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Varvara Rudneva

March 17, 2024

Varvara Aleksandrova Kashevarova-Rudneva (c.1841–1899), was a Russian Empire medical doctor.[1][2] Rudneva was the second woman in Russia to become a doctor, after Nadezhda Suslova.[3] She was the first woman in Russia to become a doctor and to have completed their education at a Russian medical school, an event which occurred at a time when women were barred receiving training at such universities.[2] Despite the ban against women studying at medical universities, she was given a unique permission to study for her desire to treat women patients who refused to be treated by male doctors due to their religious beliefs.[4] Her attendance at St. Petersburg Medical Surgical Academy, and later medical practice, were thereby unique in Russia thus garnering attention from both the medical field and general public making her a notoriously controversial figure.[1]

Varvara Rudneva
Born1841 or 1842
Chausy, Mogilev Governorate, Russian Empire
Died11 May 1899(1899-05-11) (aged 57–58)
(O.S.: 29 April 1899)
Staro-Preobrazhensky, Staraya Russa, Novgorod Governorate, Russian Empire
Other namesVarvara Kashevarova Rudneva
Occupation(s)Physician, Obstetrician and Gynecologist
Known forFirst female medical doctor matriculated from a Russian medical school

Early life edit

Varvara Rudneva was born in the town Chavusy of the Eastern Belarusian Region of Mogilev Province.[5] After the death of her mother, Rudneva briefly moved to Velizh Vitebsk province with her father until his death. Becoming an orphan at a very young age, Rudneva spent the first twelve years of her childhood being passed from one temporary family to another experiencing physical and emotional abuse.[1][3] At the age of twelve years, Rudneva ran away from her adoptive family, a period during which she contracted typhus and was hospitalized for many months, and found her way to St. Petersburg hoping to learn a trade to provide for herself.[3] While in St. Petersburg, she used a recommendation from the medical staff that presided over her to briefly be taken in by a seaman's family whose son taught her to read and was later introduced to a childless army surveyor that assumed guardianship of Rudneva by adopting her.[2][3] Her adoptive father stifled her desires to seek education and thus, suspecting that he was grooming her to become a mistress, she escaped at the age of fifteen by marrying Nikolai Kashevarov whom, after breaking his promise to let her pursue education, she left after three years.[2]

Education edit

Despite possessing no formal education, Rudneva had chosen to pursue medicine and enrolled in a two year midwife training program at the Princess Elena Pavlovna Lyinng-in Home which she completed in eight months in the year 1862 whereupon she impressed and gained the support of her professor Dr. Veniamin Tarnovsky.[1][3] Dr. Tarnovsky referred her for a position at the Kalinkinsky Hospital where she continued her training learning about and specializing in venereal diseases and how to treat, in particular, syphilis which was increasingly becoming a public health predicament for the population as it devastated the Bashkir people.[6][7] Rudneva learned that treatment of venereal diseases was delegated to midwives because religious law did not permit male physicians to see Muslim women thus, feeling that a midwife could not provide the level of care necessary, decided to pursue training as a physician enrolling in the St. Petersburg Surgical Academy in 1863, as the first female student, through the recommendation of Dr. Tarnovsky who recruited the governor of Orenburg and the minister of war to support her admission.[2][8] In the year 1864 it became illegal for women to take medical courses making her already controversial attendance a greater grievance for many, but Rudneva was allowed to continue studying for her diploma on the condition that she would not receive that academic rank that traditionally accompanied it.[9][10] Rudneva received her degree of physician in 1868 without the academic title which barred her from working at any hospital in Orenburg.[9] She was offered a position in the clinic of Sergei Petrovich Botkin.[9] While there, she married Mikhail Matveevich Rudnev in 1870 giving her the opportunity to perform research in his pathology laboratory and decided to pursue the doctor of medicine diploma. She first attempted to defend her dissertation in 1873 but withdrew due to the sensitive nature of the ongoing experimental medical courses being offered for women.[2][10] In 1876 she completed her doctoral thesis Materials Towards a Pathological Anatomy of the Vagina which she was allowed to defend in 1878 becoming both the first woman in Russia to defend a doctoral thesis in medicine and the first woman to receive a doctor of medicine diploma in Russia.[9][11][12]

Career and research edit

She specialized in obstetrics and gynecology, and her scientific articles were published in Russian and German scientific journals. Rudneva was admitted to the "Society of Russian Doctors in St. Petersburg" - the first woman to be admitted to the medical society. She had a medical practice in St. Petersburg, Zheleznovodsk, and Voronezh Province. Rudneva was also an author, writing the story "Pioneer" and "The history of women's medical education" (autobiography, "news", 1886); "Village notes" ("news", 1888 and others).

