VAS: An Opera in Flatland

VAS: An Opera in Flatland is a novel by the American author Steve Tomasula with design by Stephen Farrell. It was first published in hardback in 2002, and reissued in paperback in 2004. A special “Cyborg” edition, with an audio CD was published in 2009. The novel adapts several characters and settings from Edwin A. Abbott’s novella Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions, first published in 1884.^[1] Set at the start of the 21st century when technologies like cloning, transplants, and other body modifications were becoming common, VAS employs a wide range of historical representations of the body from family trees and eugenic charts to visual representations of genetic sequencing.^[2] Bound in a cover that resembles human skin, the novel is printed in two colors, one that resembles flesh and one that resembles blood.^[3] It explores how definitions of the body and the self both emerge from differing narratives, and tells the story of people searching for a sense of identity in a dawning post-biological future.^[4]

VAS: An Opera in Flatland

Author	Steve Tomasula
Illustrator	Stephen Farrell
Country	United States
Language	English
Genre	Postmodern fiction, Metafiction, Science fiction, Experimental literature
Publisher	University of Chicago Press
Publication date	2002
Media type	Print (Hardcover, Paperback)
Pages	370 pp.
ISBN	9780226807409
OCLC	54843571
LC Class	PS3620.O53 V37 2004

Main characters

Square

New arrival to Flatland, and househusband to Circle who has begun a new job. Square is writing a novel, which may be the novel that the reader is reading.

Circle

Square’s lawyer spouse and breadwinner of the family. She has already undergone at least one abortion and another miscarriage.

Oval

The daughter of Square and Circle.

Mother

Circle’s mother, mother-in-law to Square. Unaware of the complications Circle had while conceiving, she herself has a completely natural body until a port is installed in her shoulder, allowing her to be connected to IV machines.

Plot

The main plot of VAS: An Opera in Flatland involves the domestic tensions that arise within the family as the character Square contemplates a request by his spouse, Circle, to undergo a medical procedure that will render him sterile.^[5] Like Edwin A. Abbott’s 1884 novella Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions, Square, Circle, and their daughter Oval, live in a world that is populated by two-dimensional beings, but who have many of the day-to-day concerns of contemporary life, here, those of present-day Midwestern America where the novel is set (the Flatland of the title, which also refers to the flat pages of the book in which the characters reside).^[6] In this sense, the plot is a domestic drama in which the characters contend with the realities of everyday life: love, marriage, work, the politics of the day, the education of their daughter Oval, caring for Circle’s aging mother, and other common concerns.^[7] During a previous pregnancy, an exam required for insurance purposes revealed that Circle may be carrying a fetus with a possible birth defect. On the basis of this information, Circle opted to terminate the pregnancy. Neither Square nor Circle regrets the decision, but neither wants to make a choice like that again. They also dread having to make similar weighty decisions about Circle’s aging mother.^[8] As the novel unfolds, Circle puts increasing pressure on Square to undergo a vasectomy. Simultaneously, her mother encourages both of them to go to the opera, convinced as she is that the romance of the opera will help them conceive a second child to be a brother or sister to Oval.^[9]

A number of subplots intertwine with this main action, especially historical trends and cultural developments that have led to the present of the novel. These include: the evolution of biological forces; the history of genetic policing from the early days of eugenics to contemporary genetic counseling; the close tracking between family trees and the etymologies of family names; the history of life science’s understanding of the body and its disconnect with the language used to describe it.^[10] As Square and Circle grapple with decisions that people in the past did not have to confront, the body emerges as the meeting place of culture and nature. The human body is increasingly seen as both material and information against a background of the history of body manipulation up to the present of genetically engineered plants and animals.^[11] In this sense, some critics describe the novel as being organized less by a linear plot of cause and effect, than by collage which requires readers to combine fragments to see even larger patterns.^[12] Other critics describe Tomasula’s fiction by using the principle of emergence whereby many small actions create patterns that combine with other patterns to create even larger patterns, cumulating in the culture of a time and place.^[13] In either case, the plots and subplots of VAS weave in and out of each other to create a dramatization of one ordinary family living at a time when culture at large is transitioning from that of the human to that of the posthuman, and ordinary life is shown to be enmeshed with vast forces of history and evolution.^[14]

