Up-and-down procedure (or method) for toxicology tests in medicine is an alternative to the LD50 test, in which animals are used for acute toxicity testing.[1][2] It requires fewer animals to achieve similar accuracy as the LD50 test because animals are dosed one at a time.[3] If the first animal survives, the dose for the next animal is increased; if it dies, the dose is decreased. It is usual to observe each animal for 1 or 2 days before dosing the next animal, however, surviving animals should be monitored for 7 days in case of delayed death. The up-and-down method is not recommended where deaths beyond 2 days are the norm.[4] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has begun to approve non-animal alternatives.[5][6]
Referencesedit
^Lipnick, R.L.; Cotruvo, J.A.; Hill, R.N.; Bruce, R.D.; Stitzel, K.A.; Walker, A.P.; Chu, I.; Goddard, M.; Segal, L.; Springer, J.A.; Myers, R.C. (March 1995). "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 33 (3): 223–231. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)00136-c. PMID 7896233.
^Lichtman, Aron H (August 1998). "The up-and-down method substantially reduces the number of animals required to determine antinociceptive ED50 values". Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 40 (2): 81–85. doi:10.1016/s1056-8719(98)00041-0. PMID 10100496.
^"Acute Oral Toxicity Up-And-Down-Procedure". US EPA. 2 June 2015.
^Bruce, R (February 1985). "An up-and-down procedure for acute toxicity testing". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 5 (1): 151–157. doi:10.1016/0272-0590(85)90059-4. PMID 3987991.
^"Allergan Receives FDA Approval for First-of-Its-Kind, Fully in vitro, Cell-Based Assay for BOTOX® and BOTOX® Cosmetic (onabotulinumtoxinA)" (Press release). Allergan. June 24, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
^Gaul, Gilbert M. (12 April 2008). "In U.S., Few Alternatives To Testing On Animals". The Washington Post.
Further readingedit
Dixon, W. J. (1965). "The Up-and-Down Method for Small Samples". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 60 (312): 967–978. doi:10.1080/01621459.1965.10480843. JSTOR 2283398.
Brownlee, K. A.; Hodges, J. L.; Rosenblatt, Murray (1953). "The Up-and-Down Method with Small Samples". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 48 (262): 262–277. doi:10.1080/01621459.1953.10483472. JSTOR 2281287.
down, procedure, method, toxicology, tests, medicine, alternative, ld50, test, which, animals, used, acute, toxicity, testing, requires, fewer, animals, achieve, similar, accuracy, ld50, test, because, animals, dosed, time, first, animal, survives, dose, next,. Up and down procedure or method for toxicology tests in medicine is an alternative to the LD50 test in which animals are used for acute toxicity testing 1 2 It requires fewer animals to achieve similar accuracy as the LD50 test because animals are dosed one at a time 3 If the first animal survives the dose for the next animal is increased if it dies the dose is decreased It is usual to observe each animal for 1 or 2 days before dosing the next animal however surviving animals should be monitored for 7 days in case of delayed death The up and down method is not recommended where deaths beyond 2 days are the norm 4 The U S Food and Drug Administration has begun to approve non animal alternatives 5 6 References edit Lipnick R L Cotruvo J A Hill R N Bruce R D Stitzel K A Walker A P Chu I Goddard M Segal L Springer J A Myers R C March 1995 Comparison of the up and down conventional LD50 and fixed dose acute toxicity procedures Food and Chemical Toxicology 33 3 223 231 doi 10 1016 0278 6915 94 00136 c PMID 7896233 Lichtman Aron H August 1998 The up and down method substantially reduces the number of animals required to determine antinociceptive ED50 values Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 40 2 81 85 doi 10 1016 s1056 8719 98 00041 0 PMID 10100496 Acute Oral Toxicity Up And Down Procedure US EPA 2 June 2015 Bruce R February 1985 An up and down procedure for acute toxicity testing Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 5 1 151 157 doi 10 1016 0272 0590 85 90059 4 PMID 3987991 Allergan Receives FDA Approval for First of Its Kind Fully in vitro Cell Based Assay for BOTOX and BOTOX Cosmetic onabotulinumtoxinA Press release Allergan June 24 2011 Retrieved May 19 2020 Gaul Gilbert M 12 April 2008 In U S Few Alternatives To Testing On Animals The Washington Post Further reading editDixon W J 1965 The Up and Down Method for Small Samples Journal of the American Statistical Association 60 312 967 978 doi 10 1080 01621459 1965 10480843 JSTOR 2283398 Brownlee K A Hodges J L Rosenblatt Murray 1953 The Up and Down Method with Small Samples Journal of the American Statistical Association 48 262 262 277 doi 10 1080 01621459 1953 10483472 JSTOR 2281287 Dixon W J March 1991 Staircase bioassay The up and down method Neuroscience amp Biobehavioral Reviews 15 1 47 50 doi 10 1016 s0149 7634 05 80090 9 PMID 2052197 S2CID 39936998 nbsp This toxicology related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Up and down procedure amp oldid 1104990136, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
