was unicameral, the Governor's Council, a part of the executive branch, acted as a sort of upper house. The Governor's Council appointed one of its members to join the committee studying the proposal. On June 15, 1785, the committee presented to the House of Representatives of the Freemen of Vermont their recommendation that Vermont grant Harmon "...the exclusive right of coining Copper within this State for the term of two years..." The approved language required the coins to have a minimum weight of one-third of an ounce troy weight (160 grains).[3] The House approved the measure and sent the recommendation to the Governor's Council which concurred. On June 17, 1785, Harmon posted a required bond and began establishing his mint situated beside Hagar's Brook in Rupert.[3]
Design and mottoedit
1785 and 1786 landscape designedit
The same committee was retained to select a motto for the coins, and to oversee design. The design of the obverse, on the initial 1785 and 1786 coins, featured the Sun rising above the Green Mountains and a plow in the foreground encircled by the inscription VERMONTS. RES. PUBLICA.,[4] which can be translated as the republic, or commonwealth, of Vermont. The design of the reverse of the coin is an almost wholesale appropriation of an earlier 1783 American coin called the Nova Constellatio (new constellation) design.[5] It features a large single star emanating rays, with an eye within, it is surrounded by a wreath of 13 smaller stars, and they are encircled by the motto STELLA QUARTA DECIMA which translates as the 14th star. Subsequent issues altered the inscription on the obverse, variously using VERMONTIS. RES. PUBLICA. and VERMONTENSIUM. RES. PUBLICA.
1787 and 1788 bust designedit
In October 1785, with new Vermont coppers in circulation, Harmon sought an extension of his exclusive two-year contract. An act, possibly written with Harmon, himself a former member of the House, extends the agreement eight years from July 1, 1787, and describes a dramatically different design. The obverse is to bear a bust, encircled with a new motto reading AUCTORITATE VERMONTENSIUM. which translates as by authority of Vermont. The reverse of the coin depicts a seated woman, and the inscription INDE ET LIB an abbreviation of independence and liberty.[6] Sixteen variations of dies on this second set of coins were made. The new design closely resembled the British halfpenny then in circulation in the American colonies. On that coin a bust of George III is encircled by the inscription GEORGIVS. III. REX. and the reverse with a seated female embodiment of Britain called Britannia. A common explanation of the redesign of Vermont's coins, so close to the British half-pence model, has been made to make their circulation and exchange easier beyond Vermont's boundaries.
Symbolismedit
While the 1785 Act of the Vermont House describes the design of the bust and seated female figure design in detail, no notes of the period exist on the meaning of either the mottoes or imagery of Vermont's copper coinage. Twentieth century numismatists Kenneth Bressett, Tony Carlotto and Hillyer Ryder offer nearly identical explanations of the imagery and mottoes. The depiction of the Sun rising above the Green Mountains is to indicate peace, and possibly the approval of Divine Providence. The plow may simply represent agriculture, a primary activity and industry of the young state, but might also allude to the story of Cincinnatus the ancient Roman citizen-farmer who left his plow in the field to serve Rome as consul, fight the encroachment of aristocracy, and later return to his field. The large single star, with the eye, on the 1785 and 1786 issues, is nearly identical in design to a widely available typographic device, or dingbat, of the time called the Eye of Providence, a Deist and Masonic image suggestive of an all-seeing God. Here however the star may simply be Vermont itself, centered among the 13 stars likely used to suggest the existing 13 American states.[7] The addition of the motto STELLA QUARTA DECIMA, the 14th star, is cited as a hope for eventual statehood. The seated female on the reverse side of the second design is modeled on the Britannia figure then on British half-penny. A similar seated female is found on the reverse of the coat of arms of Vermont, and is described variously as Agriculture, or Ceres.[8]
Van de Water, Frederic Franklyn The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791. The Countryman Press: 1974. ISBN0-914378-02-3.
Zieber, Eugene, Heraldry in America: A Classic Surverry of Coats of Arms and Insignia. Greenwich House: 1974. ISBN0-8383-0322-6.
Endnotes
^Van DeWater, Frederic F. (1974) [1941]. The Reluctant Republic, Vermont 1724–1791. The Countryman Press. pp. 195, 218–219. ISBN0-914378-02-3.