In the penultimate scene, Square and Circle go to an opera whose climax is the staging of the nonfictional experimental surgery in which Dr. Robert J. White transplanted the head of one ape onto the body of another. The novel ends with Square in an operating theater, lying down on an operating table for the procedure.^[15]

Main themes

Encyclopedic in scope, VAS insists that the reality of everyday life is composed of a collage of evolving stories based on facts that continually change as the assumptions of sciences, technologies, economies, politics, belief systems and other frames of reference change^[16]

In Edwin A. Abbott’s Flatland, Square, a two-dimensional figure drawn on a flat piece of paper, has a difficult time imaging what the phrase “Upward, not Northward” can mean.^[17] The character Square in VAS, uses this question as a metaphor for his difficulty in understanding what a post-biological future might mean to biological humans who are increasingly confronted by decisions over how to manipulate their bodies and the bodies of others that earlier generations would be hard-pressed to imagine.^[18] This existential question is the main theme of the novel. It is informed by the ability of life sciences, information sciences, histories of health care systems, government, and commercial interests to equate the body with information that can be edited and rearranged.^[19] The Flatland of VAS is a society where biology is no longer destiny as it was for previous generations, in that its inhabitants can use transplants, pharmaceuticals, plastic surgery and other body modifications to alter many facts of life that once would have been determined by nature. Technologies like synthetic hearts extend life by allowing people to live as cyborgs, while pregnancies can be terminated and the elderly can be euthanized. Technologies such as genetic engineering and in-vitro fertilization can bring into existence creatures and plants that previously could not exist in nature such as tomatoes that carry the genes of deep-diving fish to make them less susceptible to freezing, or cows with human genes that allow their organs to be transplanted into humans.^[20] For the old-body inhabitants of Flatland, the increasing malleability of bodies, and their translation into code, creates a new relationship between the self and the body, and the bodies and selves of others that is unsettling in that it becomes harder to tell where one’s self ends and the bodies of others begin (as it is impossible to define a single word without using other words).^[21]

Considering the bodies and parts of humans, plants, and animals as a text that can be edited, rearranged, and patented, is a second major theme of VAS. As such, VAS places an emphasis on the textual nature of the body, and the material nature of text, and uses the body of the book itself to develop this theme.^[22] It explores the role of language in developing these new conceptions of the body, and how the definitions of words like 'birth,' 'father,' 'daughter,' and 'death' evolve as the contexts in which they are used change.^[23] It also considers the ramifications for daily life as both bodies and texts become commodities under the language of the law in that new plants, animals, and human enhancements can be patented and their genetic code copyrighted.^[24] Values and Rules are socially constructed: VAS develops the theme of the ordinary layperson trying to navigate the glut of a new information landscape, and the small steps by which the world it describes is becoming the new natural (flat).^[25] To do so, it draws upon a number of histories, such as the history of dissection, eugenics, and animal experimentation, and draws a parallel between attempts to preserve racial purity and linguistic purity. It juxtaposes historical periods and figures to explore the ideologies and biases of science, consumerism, fashion, religion and art, as well as those of the author himself in the writing of the novel VAS: An Opera in Flatland. The novel attempts to show how it models the world as it engages in modeling.^[26] It draws readers attention to its own epistemological ties to language and genre conventions.^[27]

Far from nostalgia for a previous era, VAS uses the interrelationship between its narrative and book design to integrate poststructuralist theory with its subjects and themes to combine in a new kind of literature that can contain the contradictions of the posthuman.^[14] That is, another theme of VAS is epistemology, or how facts are created and accepted as factual, and how knowledge is produced.^[28] This theme contains within it the relationships between genders, and the dynamics of domestic politics, especially representations of masculinity, and the erosion of patriarchy.^[29]

