A vascular malformation is a blood vessel or lymph vesselabnormality. Vascular malformations are one of the classifications of vascular anomalies, the other grouping is vascular tumors.[2] They may cause aesthetic problems as they have a growth cycle, and can continue to grow throughout life.
In low-flow lesions, sclerotherapy can be extremely effective, either alone, in small lesions, or combined with surgical resection or embolization, in larger lesions.[1]
Vascular malformations of the brain include those involving capillaries, and those involving the veins and arteries. Capillary malformations in the brain are known as cerebral cavernous malformations or capillary cavernous malformations. Those involving the mix of vessels are known as cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs or cAVMs). The arteriovenous type is the most common in the brain.[3]
A simple division of the vascular malformations is made into low-flow and high-flow types.[2] Low-flow malformations involve a single type of blood or lymph vessel, and are known as simple vascular malformations; high-flow malformations involve an artery. There are also malformations that are of mixed-flow involving more than one type of vessel, such as an arteriovenous malformation.[2]
Low-flow vascular malformations include capillary malformations, venous malformations, and lymphatic malformations.[4]
Capillary malformations involve the capillaries, and are the most common type. They used to refer only to port-wine stains but now include others.[2] Capillary malformations are limited to the superficial layers of the skin but they can thicken, become nodular, and sometimes become disfiguring.[5] It has been proposed that the category of capillary malformations, also called vascular stains, be classified into seven major clinical types including nevus flammeus nuchae also known as nevus simplex, commonly known as stork bite or salmon patch.[6]
A vascular anomaly can be either a vascular tumor or a birthmark, or a vascular malformation. [2] In a tumor such as infantile hemangioma the mass is soft, and easily compressed, and their coloring is due to the dilated anomalous involved veins.[8] They are most commonly found in the head and neck. Venous malformations are the type of vascular malformation that involves the veins. They can often extend deeper from their surface appearance, reaching underlying muscle or bone.[9] In the neck they may extend into the lining of the mouth cavity or into the salivary glands.[8] They are the most common of the vascular malformations.[10] A severe venous malformation can involve the lymph vessels as a lymphaticovenous malformation.[8]
Drawing of a microcystic lymphangioma on the left side of a boy's tongue
Lymphatic malformations are congenital, developing from badly-formed lymphatic vessels in early embryonic development.[11] Abnormal development of the lymph vessels results in their failure to connect and drain into the venous system.[11]
These lymph vessels can become blocked due to the collection of lymph which forms a cyst as a mass, and are known as lymphangiomas. They can be macrocystic, microcystic, or a combination of the two.[11] Macrocystic have cysts greater than 2 cubic centimetres (0.12 cu in), and microcystic lymphangiomas have cysts that are smaller than 2 cubic centimetres (0.12 cu in).[12] A macrocystic lymphangioma is also known as a cystic hygroma. Cystic hygromas most often occur in the neck where they are known as nuchal hygromas.[13]
A severe venous malformation is known as a lymphaticovenous malformation that also involves the lymph vessels.[8]
^Jackson, Ian T., et al. "Hemangiomas, vascular malformations, and lymphovenous malformations: classification and methods of treatment." Plastic and reconstructive surgery 91.7 (1993): 1216-1230.
^ abcdeSteiner, JE; Drolet, BA (September 2017). "Classification of Vascular Anomalies: An Update". Seminars in Interventional Radiology. 34 (3): 225–232. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1604295. PMC5615389. PMID 28955111.
^Leblanc, GG; Golanov, E; Awad, IA; Young, WL; Biology of Vascular Malformations of the Brain NINDS Workshop, Collaborators. (December 2009). "Biology of vascular malformations of the brain". Stroke. 40 (12): e694-702. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.563692. PMC2810509. PMID 19834013. {{cite journal}}: |first5= has generic name (help)
^Sadick, M; Müller-Wille, R; Wildgruber, M; Wohlgemuth, WA (September 2018). "Vascular Anomalies (Part I): Classification and Diagnostics of Vascular Anomalies". RöFo. 190 (9): 825–835. doi:10.1055/a-0620-8925. PMID 29874693.
^Puttgen, KB; Pearl, M; Tekes, A; Mitchell, SE (October 2010). "Update on pediatric extracranial vascular anomalies of the head and neck". Child's Nervous System. 26 (10): 1417–33. doi:10.1007/s00381-010-1202-2. PMID 20697721. S2CID 12359248.
