In physics, the vacuum level refers to the energy of a free stationary electron that is outside of any material (it is in a perfect vacuum). It may be taken as infinitely far away from a solid, or, defined to be near a surface.[1] Its definition and measurement are often discussed in UPS literature, for example[2] As the vacuum level is a property of the electron and free space, it is often used as the level of alignment for the energy levels of two different materials. The vacuum level alignment approach may or may not hold due to details of the interface. It is particularly important in the design of vacuum device components such as cathodes.
If defined as being close to a surface, then the vacuum level is typically not a constant due to the equilibrium electric fields in vacuum. The value of the vacuum level depends on the surface chosen due to variations in work function.[3]
The phrase "vacuum level" also occurs often in texts on squeezed light where it refers to an unsqueezed measurement. For example, "Thus, when the noise level in the spectrum analyzer shows broadband squeezing below the vacuum level, it also indicates the presence of entanglement between upper and lower sidebands."[4] Note that the phrase "vacuum level" may also refer to a measurement of residual pressure in a vacuum system or a device that uses differential pressure such as a carburetor but this usage should be very clear from context.
References
^Ishii, Hisao; Sugiyama, Kiyoshi; Ito, Eisuke; Seki, Kazuhiko (1999). "Energy Level Alignment and Interfacial Electronic Structures at Organic/Metal and Organic/Organic Interfaces". Advanced Materials. Wiley. 11 (8): 605–625. doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(199906)11:8<605::aid-adma605>3.0.co;2-q. ISSN 0935-9648.
^Cahen, D.; Kahn, A. (17 February 2003). "Electron Energetics at Surfaces and Interfaces: Concepts and Experiments". Advanced Materials. Wiley. 15 (4): 271–277. doi:10.1002/adma.200390065. ISSN 0935-9648.
^Bardeen, J. (1947). "Surface States and Rectification at a Metal Semi-Conductor Contact". Physical Review. 71 (10): 717–727. Bibcode:1947PhRv...71..717B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.71.717.
^Yonezawa, Hidehiro; Braunstein, Samuel L.; Furusawa, Akira (14 September 2007). "Experimental Demonstration of Quantum Teleportation of Broadband Squeezing" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 99 (11): 11053. arXiv:0705.4595. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99k0503Y. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.99.110503. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 17930422. S2CID 18965737.
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vacuum, level, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, september, 2. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Vacuum level news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message In physics the vacuum level refers to the energy of a free stationary electron that is outside of any material it is in a perfect vacuum It may be taken as infinitely far away from a solid or defined to be near a surface 1 Its definition and measurement are often discussed in UPS literature for example 2 As the vacuum level is a property of the electron and free space it is often used as the level of alignment for the energy levels of two different materials The vacuum level alignment approach may or may not hold due to details of the interface It is particularly important in the design of vacuum device components such as cathodes If defined as being close to a surface then the vacuum level is typically not a constant due to the equilibrium electric fields in vacuum The value of the vacuum level depends on the surface chosen due to variations in work function 3 The phrase vacuum level also occurs often in texts on squeezed light where it refers to an unsqueezed measurement For example Thus when the noise level in the spectrum analyzer shows broadband squeezing below the vacuum level it also indicates the presence of entanglement between upper and lower sidebands 4 Note that the phrase vacuum level may also refer to a measurement of residual pressure in a vacuum system or a device that uses differential pressure such as a carburetor but this usage should be very clear from context References Edit Ishii Hisao Sugiyama Kiyoshi Ito Eisuke Seki Kazuhiko 1999 Energy Level Alignment and Interfacial Electronic Structures at Organic Metal and Organic Organic Interfaces Advanced Materials Wiley 11 8 605 625 doi 10 1002 sici 1521 4095 199906 11 8 lt 605 aid adma605 gt 3 0 co 2 q ISSN 0935 9648 Cahen D Kahn A 17 February 2003 Electron Energetics at Surfaces and Interfaces Concepts and Experiments Advanced Materials Wiley 15 4 271 277 doi 10 1002 adma 200390065 ISSN 0935 9648 Bardeen J 1947 Surface States and Rectification at a Metal Semi Conductor Contact Physical Review 71 10 717 727 Bibcode 1947PhRv 71 717B doi 10 1103 PhysRev 71 717 Yonezawa Hidehiro Braunstein Samuel L Furusawa Akira 14 September 2007 Experimental Demonstration of Quantum Teleportation of Broadband Squeezing PDF Physical Review Letters 99 11 11053 arXiv 0705 4595 Bibcode 2007PhRvL 99k0503Y doi 10 1103 physrevlett 99 110503 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 17930422 S2CID 18965737 This quantum chemistry related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vacuum level amp oldid 1098852871, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