Style

While the main plot of VAS is in the tradition of the domestic novel, its form represents a radical departure from the traditional novel.^[30] As critic Anthony Ennis puts it, VAS may be the most ambitious collage novel ever written.^[31] Its main plot is composed of brief scenes, which are interwoven with a multitude of other forms, including: scientific and medical illustrations, screenshots of web pages, quotations from eugenicists and politicians, bureaucratic forms, images of scientific equipment, musical scores, comic book panels, DNA sequences, journalistic articles, scientific studies, measurements of skull volumes, measurements of Miss America bodies, pedigree charts, and grade-school textbook illustrations, among others.^[32] Its form has been compared to a hypertext given its fragmented nature, and the narrative that emerges from the associative links between its digressions, juxtapositions, and fragments.^[33] Numerous passages are written as poetry with uneven line lengths that line up with other lines to form double helixes.^[34] Bars of sheet music are set vertically along the margins of the pages as a score not for music but for lines of text from each of the three narrative voices through which VAS is told.^[35] The book’s design and physical qualities are also used as a metaphor for the story about the physicality of the body compared to its representations, and the relation between the art used to create some of these representations and political power.^[36] That is, unlike most book illustrations, the visual elements of VAS function more in the manner of the illuminations in medieval books.^[37] The many forms also call attention to their rhetorical nature, and to the novel’s own material nature, repeatedly pointing out the differences between real bodies and their representations, and the fact that both reflect beliefs, practices and material conditions of particular times and places.^[38] They also foreground the limitations of language in depicting the world, and the fact that all narratives are shaped by unconscious biases. VAS's emphasis on rhetoric implies that novels that try to create the illusion of a realistic world are naïve^[39]

Reception

The initial reception of VAS: An Opera in Flatland was mixed because, as critic David Banash, noted, reviewers had difficulty describing the novel.^[40] Making a similar point, Eugene Thacker wrote that it defied characterization.^[41] The Guardian questioned whether it was even a novel,^[42] while another reviewer wondered how the novel would read if it was laid out as a traditional book.^[43] Other reviewers, however, described VAS as a “leap forward in the genre of the novel,”^[44] “ultra contemporary,”^[45] and a “spectacular” fusion of word and image.^[46] Reviewing the literature about VAS, Anthony Enns concludes that while reviews were mixed there was a consensus among literary scholars that the form and content of VAS were deeply intertwined, representing a “new kind of literature” that brings together the revolution in knowledge brought on by postmodern theory and new media technologies.^[47] Alison Gibbons observed that scholars widely describe VAS in terms such as an “unforgettably unique reading experience,” “original,” and “beguiling intricate.”^[48] Another literary critic predicted that VAS was likely to become a “seminal print work” to explore the relation between fiction and nonfiction, word and image.^[49]