Publications edit

  • "A Chronic inflammation of the Decidua Membrane of the Uterus" (Medical Gazette, 1868) [9]
  • "About free abdominal bodies" (Virkhov's Archive, vol. 47) [13]
  • "The Doctrine of Placental Polyps" (Journal for Normal and Pathological Anatomy, 1873)[14]
  • Doctoral Thesis: "Materials for Pathological Anatomy of the Uterine Vagina" (1876) [15]
  • "Hygiene of the Female Body in All Phases of Life" (1892)

Legacy edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d Evans Clements, Barbara (2012). A History of Women in Russia: From Earliest Times to the Present. Indiana University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780253000972.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000). The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. Internet Archive. New York : Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92038-4.
  3. ^ a b c d e Clyman, Toby W.; Vowles, Judith (1999). Russia Through Women's Eyes: Autobiographies from Tsarist Russia. Yale University Press. pp. 158–185. ISBN 9780300067545.
  4. ^ Alpern Engel, Barbara (2004). Women in Russia. Cambridge. p. 75. ISBN 9780521003186.
  5. ^ Osipov, G. V. (1988). "[N. P. Suslova--the first Russian woman physician (on the 145th anniversary of her birth and the 120th anniversary of the organization of higher medical education for women in Russia]". Meditsinskaia Sestra. 47 (9): 47–49. ISSN 0025-8342. PMID 3060700.
  6. ^ Идеи Н.А. Бернштейна в наши дни: сборник статей. – М.: "КДУ", "Университетская книга", 2019. – 176 с. 2019. doi:10.31453/kdu.ru.91304.0099. ISBN 9785913049209. S2CID 239167965.
  7. ^ Gordin, Michael; Hall, Karl; Kozhevnikov, A.B. (2008). Intelligentsia science : the Russian century, 1860-1960. University of Chicago Press. OCLC 989496710.
  8. ^ Hibner Koblitz, Ann. Science, women and revolution in Russia. ISBN 978-1-315-07948-6. OCLC 874143230.
  9. ^ a b c d e Валькова, Ольга (2018-11-28). Штурмуя цитадель науки. Женщины-ученые Российской империи (in Russian). Новое Литературное Обозрение. ISBN 978-5-4448-1058-3.
  10. ^ a b Valkova, Olga (2008). The conquest of science : Women and science in Russia, 1860-1940. OCLC 1026687874.
  11. ^ Collopy, Erin; Engel, Barbara Alpern (2005-12-01). "Women in Russia, 1700-2000". The Slavic and East European Journal. 49 (4): 709. doi:10.2307/20058382. ISSN 0037-6752. JSTOR 20058382.
  12. ^ Pass Freidenreich, Harriet Pass (1991). Jewish politics in Vienna, 1918-1938. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32475-0. OCLC 463511036.
  13. ^ "Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона. Статьи на букву "Р" (часть 39, Руб - Руд)". niv.ru. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
  14. ^ Andreev, Alexander Alekseevich; Алексеевич, Aндреев Александр; Ostroushko, Anton Petrovich; Петрович, Остроушко Антон (2017-11-19). "Kashevarova-Rudneva Varvara Alexandrovna - Russia's first woman doctor and a doctor of medicine (to the 175th of birthday)". Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery (in Russian). 10 (3): 255. doi:10.18499/2070-478X-2017-10-3-255. ISSN 2409-143X.
  15. ^ Руднева, Варвара (1876). Матеріалы для патологической анатоміи маточнаго влагалища (Thesis thesis) (in Russian).
  16. ^ Greeley, Ronald; Batson, Raymond (2001-11-29). The Compact NASA Atlas of the Solar System. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521806336.