^Rozas-Muñoz, E; Frieden, IJ; Roé, E; Puig, L; Baselga, E (November 2016). "Vascular Stains: Proposal for a Clinical Classification to Improve Diagnosis and Management". Pediatric Dermatology. 33 (6): 570–584. doi:10.1111/pde.12939. PMID 27456075. S2CID 22474320.
^Gonzalez, ME; Burk, CJ; Barbouth, DS; Connelly, EA (May–June 2009). "Macrocephaly-capillary malformation: a report of three cases and review of the literature". Pediatric Dermatology. 26 (3): 342–6. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.00924.x. PMID 19706101. S2CID 27334360.
^ abcdChim, H; Drolet, B; Duffy, K; Koshima, I; Gosain, AK (August 2010). "Vascular anomalies and lymphedema". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 126 (2): 55e–69e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181df803d. PMID 20679788. S2CID 30865392.
^Chen, RJ; Vrazas, JI; Penington, AJ (January 2021). "Surgical Management of Intramuscular Venous Malformations". Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 41 (1): e67–e73. doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001667. PMID 32815867. S2CID 221199574.
^Markovic, JN; Shortell, CK (October 2021). "Venous malformations". The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 62 (5): 456–466. doi:10.23736/S0021-9509.21.11911-1. PMID 34105926.
^Mouchtouris, N; Jabbour, PM; Starke, RM; Hasan, DM; Zanaty, M; Theofanis, T; Ding, D; Tjoumakaris, SI; Dumont, AS; Ghobrial, GM; Kung, D; Rosenwasser, RH; Chalouhi, N (February 2015). "Biology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with a focus on inflammation". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 35 (2): 167–75. doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2014.179. PMC4426734. PMID 25407267.
April 12, 2024
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A vascular malformation is a blood vessel or lymph vessel abnormality Vascular malformations are one of the classifications of vascular anomalies the other grouping is vascular tumors 2 They may cause aesthetic problems as they have a growth cycle and can continue to grow throughout life Vascular malformationOther namesVascular giantism or LymphangiomaSpecialtyCardiovascularTreatmentIn low flow lesions sclerotherapy can be extremely effective either alone in small lesions or combined with surgical resection or embolization in larger lesions 1 Vascular malformations of the brain include those involving capillaries and those involving the veins and arteries Capillary malformations in the brain are known as cerebral cavernous malformations or capillary cavernous malformations Those involving the mix of vessels are known as cerebral arteriovenous malformations AVMs or cAVMs The arteriovenous type is the most common in the brain 3 Contents 1 Types 1 1 Capillary malformation 1 1 1 Vascular anomalies 1 2 Lymphatic malformation 1 3 Arteriovenous malformation 2 See also 3 ReferencesTypes editA simple division of the vascular malformations is made into low flow and high flow types 2 Low flow malformations involve a single type of blood or lymph vessel and are known as simple vascular malformations high flow malformations involve an artery There are also malformations that are of mixed flow involving more than one type of vessel such as an arteriovenous malformation 2 Low flow vascular malformations include capillary malformations venous malformations and lymphatic malformations 4 Capillary malformation edit nbsp Port wine stain on legCapillary malformations involve the capillaries and are the most common type They used to refer only to port wine stains but now include others 2 Capillary malformations are limited to the superficial layers of the skin but they can thicken become nodular and sometimes become disfiguring 5 It has been proposed that the category of capillary malformations also called vascular stains be classified into seven major clinical types including nevus flammeus nuchae also known as nevus simplex commonly known as stork bite or salmon patch 6 A capillary malformation is also a feature of the disorder macrocephaly capillary malformation 7 Vascular anomalies edit A vascular anomaly can be either a vascular tumor or a birthmark or a vascular malformation 2 In a tumor such as infantile hemangioma the mass is soft and easily compressed and their coloring is due to the dilated anomalous involved veins 8 They are most commonly found in the head and neck Venous malformations are the type of vascular malformation that involves the veins They can often extend deeper from their surface appearance reaching underlying muscle or bone 9 In the neck they may extend into the lining of the mouth cavity or into the salivary glands 8 They are the most common of the vascular malformations 10 A severe venous malformation can