^Margaret Bucholt Manchester and the Mountains Chamber of Commerce December 6, 2013, at the Wayback MachineAn Insider's Guide to Southern Vermont, Penguin, 1991
^ ab. Notre Dame University. Archived from the original on March 1, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
^"Vermont Coppers 1785, 1786: Introduction". Coin and Currency Collections in the Department of Special Collections University of Notre Dame Libraries. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
^Guth, Ronald J. (1985). America's Copper Coinage 1783–1857. American Numismtic Society.
^"Vermont Coppers Dies attributed to James Atlee". NCoin and Currency Collections in the Department of Special Collections University of Notre Dame Libraries. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
^Hillyer Ryder, Colonial Coins of Vermont. Durst, 1982
^Zieber, Eugene (1974). Heraldry in America: A Classic Surverry of Coats of Arms and Insignia. Greenwich House. pp. 184–185. ISBN0-8383-0322-6.
External linksedit
United States Mint web page on Vermont coppers
January 01, 1970
vermont, copper, were, copper, coins, issued, vermont, republic, coins, were, first, struck, 1785, continued, minted, until, vermont, admission, united, states, 1791, state, vermont, obverse, 1785, design, shows, plow, rising, over, green, mountains, latin, mo. Vermont coppers were copper coins issued by the Vermont Republic 1 The coins were first struck in 1785 and continued to be minted until Vermont s admission to the United States in 1791 as the State of Vermont Obverse of the 1785 design shows a plow and the Sun rising over the Green Mountains The Latin motto VERMONTS RES PUBLICA can be translated to mean the republic or commonwealth of Vermont Reverse of the 1785 and 1786 design features an all seeing eye with 13 stars encircled by the Latin motto STELLA QUARTA DECIMA meaning the fourteenth star Contents 1 History 2 Design and motto 2 1 1785 and 1786 landscape design 2 2 1787 and 1788 bust design 2 3 Symbolism 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory editOn June 10 1785 the House of Representatives of the Freemen of Vermont met to select a committee of three to consider a request from Reuben Harmon Jr of Rupert to mint copper coins for the new entity Vermont 2 Though Vermont s legislative branch at this period was unicameral the Governor s Council a part of the executive branch acted as a sort of upper house The Governor s Council appointed one of its members to join the committee studying the proposal On June 15 1785 the committee presented to the House of Representatives of the Freemen of Vermont their recommendation that Vermont grant Harmon the exclusive right of coining Copper within this State for the term of two years The approved language required the coins to have a minimum weight of one third of an ounce troy weight 160 grains 3 The House approved the measure and sent the recommendation to the Governor s Council which concurred On June 17 1785 Harmon posted a required bond and began establishing his mint situated beside Hagar s Brook in Rupert 3 Design and motto edit1785 and 1786 landscape design edit The same committee was retained to select a motto for the coins and to oversee design The design of the obverse on the initial 1785 and 1786 coins featured the Sun rising above the Green Mountains and a plow in the foreground encircled by the inscription VERMONTS RES PUBLICA 4 which can be translated as the republic or commonwealth of Vermont The design of the reverse of the coin is an almost wholesale appropriation of an earlier 1783 American coin called the Nova Constellatio new constellation design 5 It features a large single star emanating rays with an eye within it is surrounded by a wreath of 13 smaller stars and they are encircled by the motto STELLA QUARTA DECIMA which translates as the 14th star Subsequent issues altered the inscription on the obverse variously using VERMONTIS RES PUBLICA and VERMONTENSIUM RES PUBLICA 1787 and 1788 bust design edit In October 1785 with new Vermont coppers in circulation Harmon sought an extension of his exclusive two year contract An act possibly written with Harmon himself a former member of the House extends the agreement eight years from July 1 1787 and describes a dramatically different design The obverse is to bear a bust encircled with a new motto reading AUCTORITATE VERMONTENSIUM which translates as by authority of Vermont The reverse of the coin depicts a seated woman and the inscription INDE ET LIB an abbreviation of independence and liberty 6 Sixteen variations