References

1. Gibbons, Alison. (2012). Multimodality, Cognition, and Experimental Literature. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. pp. 86-87. ISBN 9781136632204.
2. Pérez, Emily. (2008). Between the Looking Glasses: Self-Representation and the Represented Self. American Letters & Commentary, (19), 136–141.
3. Vanderborg, Susan. (2008). “Of ‘men and mutations’: The Art of Reproductions in Flatland’‘. The Journal of Artists’ Books, 24 (Fall), 4–11.
4. Sammarcelli, Françoise (2015). ‘‘Encoding the Body, Questioning Legacy: Reflections on Intersemiotic Experiments in Steve Tomasula’s ‘‘VAS: An Opera in Flatland.’‘ In Banash, David (ed.). Steve Tomasula: The Art and Science of New Media Fiction. (p. 82-83). Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781628923681. doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.5040/9781501304811.ch-004
5. Kley, Antje (2019). "US Print Culture, Literary Narrative, and Slow Reading in the Age of Big Data: Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland. "In Schaefer, Heike; Starre, Alexander (eds.). The Printed Book in Contemporary American Culture: Medium, Object, Metaphor. Palgrave Macmillan. (p. 55). ISBN 3030225445.
6. Banash, David (2022). ‘‘Tomasula, Steve”. The Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Fiction 1980–2020, Volume 2 (223), 2. [1]
7. Pham-Thanh, Gilbert (2020) “The Importance of Being Earnest in Flatland.” In Tabbi, J. (ed.). Post-Digital: Dialogues and Debates from Electronic Book Review. New York: Bloomsbury. (pp. 203-206). ISBN 9781474292504.
8. Kley, Antje (2019). “US Print Culture, Literary Narrative, and Slow Reading in the Age of Big Data: Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland.” In Schaefer, Heike; Starre, Alexander (eds.). The Printed Book in Contemporary American Culture: Medium, Object, Metaphor. Palgrave Macmillan. (p. 58). ISBN 3030225445.
9. Sammarcelli, Françoise (2015). “Encoding the Body, Questioning Legacy: Reflections on Intersemiotic Experiments in Steve Tomasula’s ‘’VAS: An Opera in Flatland’’.” In Banash, David (ed.). Steve Tomasula: The Art and Science of New Media Fiction. (p. 77). Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781628923681. doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.5040/9781501304811.ch-004
10. Kley, Antje (2019). “US Print Culture, Literary Narrative, and Slow Reading in the Age of Big Data: Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland." In Schaefer, Heike; Starre, Alexander (eds.). The Printed Book in Contemporary American Culture: Medium, Object, Metaphor. Palgrave Macmillan. (pp. 55-56). ISBN 3030225445.
11. Banash, David, & Spain, Andrea (2015). "Composition, Emergence, Sensation: Science and New Media in the Novels of Steve Tomasula." In Banash, David (ed.). Steve Tomasula: The art and science of new media fiction (pp. 3-11). Bloomsbury. https://doi.org/doi:10.5040/9781501304811.ch-001
12. Drag, Wojciech (2021) "When We Were Human: Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland and The Book of Portraiture.” In Collage in Twenty-First-Century Literature in English (p. 139). Routledge. ISBN 1032239816.
13. Ghosal, Torsa (2021). Out of mind: Mode, mediation, and cognition in twenty-first-century narration (pp. 72, 94). Ohio State Press. ISBN 978-0-8142-1482-4.
14. Banash, David, & Spain, Andrea (2015). “Composition, Emergence, Sensation: Science and New Media in the Novels of Steve Tomasula.” In Banash, David (ed.). Steve Tomasula: The art and science of new media fiction (pp. 3-23). Bloomsbury. https://doi.org/doi:10.5040/9781501304811.ch-001
15. Maziarczyk, G. (2013). The novel as book: Textual materiality in contemporary fiction in English. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL. (p. 245). ISBN 8377026457.
16. Holland, Mary. K. (2020). The Moral Worlds of Contemporary Realism. (p. 91). Bloomsbury. ISBN 1501362623. https://doi.org/doi:10.5040/9781501362651
17. Abbott, E. A. (1884). ‘’Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions’’. (p. 73). United Kingdom: Seeley. OCLC Number: 2306280.