External links edit

March 17, 2024
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Varvara Aleksandrova Kashevarova Rudneva c 1841 1899 was a Russian Empire medical doctor 1 2 Rudneva was the second woman in Russia to become a doctor after Nadezhda Suslova 3 She was the first woman in Russia to become a doctor and to have completed their education at a Russian medical school an event which occurred at a time when women were barred receiving training at such universities 2 Despite the ban against women studying at medical universities she was given a unique permission to study for her desire to treat women patients who refused to be treated by male doctors due to their religious beliefs 4 Her attendance at St Petersburg Medical Surgical Academy and later medical practice were thereby unique in Russia thus garnering attention from both the medical field and general public making her a notoriously controversial figure 1 Varvara RudnevaBorn1841 or 1842Chausy Mogilev Governorate Russian EmpireDied11 May 1899 1899 05 11 aged 57 58 O S 29 April 1899 Staro Preobrazhensky Staraya Russa Novgorod Governorate Russian EmpireOther namesVarvara Kashevarova RudnevaOccupation s Physician Obstetrician and GynecologistKnown forFirst female medical doctor matriculated from a Russian medical school Contents 1 Early life 2 Education 3 Career and research 4 Publications 5 Legacy 6 Notes 7 External linksEarly life editVarvara Rudneva was born in the town Chavusy of the Eastern Belarusian Region of Mogilev Province 5 After the death of her mother Rudneva briefly moved to Velizh Vitebsk province with her father until his death Becoming an orphan at a very young age Rudneva spent the first twelve years of her childhood being passed from one temporary family to another experiencing physical and emotional abuse 1 3 At the age of twelve years Rudneva ran away from her adoptive family a period during which she contracted typhus and was hospitalized for many months and found her way to St Petersburg hoping to learn a trade to provide for herself 3 While in St Petersburg she used a recommendation from the medical staff that presided over her to briefly be taken in by a seaman s family whose son taught her to read and was later introduced to a childless army surveyor that assumed guardianship of Rudneva by adopting her 2 3 Her adoptive father stifled her desires to seek education and thus suspecting that he was grooming her to become a mistress she escaped at the age of fifteen by marrying Nikolai Kashevarov whom after breaking his promise to let her pursue education she left after three years 2 Education editDespite possessing no formal education Rudneva had chosen to pursue medicine and enrolled in a two year midwife training program at the Princess Elena Pavlovna Lyinng in Home which she completed in eight months in the year 1862 whereupon she impressed and gained the support of her professor Dr Veniamin Tarnovsky 1 3 Dr Tarnovsky referred her for a position at the Kalinkinsky Hospital where she continued her training learning about and specializing in venereal diseases and how to treat in particular syphilis which was increasingly becoming a public health predicament for the population as it devastated the Bashkir people 6 7 Rudneva learned that treatment of venereal diseases was delegated to midwives because religious law did not permit male physicians to see Muslim women thus feeling that a midwife could not provide the level of care necessary decided to pursue training as a physician enrolling in the St Petersburg Surgical Academy in 1863 as the first female student through the recommendation of Dr Tarnovsky who recruited the governor of Orenburg and the minister of war to support her admission 2 8 In the year 1864 it became illegal for women to take medical courses making her already controversial attendance a greater grievance for many but Rudneva was allowed to continue studying for her diploma on the condition that she would not receive that academic rank that traditionally accompanied it 9 10 Rudneva received her degree of physician in 1868 without the academic title which barred her from working at any hospital in Orenburg 9 She was offered a position in the clinic of Sergei Petrovich Botkin 9 While there she married Mikhail Matveevich Rudnev in 1870 giving her the opportunity to perform research in his pathology laboratory