involve the lymph vessels as a lymphaticovenous malformation 8 Lymphatic malformation edit Main article Lymphangioma nbsp Drawing of a microcystic lymphangioma on the left side of a boy s tongueLymphatic malformations are congenital developing from badly formed lymphatic vessels in early embryonic development 11 Abnormal development of the lymph vessels results in their failure to connect and drain into the venous system 11 These lymph vessels can become blocked due to the collection of lymph which forms a cyst as a mass and are known as lymphangiomas They can be macrocystic microcystic or a combination of the two 11 Macrocystic have cysts greater than 2 cubic centimetres 0 12 cu in and microcystic lymphangiomas have cysts that are smaller than 2 cubic centimetres 0 12 cu in 12 A macrocystic lymphangioma is also known as a cystic hygroma Cystic hygromas most often occur in the neck where they are known as nuchal hygromas 13 A severe venous malformation is known as a lymphaticovenous malformation that also involves the lymph vessels 8 Arteriovenous malformation edit Main article Arteriovenous malformation nbsp 3D image of an arteriovenous malformation shown in purple on the ring finger of a handArteriovenous malformations occur between an artery and a vein In the brain a cerebral arteriovenous malformation causes arterial blood to be directly shunted into the veins as there is an absence of a capillary bed This carries a high risk of an intracranial hemorrhage 14 See also editArteriovenous fistula Lymphohemangioma Telangiectasia Vascular diseaseReferences edit Jackson Ian T et al Hemangiomas vascular malformations and lymphovenous malformations classification and methods of treatment Plastic and reconstructive surgery 91 7 1993 1216 1230 a b c d e Steiner JE Drolet BA September 2017 Classification of Vascular Anomalies An Update Seminars in Interventional Radiology 34 3 225 232 doi 10 1055 s 0037 1604295 PMC 5615389 PMID 28955111 Leblanc GG Golanov E Awad IA Young WL Biology of Vascular Malformations of the Brain NINDS Workshop Collaborators December 2009 Biology of vascular malformations of the brain Stroke 40 12 e694 702 doi 10 1161 STROKEAHA 109 563692 PMC 2810509 PMID 19834013 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a first5 has generic name help Sadick M Muller Wille R Wildgruber M Wohlgemuth WA September 2018 Vascular Anomalies Part I Classification and Diagnostics of Vascular Anomalies RoFo 190 9 825 835 doi 10 1055 a 0620 8925 PMID 29874693 Puttgen KB Pearl M Tekes A Mitchell SE October 2010 Update on pediatric extracranial vascular anomalies of the head and neck Child s Nervous System 26 10 1417 33 doi 10 1007 s00381 010 1202 2 PMID 20697721 S2CID 12359248 Rozas Munoz E Frieden IJ Roe E Puig L Baselga E November 2016 Vascular Stains Proposal for a Clinical Classification to Improve Diagnosis and Management Pediatric Dermatology 33 6 570 584 doi 10 1111 pde 12939 PMID 27456075 S2CID 22474320 Gonzalez ME Burk CJ Barbouth DS Connelly EA May June 2009 Macrocephaly capillary malformation a report of three cases and review of the literature Pediatric Dermatology 26 3 342 6 doi 10 1111 j 1525 1470 2009 00924 x PMID 19706101 S2CID 27334360 a b c d Chim H Drolet B Duffy K Koshima I Gosain AK August 2010 Vascular anomalies and lymphedema Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 126 2 55e 69e doi 10 1097 PRS 0b013e3181df803d PMID 20679788 S2CID 30865392 Chen RJ Vrazas JI Penington AJ January 2021 Surgical Management of Intramuscular Venous Malformations Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 41 1 e67 e73 doi 10 1097 BPO 0000000000001667 PMID 32815867 S2CID 221199574 Markovic JN Shortell CK October 2021 Venous malformations The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 62 5 456 466 doi 10 23736 S0021 9509 21 11911 1 PMID 34105926 a b c Elluru RG Balakrishnan K Padua HM August 2014 Lymphatic malformations diagnosis and management Seminars in Pediatric Surgery 23 4 178 85 doi 10 1053 j sempedsurg 2014 07 002 PMID 25241095 Microcystic lymphatic malformation Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center GARD an NCATS Program rarediseases info nih gov D Souza Donna Cystic hygroma Radiology Reference Article Radiopaedia org Radiopaedia Mouchtouris N Jabbour PM Starke RM Hasan DM Zanaty M Theofanis T Ding D Tjoumakaris SI Dumont AS Ghobrial GM Kung D Rosenwasser RH Chalouhi N February 2015 Biology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with a focus on inflammation Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 35 2 167 75 doi 10 1038 jcbfm 2014 179 PMC 4426734 PMID 25407267 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vascular malformation amp oldid 1159798976, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