18. Berry, R. M. (2015). “Steve Tomasula’s VAS, or What if Novels Were Books?.” In Banash, David (ed.). Steve Tomasula: The Art and Science of New Media Fiction. (pp. 103-113). Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781628923681. doi: https://doi.org/doi: 10.5040/9781501304811.ch-005
19. Chevaillier, Flore. (2020). “Bodily and Literary Modifications in Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland. In The Body of Writing: An Erotics of Contemporary American Fiction. Columbus: Ohio University Press. (p. 108). ISBN 0814256228. doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.2307/j.ctv16b77wz
20. Kley, Antje (2019). “US Print Culture, Literary Narrative, and Slow Reading in the Age of Big Data: Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland.” In Schaefer, Heike; Starre, Alexander (eds.). The Printed Book in Contemporary American Culture: Medium, Object, Metaphor. Palgrave Macmillan. (p. 58). ISBN 3030225445. doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22545-2_3
21. Johnson, D. (2012). “A Video Interview with Steve Tomasula by Jhave”, Electronic Book Review, August 23, 2012. http://electronicbookreview.com/essay/a-video-interview-with-steve-tomasula-by-jhave/?bsearch_highlight=Steve%20Tomasula. Accessed July 22, 2022.
22. Vincler, John M. “The Monstrous Book and the Manufactured Body in the Late Age of Print: Material Strategies for Innovative Fiction in Shelley Jackson’s ‘’Patchwork Girl’’ and Steve Tomasula’s ‘’VAS: An Opera in Flatland’’.” In ‘’Dichtung Digital. Journal für Kunst und Kultur digitaler Medien’’. Nr. 40, Jg. 12 (2010), Nr. 1, S. 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/17738
23. Berry, R. M. (2015). “Steve Tomasula’s ‘’VAS’’, or What if Novels Were Books?.” In Banash, David (ed.). ‘’Steve Tomasula : The Art and Science of New Media Fiction’’. (p. 105). Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781628923681. doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.5040/9781501304811.ch-005
24. Iuli, Cristina. (2010). “Playing with Codes: Steve Tomasula’s Vas, an Opera in Flatland.” In ‘’Writing Technologies’’, 3 (1), 64-85. ISSN 1754-9035. Access online: https://www.ntu.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/827050/Cristina-Luli-Playing-with-Codes-Steve-Tomasulas-Vas,-an-Opera-in-Flatland.pdf.
25. Tissut, Anne Laure. (2012). “Signs of Time: VAS, a Story of Languages” in Manies, C., Ludot-Vlasak, R., and Dumas, F. (eds.). Science and American Literature in the 20th and 21st Centuries: From Henry Adams to John Adams. (pp. 149-150). Cambridge. ISBN 1443835196.
26. Kley, Antje (2019). “US Print Culture, Literary Narrative, and Slow Reading in the Age of Big Data: Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland.” In Schaefer, Heike; Starre, Alexander (eds.). The Printed Book in Contemporary American Culture: Medium, Object, Metaphor. Palgrave Macmillan. (p. 61). ISBN 3030225445. doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22545-2_3
27. Chevaillier, Flore. (2017). “Steve Tomasula” In Divergent Trajectories: Interviews with Innovative Fiction Writers. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. (pp. 205-212). ISBN 9780814213438. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.2307/j.ctv1503fwj.17
28. Chevaillier, Flore. (2020). “Bodily and Literary Modifications in Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland.” In The Body of Writing: An Erotics of Contemporary American Fiction. Columbus: Ohio University Press. p. 128. ISBN 0814256228. https://doi.org/doi:10.2307/j.ctv16b77wz.10
29. Pham-Thanh, Gilbert (2020) “The Importance of Being Earnest in Flatland.” In Tabbi, Joseph (ed.). Post-Digital: Dialogues and Debates from Electronic Book Review. New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 210-213 ISBN 9781474292504.
30. Banash, David (2022). “Tomasula, Steve”. The Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Fiction 1980–2020, Volume 2 (223), 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119431732.ecaf0223
31. Enns, Anthony (2015). “The Material is the Message: Coded Bodies and Embodied Codes in Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland.” In Banash, Anthony (ed.). Steve Tomasula: The Art and Science of New Media Fiction. (p. 51). Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781628923681. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.5040/9781501304811.ch-003