and decided to pursue the doctor of medicine diploma She first attempted to defend her dissertation in 1873 but withdrew due to the sensitive nature of the ongoing experimental medical courses being offered for women 2 10 In 1876 she completed her doctoral thesis Materials Towards a Pathological Anatomy of the Vagina which she was allowed to defend in 1878 becoming both the first woman in Russia to defend a doctoral thesis in medicine and the first woman to receive a doctor of medicine diploma in Russia 9 11 12 Career and research editShe specialized in obstetrics and gynecology and her scientific articles were published in Russian and German scientific journals Rudneva was admitted to the Society of Russian Doctors in St Petersburg the first woman to be admitted to the medical society She had a medical practice in St Petersburg Zheleznovodsk and Voronezh Province Rudneva was also an author writing the story Pioneer and The history of women s medical education autobiography news 1886 Village notes news 1888 and others Publications edit A Chronic inflammation of the Decidua Membrane of the Uterus Medical Gazette 1868 9 About free abdominal bodies Virkhov s Archive vol 47 13 The Doctrine of Placental Polyps Journal for Normal and Pathological Anatomy 1873 14 Doctoral Thesis Materials for Pathological Anatomy of the Uterine Vagina 1876 15 Hygiene of the Female Body in All Phases of Life 1892 Legacy editA crater on Venus bears Rudneva s name 16 Notes edit a b c d Evans Clements Barbara 2012 A History of Women in Russia From Earliest Times to the Present Indiana University Press p 121 ISBN 9780253000972 a b c d e f Ogilvie Marilyn Bailey Harvey Joy Dorothy 2000 The biographical dictionary of women in science pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid 20th century Internet Archive New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 92038 4 a b c d e Clyman Toby W Vowles Judith 1999 Russia Through Women s Eyes Autobiographies from Tsarist Russia Yale University Press pp 158 185 ISBN 9780300067545 Alpern Engel Barbara 2004 Women in Russia Cambridge p 75 ISBN 9780521003186 Osipov G V 1988 N P Suslova the first Russian woman physician on the 145th anniversary of her birth and the 120th anniversary of the organization of higher medical education for women in Russia Meditsinskaia Sestra 47 9 47 49 ISSN 0025 8342 PMID 3060700 Idei N A Bernshtejna v nashi dni sbornik statej M KDU Universitetskaya kniga 2019 176 s 2019 doi 10 31453 kdu ru 91304 0099 ISBN 9785913049209 S2CID 239167965 Gordin Michael Hall Karl Kozhevnikov A B 2008 Intelligentsia science the Russian century 1860 1960 University of Chicago Press OCLC 989496710 Hibner Koblitz Ann Science women and revolution in Russia ISBN 978 1 315 07948 6 OCLC 874143230 a b c d e Valkova Olga 2018 11 28 Shturmuya citadel nauki Zhenshiny uchenye Rossijskoj imperii in Russian Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie ISBN 978 5 4448 1058 3 a b Valkova Olga 2008 The conquest of science Women and science in Russia 1860 1940 OCLC 1026687874 Collopy Erin Engel Barbara Alpern 2005 12 01 Women in Russia 1700 2000 The Slavic and East European Journal 49 4 709 doi 10 2307 20058382 ISSN 0037 6752 JSTOR 20058382 Pass Freidenreich Harriet Pass 1991 Jewish politics in Vienna 1918 1938 Indiana University Press ISBN 0 253 32475 0 OCLC 463511036 Enciklopedicheskij slovar Brokgauza i Efrona Stati na bukvu R chast 39 Rub Rud niv ru Retrieved 2020 04 19 Andreev Alexander Alekseevich Alekseevich Andreev Aleksandr Ostroushko Anton Petrovich Petrovich Ostroushko Anton 2017 11 19 Kashevarova Rudneva Varvara Alexandrovna Russia s first woman doctor and a doctor of medicine to the 175th of birthday Journal of Experimental and Clinical Surgery in Russian 10 3 255 doi 10 18499 2070 478X 2017 10 3 255 ISSN 2409 143X Rudneva Varvara 1876 Materialy dlya patologicheskoj anatomii matochnago vlagalisha Thesis thesis in Russian Greeley Ronald Batson Raymond 2001 11 29 The Compact NASA Atlas of the Solar System Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521806336 External links edithttp english ruvr ru 2005 04 12 102263 html permanent dead link Marilyn Ogilvie amp Joy Harvey eds Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Varvara Rudneva amp oldid 1195184563, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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