of dies on this second set of coins were made The new design closely resembled the British halfpenny then in circulation in the American colonies On that coin a bust of George III is encircled by the inscription GEORGIVS III REX and the reverse with a seated female embodiment of Britain called Britannia A common explanation of the redesign of Vermont s coins so close to the British half pence model has been made to make their circulation and exchange easier beyond Vermont s boundaries Symbolism edit While the 1785 Act of the Vermont House describes the design of the bust and seated female figure design in detail no notes of the period exist on the meaning of either the mottoes or imagery of Vermont s copper coinage Twentieth century numismatists Kenneth Bressett Tony Carlotto and Hillyer Ryder offer nearly identical explanations of the imagery and mottoes The depiction of the Sun rising above the Green Mountains is to indicate peace and possibly the approval of Divine Providence The plow may simply represent agriculture a primary activity and industry of the young state but might also allude to the story of Cincinnatus the ancient Roman citizen farmer who left his plow in the field to serve Rome as consul fight the encroachment of aristocracy and later return to his field The large single star with the eye on the 1785 and 1786 issues is nearly identical in design to a widely available typographic device or dingbat of the time called the Eye of Providence a Deist and Masonic image suggestive of an all seeing God Here however the star may simply be Vermont itself centered among the 13 stars likely used to suggest the existing 13 American states 7 The addition of the motto STELLA QUARTA DECIMA the 14th star is cited as a hope for eventual statehood The seated female on the reverse side of the second design is modeled on the Britannia figure then on British half penny A similar seated female is found on the reverse of the coat of arms of Vermont and is described variously as Agriculture or Ceres 8 See also edit nbsp Money portal Copper Panic of 1789 Thomas MachinReferences editSources consulted Carlotto Tony The Copper Coins of Vermont and Those Bearing the Vermont Name C 4 1998 ASIN B0006QZJNQ Doty Richard G Eric P Newman Kenneth Bressett et al Studies on Money in Early America The American Numismatic Society 1996 ASIN B000KT1BDQ Doyle William T The Vermont Political Tradition and Those Who Helped Make It Doyle Publisher 1987 ISBN 0 9615486 1 4 Duffy John J et al The Vermont Encyclopedia University Press of New England 2003 ISBN 1 58465 086 9 Mussey Barrows Vermont Heritage a Picture Story A A Wyn Inc 1947 Orton Vrest Personal Observations on the Republic of Vermont Academy Books 1981 ISBN 0 914960 30 X Potash P Jeffrey et al Freedom and Unity A History of Vermont Vermont Historical Society 2004 ISBN 0 934720 49 5 Ryder Hillyer Colonial Coins of Vermont Durst 1982 ISBN 978 0 915262 65 6 Van de Water Frederic Franklyn The Reluctant Republic Vermont 1724 1791 The Countryman Press 1974 ISBN 0 914378 02 3 Zieber Eugene Heraldry in America A Classic Surverry of Coats of Arms and Insignia Greenwich House 1974 ISBN 0 8383 0322 6 Endnotes Van DeWater Frederic F 1974 1941 The Reluctant Republic Vermont 1724 1791 The Countryman Press pp 195 218 219 ISBN 0 914378 02 3 Margaret Bucholt Manchester and the Mountains Chamber of Commerce Archived December 6 2013 at the Wayback Machine An Insider s Guide to Southern Vermont Penguin 1991 a b Vermont Coppers 1785 1788 Introduction Notre Dame University Archived from the original on March 1 2008 Retrieved February 4 2008 Vermont Coppers 1785 1786 Introduction Coin and Currency Collections in the Department of Special Collections University of Notre Dame Libraries Retrieved February 4 2008 Guth Ronald J 1985 America s Copper Coinage 1783 1857 American Numismtic Society Vermont Coppers Dies attributed to James Atlee NCoin and Currency Collections in the Department of Special Collections University of Notre Dame Libraries Retrieved February 4 2008 Hillyer Ryder Colonial Coins of Vermont Durst 1982 Zieber Eugene 1974 Heraldry in America A Classic Surverry of Coats of Arms and Insignia Greenwich House pp 184 185 ISBN 0 8383 0322 6 External links editCoin and Currency Collections in the Department of Special Collections University of Notre Dame Libraries web pages on Vermont coppers United States Mint web page on Vermont coppers Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vermont copper amp oldid 1197945565, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