32. Drag, Wojciech (2021) “When We Were Human: Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland and The Book of Portraiture.” In Collage in Twenty-First-Century Literature in English (pp. 134-137). Routledge. ISBN 1032239816.
33. Maziarczyk, Grzegorz. (2013). The novel as book: Textual materiality in contemporary fiction in English. (p. 250). Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL. ISBN 8377026457.
34. Sammarcelli, Françoise (2015). “Encoding the Body, Questioning Legacy: Reflections on Intersemiotic Experiments in Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland.” In Banash, David (ed.). Steve Tomasula: The Art and Science of New Media Fiction. (p. 77). Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781628923681. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.5040/9781501304811.ch-004
35. Gibbons, Alison. (2012) Multimodality, Cognition, and Experimental Literature. Routledge. (p. 86). ISBN 9781138809765. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.4324/9780203803219.
36. Johnson, D. (2012). “A Video Interview with Steve Tomasula by Jhave,” Electronic Book Review, August 23, 2012. http://electronicbookreview.com/essay/a-video-interview-with-steve-tomasula-by-jhave/?bsearch_highlight=Steve%20Tomasula. Accessed July 20, 2022.
37. Gibbons, Alison. (2012) Multimodality, Cognition, and Experimental Literature. Routledge. (p. 86) ISBN 9781138809765.
38. Holland, Mary. K. (2020). The Moral Worlds of Contemporary Realism. Bloomsbury. (p. 91-94). ISBN 1501362615. doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.5040/9781501362651
39. Chevaillier, Flore. (2017). “Steve Tomasula” In Divergent Trajectories: Interviews with Innovative Fiction Writers. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. (p. 200). ISBN 9780814213438. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.2307/j.ctv1503fwj.17
40. Banash, D. (2013). Collage Culture: Readymades, Meaning, and the Age of Consumption (Postmodern Studies). Rodopi. (p. 246). ISBN 9042036818. doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.1163/9789401209427
41. Thacker, E. (2006) “VAS: An Opera in Flatland.” Leonardo 39 (2), 166. doi: https://doi.org/doi:10.1162/leon.2006.39.2.166
42. Adams, S. (2005). “Star Struck (Review of the book VAS: An Opera in Flatland, by S. Tomasula with S. Farrell). The Guardian, 14 Jan 2005.
43. Poynor, R. (2003). “Evolutionary Tales” (Review of the book VAS: An Opera in Flatland, by S. Tomasula with S. Farrell]. Eye Magazine, Autumn (49), 4-5. https://www.eyemagazine.com/opinion/article/evolutionary-tales-49.
44. Fleisher, Kass. (2004). “Word Made Flesh and Blood: Review of VAS: An Opera in Flatland.” American Book Review 25(2), 3-4. http://americanbookreview.org/issueContent.asp?id=22.
45. Pham-Thanh, Gilbert (2020) “The Importance of Being Earnest in Flatland.” In Tabbi, Joseph (ed.). Post-Digital: Dialogues and Debates from the Electronic Book Review. New York: Bloomsbury. (pp. 203-213) ISBN 9781474292504.
46. Guignery, Vanessa and Drąg, Wojciech. (2019). The Poetics of Fragmentation in Contemporary British and American Fiction. (p. 153). Vernon Press. ISBN 9781622736164.
47. Enns, Anthony (2015). “The Material is the Message: Coded Bodies and Embodied Codes in Steve Tomasula’s VAS: An Opera in Flatland.” In Banash, Anthony (ed.). Steve Tomasula : The Art and Science of New Media Fiction. (p. 51). Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781628923681. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.5040/9781501304811.ch-003
48. Gibbons, Alison. (2012). “Embodiment and the Book that Bleeds: VAS: An Opera in Flatland by Steve Tomasula.” In Multimodality, Cognition, and Experimental Literature. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. pp. 86-126. ISBN 9781136632204.
49. Amato, J. (2003) “Endnotes for a Theory of Convergence.” In Everett, A. and Caldwell, J.T. (eds.) New Media: Theories and Practices of Digitextuality. (p. 260). Routledge. ISBN 0415939968.